Material Science and Engineering temperature, high stiffness, and low electrical and thermal conductivity.

Ceramics are also very brittle materials.

The course deals with the properties of engineering materials
including mechanical, acoustical electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical 4. A composite material is a material in which one or more mutually
and thermal properties. Materials Science and Engineering combines insoluble materials are mixed or bonded together. The primary classes of
engineering, physics and chemistry principles to solve real-world composites are particulate composites, fibrous composites, and
problems associated with nanotechnology, biotechnology, information laminated composites.
technology, energy, manufacturing and other major engineering
B. Chemical bonding
disciplines.
Any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into
Electrical Engineering material science is associated with the
molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species that make up the
study of composition, structure, characterization, processing, properties,
familiar substances of the everyday world.
application and performance of electrical engineering materials.
Atoms are held together in molecules by various types of bonds, these
Nature of materials
are:
A. Types of Engineering Materials
1. Primary bond – generally associated with formation of molecules.
1. Metal – are the most commonly used class of engineering material. Characterized by strong atom-to-atom attractions that involve
Metal alloys are especially common, and they are formed by combining a exchange of valence electrons.
metal with one or more other metallic and/or non-metallic materials. The
a. Ionic bonding – atoms of one element give up their outer
combination usually occurs through a process of melting, mixing, and
electrons, which are in turn attracted to atoms of some other
cooling.
element to increase electron count in the outermost shell to
2. Polymers - are materials that consist of molecules formed by long eight.
chains of repeating units. They may be natural or synthetic. Many useful
b. Covalent bonding – electrons are shared between atoms in
engineering materials are polymers, such as plastics, rubbers, fibers,
their outermost shells to achieve a stable set of eight.
adhesives, and coatings. Polymers are classified as thermoplastic
polymers, thermosetting polymers (thermosets), and elastomers. c. Metallic bonding – sharing of outer shell electrons by all
atoms to form a general electron cloud that permeates the
3. Ceramics - are solid compounds that may consist of metallic or
entire block.
nonmetallic elements. The primary classifications of ceramics include
glasses, cements, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Ceramics
generally have excellent corrosion and wear resistance, high melting
 2. Secondary bond – involve attraction forces between molecules.
No transfer or sharing of electrons in secondary bonding, and
bonds are weaker than primary bonds.
a. Dipole force – arise in a molecule comprised of two atoms
with equal and opposite electrical charge. Each molecule
therefore forms a dipole attracts other molecules
b. London forces – attractive forces between nonpolar
molecules. However, due to rapid motion of electrons in
orbit, temporary dipoles form when more electrons are on
one side.
c. Hydrogen bonding – occurs in molecules containing hydrogen
atoms covalently bonded to another atom
C. Engineering Materials Composition
Being an Engineer, it is important to have the knowledge of
chemical properties of engineering materials. Because most the
engineering materials come into contact with other materials and react
chemically to each other. Due to this chemical reaction they may suffer
from chemical deterioration. Here are some properties of engineering
materials:
1. Physical
1.1. Density
Density of a material or substance is defined as “the mass per unit
volume”. It is represented as the ratio of mass with volume of a material.
1.2. Specific gravity
It is defined as the ratio of density of material with respect to density of a
reference material or substance. Sometimes it is also called as relative
density.
1.3. State Change Temperatures
Generally, a substance has three states called – solid state, liquid state,
gaseous state. State change temperature is the temperature at which the
substance changes from one state to another state.
1.4. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
When a material is heated, it expands, due to which its dimensions
change. Coefficient of thermal expansion, represents the expansion in
material with increase in temperature.
1.5. Specific Heat of Materials
Specific heat of a material is defined as the amount of heat required to
increase the temperature of unit mass of material by 1 oC. It is denoted by
‘S’.
1.6. Latent Heat
Latent Heat of a material is defined as the amount of heat
required/released by change in unit mass of material from one state to
another state (Phase change).
1.7. Fluidity of Materials
It is a property of material which represents that how easily a material
can flow in liquid state. It is the reciprocal to viscosity of liquid material.
1.8. Weld Ability of Materials
It is the property of a material which presents that how easily the two
pieces of material can be welded together by applying pressure or heat or
both.
1.9. Elasticity of Materials
It is the property of a material by which it regains its original dimensions
on removal of load or force.
1.10 Plasticity of Materials
When we keep on increasing the load beyond the limit of elasticity, the
material retains it molded state. This property of materials is called
plasticity.
1.11. Porosity
When a material is in melting condition, it contains some dissolved gases
within the material. When the material is solidifies, these gases get
evaporated and leave behind voids. The Porosity of material represents
the quantity of voids in solid materials.
1.12. Thermal Conductivity of Materials
It is the property of a material which represents that how easily the heat
can be conducted by a material.
1.13. Electrical Conductivity of Materials
It is the property of materials which represents that how easily the
electricity can be conducted by the material. It is denoted by ‘σ’.
2. Mechanical
2.1. Strength
A material's ability to resist deformation or breakdown in the presence of
loads or external forces is known as strength. The materials we choose for
our engineering goods must be sufficiently strong mechanically to
function under various mechanical forces or loads.
2.2. Hardness
Hardness is one of the important properties among the mechanical
properties of engineering materials which enables the material to offer
resistance to localized permanent deformation and scratches. Numerous
applications of engineering design make use of hardness. This
characteristic is crucial since it directly affects the functionality and
appropriateness of the material.
2.3. Toughness
A material's ability to absorb energy and undergo plastic deformation
without fracturing is known as toughness.
2.4. Brittleness
A material's brittleness refers to how easily it fractures under the
influence of a force or load. When brittle material is stressed, it
experiences very little energy and cracks without experiencing a lot of
strain.
2.5. Ductility
A solid material's ductility is a property that describes how easily it
deforms when subjected to tensile stress. The capacity of a substance to
be drawn or pulled into a wire is a common way to classify ductility.

2.6. Malleability
A solid material's malleability refers to how quickly it can distort when
subjected to compressive stress. The ability of a material to be rolled or
hammered into a thin sheet is a common way to classify malleability.
3. Chemical Properties of materials
Chemical properties related to changes in chemical composition of
material because it interacts with other substances. Chemical properties
of engineering materials are needed because most of materials, when
they come in contact with other substances can react to form new
materials. It is deterioration of material by chemical reaction with its
environment.
It cannot be observed without changing chemical composition of
substance. This chemical property includes pH, production of salt when
an acid reacts with metal or unique color change in chemical reaction.
4. Thermal Properties of materials
Engineering materials are important in everyday life because of their
versatile structural properties. Thermal properties of engineering
materials are diverse and so their uses in different applications. Thermal
properties are those properties of material which is related to its
conductivity of heat.
In other words, these are properties which are display by material when
heat is passed through it. Thermal properties of material refer to
characteristic behaviors of material under thermal load. Other than these
properties, they do play an important role because of their physical
properties. There are different thermal properties are thermal
conductivity, thermal expansion, specific heat, melting point, thermal
diffusivity.
5. Electrical Properties
Electrical properties are their ability to conduct electrical current. Various
electrical properties are resistivity, Electrical conductivity, temperature
coefficient of resistance, dielectric strength and thermoelectricity.
Some of electrical properties of engineering materials are below
5.1. Electrical Resistivity
It is property of material which resists flow of electric current through
material. It is give-and-take of conductivity. Resistivity values are
reported in micro ohm centimeters units.
5.2. Electrical Conductivity
It is property of material with allow flow of electric current through
material. It is parameter which indicates that how easily electric current
can flow through material.
5.3. Dielectric Strength
It is property of material which indicates ability of material to withstand
at high voltages. Usually, it is specified for insulating material to represent
their operating voltage.
5.4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Temperature coefficient of resistance of material indicates change in
resistance of material with change in temperature. Resistance of
conductor changes with change of temperature.
5.5. Thermoelectricity
If link formed by joining to two metals is heated, a small voltage of
millivolt is produced. This effect is called thermoelectricity or
thermoelectric effect.
6. Magnetic Properties
Origin of magnetism lies in orbital and spin motions of electrons and how
electrons interact with one another. Magnetic properties of material are
those which determine ability of material for particular magnetic
application. Read Engineering Materials – Deformation of Solid Materials
7. Optical Properties
Optical properties that define material response to incident radiation can
be described as transmission, reflection and absorption. Every solid
material emits thermal radiation.
MATERIAL TESTING
Materials testing, measurement of the characteristics and behavior of
such substances as metals, ceramics, or plastics under various conditions.
The data thus obtained can be used in specifying the suitability of
materials for various applications—e.g., building or aircraft construction,
machinery, or packaging.
Materials testing is a respected and established technique that is
used to ascertain both the physical and mechanical properties of raw
materials and components. It can be used to examine almost anything
from human hair to steel, ceramics, or composite materials.
1. Tension/tensile Test
- Tensile tests are used to determine how materials will behave
under tension load. In a simple tensile test, a sample is typically pulled to
its breaking point to determine the ultimate tensile strength of the
material.
2. Compression Test
- Compressive testing shows how the material will react when it is being
compressed. Compression testing is able to determine the material's
behavior or response under crushing loads and to measure the plastic
flow behavior and ductile fracture limits of a material.
3. Coefficient of thermal expansion
- The relationship of how materials expand or contract through
temperature change is driven by the coefficient of thermal expansion of
those materials and is a critical factor when designing a heater.
4. Beam Deflection
- the deflection of the beam towards in a particular direction when force
is applied to it is known as Beam deflection. The beam can be bent or
moved away from its original position. This distance at each point along
the member is the representation of the deflection.
5. Shear/Torsion Test
- torsion testing involves the twisting of a sample along an axis and is a
useful test for acquiring information like torsional shear stress, maximum
torque, shear modulus, and breaking angle of a material or the interface
between two materials.
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
 “Fracture toughness” describes the resistance of brittle materials
to the propagation of flaws under an applied stress, and it assumes that
the longer the flaw, the lower is the stress needed to cause fracture. The
ability of a flaw to cause fracture depends on the fracture toughness of
the material. A fatigue fracture is a material failure that occurs as a result
of excessive cyclic loading. Prior to final fatigue fracture, many different
micro fractures are created and eventually the repeated dynamic loading
propagates the cracks.
1. Impact Testing
- are used in studying the toughness of material. A material's toughness is
a factor of its ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation.
2. Destructive Testing
- Destructive testing aims to deform or destroy a material to analyze its
point of failure. On the other hand, non-destructive testing uses
inspection methods that do not damage a material or asset in any way.
3. Fatigue Testing
- Fatigue testing is a specialized form of mechanical testing that is
performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests
are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify
critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be
susceptible to fatigue.
CORROTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
“Corrosion” is the gradual deterioration of metals caused by the action of
air, moisture, or a chemical reaction (such as an acid) on their surface.
Rusting of iron, or the forming of a brown flaky material on iron objects
when exposed to moist air, is the most common example of metal
corrosion.
General corrosion occurs when most or all of the atoms on the same
metal surface are oxidized, damaging the entire surface. Most metals are
easily oxidized: they tend to lose electrons to oxygen (and other
substances) in the air or in water. As oxygen is reduced (gains electrons),
it forms an oxide with the metal.
Corrosion happens when moisture makes its way into a vehicle's electrical
and power delivery system. Electrical and wiring systems can be
compromised anywhere along their surfaces. Leaking lamp connections,
broken lamp housings / lenses, cable and wire abrasions also provide easy
access to moisture.
Electrochemical corrosion consists of two partial electrochemical
reactions, an anodic partial reaction (oxidation/dissolution of the metal)
and a cathodic partial reaction (reduction of water, hydrogen, or oxygen
gas).
Corrosion can cause voltage and current flow degradation, which could
interpret as a system fault.
Here are three tips for preventing electrical corrosion to keep both your
electrical system and your family safe.
1. Keep moisture out. Since water is typically to blame for electrical
corrosion, keeping it away from your electrical panel and indoor and
outdoor connections should be your top priority. A keen eye and a
regular routine can help you spot water where it doesn’t belong; indoors,
check for damaged pipes and leaks or cracks from the foundation or
walls, and around outdoor wiring, make sure there’s nowhere for garden
water or rainwater to collect.
2. Perform regular inspections. The best time to have a look at your
wiring and electrical panel is before something goes wrong, not after.
 Check the panel to make sure it’s clean and in good shape, and
that nothing is deteriorating, rusting or oxidizing.
 Closely inspect outdoor lighting and your garage area; due to
increased exposure to the elements, they are at a higher risk than
wiring inside your home.
 As you change out the batteries in your smoke or CO detector,
check the wiring as well.
3. Be proactive. Preventing electrical corrosion is made easier with the
following, but prior to cleaning or applying any product, disconnect the
power source to avoid electric shock:
 Dialectic grease – Seals out and prevents moisture from
collecting around wiring.
 Electrical contact cleaner – This precision aerosol spray is
available at most home or hardware stores, and works to dissolve
and remove dirt, oil and oxidation build-up from electrical
components and contacts.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS METALS
ferrous metals are metals that contain iron and steel. Non-ferrous metals
are those metals that do not have iron or iron components.
Ferrous Metals
The word ‘ferrous’ comes from the Latin word ferrum, which means,
‘containing iron.’ One sure way to tell if a metal is ferrous is to test for
magnetic properties. Ferrous metals are generally magnetic by nature
and have high tensile strength, making them ideal in construction.
Any form of iron and steel are considered ferrous metals. Small amounts
of other elements can be added to iron and steel to get the desired
property. For example, copper is added to steel to increase corrosion
resistance. Adding nickel to steel increases strength and toughness, and is
a property of stainless steel. The small amounts of each metal do not
change the composition of steel to non-ferrous metal, however, only into
alloy steel.
The most common ferrous metals are cast iron, wrought iron, alloy steel,
and carbon steel, also referred to as structural steel. Iron predates steel
by hundreds of years. The latter being an alloy, invented by adding the
former with carbon. Tensile, ductile, durable, and strong, iron is a heavy
but soft material, with high thermal conductivity. Though for the most
part, in terms of usage, iron has been replaced by its offspring, steel, a
harder metal.
Worldwide, carbon steel is the backbone of building and construction,
and is quite possibly the most widely used material by engineers and in
construction. Some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world are built with
heavy carbon steel. Ships and shipping containers, trains and train tracks,
industrial piping, automobiles, trucks, fencing, nails, tools, and much
more are made with ferrous metals.
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals have, too, been used since the dawn of civilization.
Primary examples of non-ferrous metals are copper, aluminum, nickel,
zinc, lead, and tin, but also precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, and
palladium. Non-ferrous metals have advantages over ferrous metals
because they are lighter in weight and more malleable.
Aluminum, for instance, is lightweight and can be easily cast, forged, procedure. In BE, there are professors studying biomaterials to
machined and welded. Aircraft are manufactured with aluminum, as are manipulate immune cells, to deliver drugs in novel ways, and to create
fenders, frames, pistons, radiators and like parts used in building autos, complex tissue microstructures.
trucks, boats, and bikes.

Copper’s ductility, malleability, and high conductivity make it the principal

metal in sheet roofing, bearings, pipes, statues, and the electrical industry
in the form of wire and other conductors. Zinc is most widely used to Sources :
galvanize the protective coating of iron or steel to prevent rust.
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The making of alloys with ferrous and non-ferrous metals is a common materials-i
practice. Chromium mixed with steel makes stainless steel, providing
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widely used to reduce material costs, and others to make a lighter-weight https://www.electrical4u.com/physical-properties-of-materials/
material.
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NANOMATERIAL AND BIOMATERIAL materials.html
Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials designed and https://blackdiamondtoday.com/blog/preventing-electrical-corrosion/
produced to have structural features with at least one dimension of 100
nanometers or less. In electronics, a number of different nanomaterials https://questtech.ca/blog/difference-between-ferrous-and-non-ferrous-
are already being used commercially or are being used for research and metals/
development purposes. Nanotechnology aims to develop new types of
atomic electronics that adopt quantum mechanics and the movement of
individual particles to produce equipment faster and smaller and solve
problems attributed to the electrical engineering field.

Some of the most commonly used nanomaterials for electronic and

electrical equipment are carbon nanotubes and quantum dots and, in the
case of surface coatings, nanoparticles of silver.

Biomaterials is the field of study in which scientists engineer a substance

to direct, through the use of living organisms, a therapeutic or diagnostic