ARKELLY MANLOLOYO B.

BSREM

1. Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that deals with numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns. It
involves the exploration and understanding of abstract concepts through logical reasoning and
rigorous deduction. Mathematics is used to describe, analyze, and solve a wide range of
real-world problems in various fields such as science, engineering, economics, and more. It
encompasses branches like algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and many others, providing a
foundation for scientific and technological advancements.

At its core, mathematics is not just a set of rules and equations. It is a deep exploration of the
patterns, relationships and ideas that enrich our understanding of the world and human
experience. It offers both practical utility and intellectual depth, making it a fundamental and
enduring aspect of human knowledge.

2.Patterns

1.Symmetry patterns refer to the regular and repeating arrangements of elements in a design,
object, or shape. These patterns exhibit symmetry, which means that one part of the pattern is a
mirror image or a rotation of another part. Symmetry patterns can be found in various forms,
such as:

Ex. butterflies and dragonflies have identical left and right sides.

2.In mathematics, a fractal pattern is a complex geometric shape or set that exhibits
self-similarity at different scales. Self-similarity means that when you zoom in on a part of the
fractal, you see a smaller copy of the whole structure, and this similarity continues infinitely as
you magnify it. Fractals are typically generated through iterative or recursive mathematical
processes.

One of the most famous examples of a fractal in mathematics is the Mandelbrot Set. It's
generated by applying a simple mathematical formula repeatedly to complex numbers, and it
produces a visually intricate and self-replicating pattern.

Ex.Koch snowflake, box fractal

3. a spiral pattern is a type of geometric shape or curve that winds around a central point in a
continuously expanding or contracting manner. Spirals are characterized by their unique
structure, and they can be found in various mathematical contexts.

Ex.Snail shells,flower petals

in mathematics, spirals are often used to study polar coordinates, and they have applications in
fields like engineering and physics, particularly in antenna design and signal processing.

4. Tessellations, in mathematics, refer to patterns or arrangements of geometric shapes that cover

a surface without any gaps or overlaps. These shapes can be repeated in a regular or semi-regular
manner to create a repeating pattern.

Ex. brick or block, fabric pattern.

3.Mathematical sequence

1.An arithmetic sequence, also known as an arithmetic progression, is a sequence of numbers in

which the difference between any two consecutive terms is always the same. This constant
difference is called the "common difference" and is denoted by the letter "d."

a_n = a + (n - 1) * d
In this formula:

"a" represents the first term of the sequence.

"n" is the term number you want to find.

"d" is the common difference between consecutive terms.

By plugging in the values for "a," "n," and "d" into this formula, you can calculate the specific
term you're interested in within the arithmetic sequence
2.harmonic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which the reciprocals of the terms form an
arithmetic sequence. In other words, a sequence is considered harmonic if the difference between
the reciprocals of consecutive terms is constant.

a_n = 1 / (a + (n - 1) * d)

In this formula:

"a" represents the reciprocal of the first term of the harmonic sequence.

"n" is the term number you want to find.

"d" is the constant difference between the reciprocals of consecutive terms.

This formula allows you to calculate the nth term in the harmonic sequence based on the values
of "a," "n," and "d."

3.a geometric sequence, also known as a geometric progression, is a sequence of numbers in

which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed, non-zero
number called the "common ratio."

a_n = a * r^(n-1)

In this formula:

"a" represents the first term of the geometric sequence.

"n" is the term number you want to find.

"r" is the common ratio between consecutive terms.

By using this formula and plugging in the values for "a," "n," and "r," you can calculate the
specific term you're interested in within the geometric sequence.

4.The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical sequence of numbers where each number is the sum
of the two preceding ones, typically starting with 0 and 1. So, it goes like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, and so on, with each number being the sum of the two numbers before it.
F_n = (phi^n - (-phi)^(-n)) / sqrt(5)

In this formula:

"F_n" represents the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence.

"phi" (φ) is the golden ratio, approximately equal to 1.61803398875.

This formula allows you to calculate the Fibonacci number at any position "n" in the sequence by
plugging in the value of "n" into the equation. The Fibonacci sequence starts with F_0 = 0 and
F_1 = 1, and each subsequent term is the sum of the two preceding terms (F_n = F_(n-1) +
F_(n-2)).

Golden Ratio

The golden ratio, often denoted by the Greek letter φ (phi), is a mathematical constant that
represents a special and aesthetically pleasing proportion found in various aspects of art,
architecture, and nature. It is an irrational number, which means it cannot be expressed as a
simple fraction, and its decimal representation goes on forever without repeating.

Mathematically, the golden ratio is defined as follows:

φ = (1 + √5) / 2 ≈ 1.61803398875...