Experiment 1

Aim:Calculate voltage and current passing through each resistance using KCL and KVL
with the help of LTspice
Apparatus:Battey, ammeter, resistors, connecting wires,
Theory:Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) are
fundamental principles in electrical circuit analysis. KCL states that the algebraic sum of
currents at any node in an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of charge. KVL, on the other hand, states that the algebraic sum of
voltages in any closed loop of an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of energy.

In this experiment, we will utilize LTspice, a powerful circuit simulation software, to study
and apply KCL and KVL in real-world electronic circuits. By constructing and analyzing
simple resistor networks, we will verify the validity of these laws and gain practical
insights into current and voltage distribution within a circuit.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge, which states that the total
current entering a junction (node) in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving that
junction. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣI_in = ΣI_out

Where:
- ΣI_in is the sum of currents entering the node.
- ΣI_out is the sum of currents leaving the node.

By applying KCL to a node in a circuit, we can determine the relationship between

currents in different branches and validate the law by comparing the calculated and
simulated values.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which states that the total
voltage drop around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the total voltage rise.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣV_drops = ΣV_rises

Where:
- ΣV_drops is the sum of voltage drops in the loop.
- ΣV_rises is the sum of voltage rises in the loop.

By applying KVL to a closed loop in a circuit, we can analyze the distribution of voltage
and verify the law by comparing the calculated and simulated values.

Conclusion:By conducting this experiment and analyzing the results, we can confirm
the accuracy and applicability of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law (KVL) in electrical circuits. Additionally, we will gain practical experience in using
LTspice as a valuable tool for circuit analysis and verification of theoretical principles in
electronics.

Precautions:
 Connect the wires properly.
 Make sure the ammeter and the resistors are working properly
 Experiment 2

Aim:Calculate voltage and current passing through each resistance using thevenin's
theorem with the help of LTspice
Apparatus:Battey, ammeter, resistors, connecting wires,
Theory:Thevenin's Theorem is a powerful tool in electrical circuit analysis that simplifies
complex networks into an equivalent single voltage source and a single resistor. It
allows us to analyze and calculate voltage and current in a circuit more efficiently. In this
experiment, we will explore Thevenin's Theorem using LTspice, a versatile circuit
simulation software, to determine voltage and current through various resistors in a
given circuit.
Thevenin's Theorem:
Thevenin's Theorem states that any linear electrical network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit comprising a single voltage source (V_Th) in series with a single
resistor (R_Th). This equivalent circuit accurately represents the behavior of the original
network as seen from a particular pair of terminals, often referred to as the "Thevenin
terminals."
The equivalent voltage source (V_Th) is the open-circuit voltage (V_OC) at the
Thevenin terminals, and the equivalent resistor (R_Th) is the resistance measured
across the Thevenin terminals with all independent voltage and current sources turned
off.
Mathematically, the Thevenin equivalent circuit can be represented as:
V_Th = V_OC (Open-Circuit Voltage) R_Th = V_OC / I_SC (Resistance with all
independent sources turned off, where I_SC is the short-circuit current)

Conclusion:By conducting this experiment and applying Thevenin's Theorem using

LTspice, we can efficiently determine the equivalent voltage source (V_Th) and
resistance (R_Th) of a complex circuit. This enables us to simplify circuit analysis and
calculate voltage and current through various components accurately. The experiment
provides valuable insights into Thevenin's Theorem and its practical application in
electronic circuit analysis.

Precautions:
 Connect the wires properly.
 Make sure the ammeter and the resistors are working properly
 Experiment 3
Aim:Calculate voltage and current passing through each resistor using KCL and KVL
with the help of LTspice
Apparatus:Battey, ammeter, resistors, connecting wires,
Theory:Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) are
fundamental principles in electrical circuit analysis. KCL states that the algebraic sum of
currents at any node in an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of charge. KVL, on the other hand, states that the algebraic sum of
voltages in any closed loop of an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of energy.

In this experiment, we will utilize LTspice, a powerful circuit simulation software, to study
and apply KCL and KVL in real-world electronic circuits. By constructing and analyzing
simple resistor networks, we will verify the validity of these laws and gain practical
insights into current and voltage distribution within a circuit.
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge, which states that the total
current entering a junction (node) in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving that
junction. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣI_in = ΣI_out

Where:
- ΣI_in is the sum of currents entering the node.
- ΣI_out is the sum of currents leaving the node.

By applying KCL to a node in a circuit, we can determine the relationship between

currents in different branches and validate the law by comparing the calculated and
simulated values.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which states that the total
voltage drop around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the total voltage rise.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣV_drops = ΣV_rises

Where:
- ΣV_drops is the sum of voltage drops in the loop.
- ΣV_rises is the sum of voltage rises in the loop.

By applying KVL to a closed loop in a circuit, we can analyze the distribution of voltage
and verify the law by comparing the calculated and simulated values.
Conclusion:By conducting this experiment and analyzing the results, we can confirm
the accuracy and applicability of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law (KVL) in electrical circuits. Additionally, we will gain practical experience in using
LTspice as a valuable tool for circuit analysis and verification of theoretical principles in
electronics.

Precautions:
 Connect the wires properly.
 Make sure the ammeter and the resistors are working properly
 Experiment 4
Aim:Calculate voltage and current passing through each resistor using KCL and KVL
with the help of LTspice
Apparatus:Battey, ammeter, resistors, connecting wires,
Theory:Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) are
fundamental principles in electrical circuit analysis. KCL states that the algebraic sum of
currents at any node in an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of charge. KVL, on the other hand, states that the algebraic sum of
voltages in any closed loop of an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of energy.

In this experiment, we will utilize LTspice, a powerful circuit simulation software, to study
and apply KCL and KVL in real-world electronic circuits. By constructing and analyzing
simple resistor networks, we will verify the validity of these laws and gain practical
insights into current and voltage distribution within a circuit.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge, which states that the total
current entering a junction (node) in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving that
junction. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣI_in = ΣI_out
Where:
- ΣI_in is the sum of currents entering the node.
- ΣI_out is the sum of currents leaving the node.

By applying KCL to a node in a circuit, we can determine the relationship between

currents in different branches and validate the law by comparing the calculated and
simulated values.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which states that the total
voltage drop around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the total voltage rise.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣV_drops = ΣV_rises

Where:
- ΣV_drops is the sum of voltage drops in the loop.
- ΣV_rises is the sum of voltage rises in the loop.

By applying KVL to a closed loop in a circuit, we can analyze the distribution of voltage
and verify the law by comparing the calculated and simulated values.

Conclusion:By conducting this experiment and analyzing the results, we can confirm
the accuracy and applicability of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law (KVL) in electrical circuits. Additionally, we will gain practical experience in using
LTspice as a valuable tool for circuit analysis and verification of theoretical principles in
electronics.
Precautions:
 Connect the wires properly.
 Make sure the ammeter and the resistors are working properly
 Experiment 5
Aim:Calculate voltage and current passing through each resistor using KCL and KVL
with the help of LTspice
Apparatus:Battey, ammeter, resistors, connecting wires,
Theory:Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) are
fundamental principles in electrical circuit analysis. KCL states that the algebraic sum of
currents at any node in an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of charge. KVL, on the other hand, states that the algebraic sum of
voltages in any closed loop of an electrical circuit is equal to zero, representing the
conservation of energy.

In this experiment, we will utilize LTspice, a powerful circuit simulation software, to study
and apply KCL and KVL in real-world electronic circuits. By constructing and analyzing
simple resistor networks, we will verify the validity of these laws and gain practical
insights into current and voltage distribution within a circuit.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge, which states that the total
current entering a junction (node) in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving that
junction. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣI_in = ΣI_out

Where:
- ΣI_in is the sum of currents entering the node.
- ΣI_out is the sum of currents leaving the node.
By applying KCL to a node in a circuit, we can determine the relationship between
currents in different branches and validate the law by comparing the calculated and
simulated values.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which states that the total
voltage drop around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the total voltage rise.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:

ΣV_drops = ΣV_rises

Where:
- ΣV_drops is the sum of voltage drops in the loop.
- ΣV_rises is the sum of voltage rises in the loop.

By applying KVL to a closed loop in a circuit, we can analyze the distribution of voltage
and verify the law by comparing the calculated and simulated values.

Conclusion:By conducting this experiment and analyzing the results, we can confirm
the accuracy and applicability of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law (KVL) in electrical circuits. Additionally, we will gain practical experience in using
LTspice as a valuable tool for circuit analysis and verification of theoretical principles in
electronics.

Precautions:
 Connect the wires properly.
 Make sure the ammeter and the resistors are working properly