1. What is rectification,why it is necessary?

Rectification is a process by which alternating current is made usable for direct current requirement

2. What is transformer, explain it’s working principle?

It is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating current circuit to one or more circuits,
either increasing or reducing the voltage.

Transformer works on Faraday’s law of mutual induction. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
states that, when a change takes place in the magnetic flux which is linked with a circuit, an
electromotive force current will induce in the circuit.

3. Explain the working principle of relay?

It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of the relay senses the fault
current, it energises the electromagnetic field which produces the temporary magnetic field.

relayThis magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections.

4. What is resistance?

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit

5.what is the condition of transistor if resistance is 0 between collector and emittor.

If the resistance between the collector and emitter of a transistor is zero, it means that the transistor is
in a state of saturation.

7. Explain the merits of bridge rectifier over full wave center tapped rectifier

A bridge rectifier is a type of rectifier circuit that uses four diodes to convert AC voltage into DC voltage,
while a full wave center tapped rectifier uses two diodes and a center-tapped transformer to do the
same. The main advantage of a bridge rectifier over a full wave center tapped rectifier is that it is more
efficient and has several other merits, including:

•A bridge rectifier has a higher output voltage than a full wave center tapped rectifier

•A bridge rectifier circuit is smaller in size than a full wave center tapped rectifier circuit because it
requires fewer components.
•The output of a bridge rectifier has lower ripple voltage compared to a full wave center tapped
rectifier. This means that the output voltage of a bridge rectifier is more stable and smoother than that
of a full wave center tapped rectifier.

9. What impurity material is used for LED

The impurity material used for LED (Light Emitting Diode) is typically a group III-V semiconductor
compound, specifically Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN),
or Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide (AlGaInP).

10. When diode will be forward biased

A diode is forward biased when its anode is connected to a more positive voltage than its cathode.

11. Which component in ic 555 monostable timer is responsible for output time

The output time is primarily determined by an external resistor ® and capacitor © connected to pins 6
and 2, respectively.

13. What do you mean by monostable

A monostable circuit, also known as a one-shot circuit, is a type of circuit that generates a single output
pulse of a fixed duration in response to a trigger signal.