Mejia Final Thesis Chapter 1 3

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
EXPLORING MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS,

STRATEGIES, AND CHALLENGES OF SELECTED NATIONAL
COACHES IN THE PHILIPPINES
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty
of College of Education - Graduate Studies
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
by
MARTIN ABRAHAM A. MEJIA, LPT.

April 2023
Philippine Copyright 2023

by the Author and the
Graduate School
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
All rights reserved. Portions of this manuscript may be reproduced with proper
referencing and due acknowledgment of the author.
2
CERTIFICATION
This thesis, EXPLORING MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS, STRATEGIES,

AND CHALLENGES OF SELECTED NATIONAL COACHES IN THE PHILIPPINES
prepared and submitted by MARTIN ABRAHAM A. MEJIA in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree MASTER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS has
been examined and recommended for Oral Examination.
Evaluation Committee
JOHN PAUL DOMINGO, DEM

Adviser
RHENE A. CAMARADOR, MPES LUALHATI A. DELA CRUZ, MPES

Member Member
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPROVAL
Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination on _____________ with the grade of _______.
_______________________________ _____________________________
Chair Member
_______________________________ ____________________________
Member Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master in Physical
Education and Sports.
DR. MINNA L. COMUYOG

Dean
Date of Passing the Comprehensive Examinations: ________________________________

3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TO THE ALMIGHTY GOD, for the heavenly graces to finish this academic
requirement and for His wonderful spiritual, financial, moral, mental, and all other material
and non-material blessings.
TO MY PARENTS, PAPA RAMON AND MAMA HELEN, for the monetary support,
endless motivation, and inspiration that they had provided for me to accomplish this noble
paper all throughout.
TO MY SISTER, ATE SHANON, for her support especially in times when I am very
in need of financial and moral support to finish my research and my studies.
TO ALL MY MPES PROFESSORS AND EXTERNAL COMMENTERS IN
GRADUATE SCHOOL, for the knowledge in physical education and sports administration,
curriculum, research, and instruction, and for the understanding, consideration, inspiration,
and passion that they exhibited for the betterment of my research.
TO THE AUTHORS, for their very important and extensive contribution to the
conceptualization of my paper through their related studies, literature, books, and other
references.
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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, “EXPLORING
MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND CHALLENGES OF
SELECTED NATIONAL COACHES IN THE PHILIPPINES” for the Degree, Master in
Physical Education and Sports at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines embody the
result of original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This thesis does not
contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that have been
accepted as the basis for the award of a degree from any other higher education institution,
except where proper referencing and acknowledgment were made.
MARTIN ABRAHAM A. MEJIA

Researcher
________________________
Date Signed
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Certification and Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Certification of Originality iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figure viii
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction 8-12
Theoretical Framework 12
Conceptual Framework 13
Statement of the Problem 13-14
Scope and Limitations of the Study 14
Significance of the Study 14-16
Definition of Terms 16-17
2 REVIEWS OF THE LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The Mental Imagery 18-25

Mental Imagery in Sports Success / Performance 25-33
Challenges and Techniques in Using Mental Imagery 33-44
Coaches Motivation 44-49
Synthesis 49-53
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 54
The tradition of Inquiry and Data Generation 55-56
Sources of Data 57
Description of Respondents 57-59
Instrumentation 59
Ethical Considerations 59
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REFERENCES 60-73
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
It is well-settled that the essence of sports such as volleyball, basketball,
badminton, and other teams as well as individual sports, is knowing how to appreciate the
value of sportsmanship and meaningful engagement with enjoyment, excitement, and fun
experiences. The promotion of the potential and well-being of a human person may be
achieved through various sports competitions. In this light, coaching becomes relevant in
both training and actual sports competitions to achieve desirable outcomes. Common
experiences have shown that there are still unexpected things in the actual sports events
despite numerous pieces of training, particularly in behavioral, mental, emotional, and
psychological aspects of sports. The researcher for instance, as a practicing volleyball
coach, is not exempt from this reality. The researcher has actually experienced to face
unexpected negative in-game behavior of athletes towards the game, the opponents, and to
themselves such as the unexpected lowering of motivation and sports performance.
Similarly, many of those Olympian competitors have been searching for a way to
land on the podium at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Many athletes incorporate visualization into
their training programs and their preparation for competition (Cohn, 2020). It uses Imagery
to visual symbolism that evokes a mental image or other types of sensory perceptions to
strengthen people's inspiration and confidence to achieve their goals and teaches people
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how to do this for themselves so that they can stay motivated even when faced with
obstacles (Peterson, 1993).
The researcher so far observed altercations, verbal confrontations, heated
arguments, pointing blames, stressing oneself, making faces, cursing, and intentional
physical injuries between and among athletes in team sports during the course of sports
event, which somehow deviate from the purpose of the sports itself. There are cases
wherein the athletes, though they may have performed very well during trainings, have
unnecessary and unexpected feeling of guilt, shame and weakening of self-confidence and
demotivation that may affect their performance and the subsequent chance to win the sports
competitions (Carpentier & Mageau, 2017).
The researcher would like to argue that pressure, confusion, errors in anger
management, discipline, poor training quality and orientations have contributed to such
predicament involving misconduct and lacks of self-confidence which is nonetheless,
avoidable through the use of mental imagery. This paper will explore by analyzing local and
national experiences which may yield insights to the possible coaches' sports training
programs and possibilities for distant sports preparation for athletes particularly in the new
normal world being preoccupied by global pandemic and restrictions.
According to Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Mental imagery (also known as
"visualizing," "seeing in the mind's eye," "hearing in the head," "feeling the feel of," and other
terms) is a type of quasi-perceptual experience that resembles perceptual experience but
occurs in the absence of external stimuli. It is also often assumed to have intentionality (that
is, mental images are always images of something) and hence to serve as a sort of mental
representation. Visual mental imagery, the most well-known type, was once supposed to be
created by the presence of picture-like representations (mental images) in the mind, soul, or
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brain, many philosophers in the Early Modern period considered ideas to be mental pictures
of the objects they represented. During the twentieth century, that view fell out of favor.
However, current cognitive science has revived the theory that at least some of our mental
representations, not simply those related to vision and perception in general, are extremely
imagistic in nature. Join John, Ken, and Stanford University cognitive psychologist Lera
Boroditsky as they discuss the imagistic nature of mental representations (Philosophy Talk,
2020). Therefore, according to a study under trends in cognitive sciences 'mental imagery'
refers to representations and the accompanying experience of sensory information without a
direct external stimulus. Such representations are recalled from memory and lead one to re-
experience a version of the original stimulus or some novel combination of stimuli.
Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, claimed that connecting images in our minds is
possible through memory and imagination. Hence, perceiving a scenario may be
ascertained through our mental maps (Roumbou, 2017). In sports, imagery is concerned
with exploring and visualizing the problems and challenges for better planning and
motivation of the athletes and coaches (Abdin and Bell, 2010). Visualizing athletic
achievement in the mind requires a cognitive preparation, which is a powerful imagination
that leads to the development of nerve impulses like those during actual action and
performance. Imagery experiences are most understood as repetitions, copies, or
reconstructions of particular past perceptual experiences; they may tend to predict probable,
often expected, or the opportunity to plan and exercise the mind to avoid the undesirable
effects or implications and failure or inability to recall potential experiences and competitions
at other times.
Think of imagining in the brain's eyes, seeing a picture in one's head, picturing a
mental image, and so on. These are the usual ways of referring to visual and mental
imagery (Thomas, 2014). Mental imagery, in other words, is also a guide for an athlete to
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step up in a competition by recalling the experiences that have been stored in a meaningful
brain imagination. Therefore, both memory and aspiration play a very significant role, even
essential role (Abraham, 2019).
To completely improve their athlete's ability to reach their full potential with a
stronger base of communication and motivation, some coaches also seek techniques and
tactics. Mental imagery is often known at some stage as a technique that allows scientists,
sports science professionals and experts, coaches, athletes, and sports enthusiasts to use
to identify a good mental preparation, internal exercise, and conditioning strategy (Taylor &
Wilson, 2005) as cited by (Abdin & Bell, 2010).
Mental visualization is an opportunity because coaches have been able to continually
search for and find opportunities in sports competitions in the world. In addition to solutions
that help people make pre-mental predictions and improve routine skills, imagery is also a
success in which it refrains from being unable to perform athletically (Cumming, n. d.;
Quinton, 2021). Experiment, and research papers beyond imagery have also been
published around the world to help people understand more about the impacts and effects of
the process called mental imagery as an image-making process that resolves "gaps"
resulting from the performance constraints of coaches and athletes, and that allows for
continuous communication required for thought and action.
The use of imagery will help athletes deal with various crucial circumstances and
obstacles they will face before, during and after athletic competition. It helps people like
athletes and coaches to use this technique to offer importance to manage in the direction of
imagination and practice explicitly mental imagery for their mental rehearsal that will lead to
achievement of athletes and coaches and their faith to one another, their teamwork.
Furthermore, mental practice in sports became an advantage for the development of motor
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skills of athletes (Cocks, et al., 2013) Also, a randomized controlled trial revealed that
imagery significantly enhances goal-framing and planning (Chan and Cameron, 2012).
Locally, there are many issues and challenges that need to be considered in the field
of mental imagery, such the variety of practices and strategies on how to use mental
imagery as a method to perceive the actual sports competition, the readiness of the athletes
in terms of tactical skills and the associated motivation as well as encouragement issues
between athletes and students. Considering that mental imagery is a perceptual process
(Kosslyn et al., 2006), the researcher is challenged to determine how this process which
was known in foreign literature is practiced in the Philippine sports setting particularly to
those who had participated, participating and will participate in international athletic
competitions. Hence, a study on the challenges and strategies in imaging sports towards
athlete’s motivation and better sports behavior and performance.
This paper will explore the targeted goals, strategies, challenges, and motivation in
using mental imagery in the context and experiences of selected national coaches
competing internationally and those who are participating in national collegiate tournaments
like competitions hosted by UAAP and NCAA. Since locally, sport is more focused on the
development of their physical preparation rather than cognitive, emotional, and
psychological aspect, the researcher believes that both physical and mental balance shall
be valued especially in today’s current situation. The understanding of the patterns of
challenges and strategies of utilizing imagery to build self-confidence among national
coaches and their athletes may give way to formulating programs for its adoption for lower
levels of sporting events like in the grassroots, school-based, district, division, and in
regional athletic tournaments.
Top athletes and coaches rely heavily on imagery to improve their skills and
overcome their flaws. In order to be more competitive. Imagery not only aids athletes in
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regulating their nervousness during events, but it also aids them in remaining confident,
focused, and psychologically tough. Imagery has been found in studies to help the mind and
body relax. It can also assist with anxiety, stress, and depression management. Assist in
pain reduction. As a result, the research will add to a scientific and descriptive body of
information in mental imagery targeting goals, strategies, and challenges as a reference and
foundation for the National Coaches in Sports development and Department of Education's
coach intervention program for sports competition.
Theoretical Framework
The PETTLEP model of imagery, according to Holmes and Collins (2001),
provides a framework for the effective execution of imagery interventions. PETTLEP
is a paradigm that incorporates seven critical components to consider while
constructing an intervention. Holmes and Collins (2001, 2002) developed PETTLEP
after seeing the need for a model with good theoretical and empirical foundations to
guide practitioners' use of imagery.
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This abbreviation stands for a seven-point checklist of principles to follow
while creating an imagery intervention. (Physical: nature of the task – what imagery
is for and including body position, clothing, and sports equipment and specific task
and situation), (Environment: use of stimulus materials that mimic real environment
and the physical place where imagery is performed), (Task: imagery represents the
nature of skill to be performed and reflects the level of the imager and the
characteristics of the task and expertise level), (Timing: the chronological nature of
imagery and imagery being performed in real-time), (Learning: imagery content
reviewed and revised as new skills are learned that refines behavior), (Emotion: the
affective and emotional response to situation and necessity for inclusion of
expressive component to imagery), (Perspective: priorities internal, but external
used when appropriate and visual perspective adopted).
In relation to mental image, it is sometimes known as a mental picture, is an
experience that, in most cases, resembles the experience or/of visually experiencing
some object, event, or scene, but occurs while the relevant object, event, or scene is
not physically present. This study will utilize the PETTLEP model of imagery
proposed by Holmes and Collins (2001) to give a methodology for implementing
mind and visual initiatives effectively.
Mental Imagery in Different Frameworks
The following perspectives are adapted to frame the study. Sports psychology
practitioners have attempted to understand the mechanisms that allow imagery to work and
to support the principle that visualization is a technique that helps athletes prepare for motor
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activity physiologically and psychologically. According to the American Psychological
Association, the Symbolic Learning Theory states that imagery generates a blueprint in our
thoughts of what needs to be done. The researchers will determine the ideas, activities, and
techniques that are imprinted in the minds of athletes as part of their imagery training
regimens, as well as the obstacles that come with instilling and realizing these mental
blueprints. According to the Extrinsic Motivation Theory, motivation is external and may be
deduced from the material environment, material achievements such as awards and
trophies, and outside intangible influences such as words of encouragement that motivate
athletes to succeed (Moran, 2018). Mental images, according to Picture Theory, are like
pictures that mimic or resemble what they represent.
These frameworks will be used to better understand the patterns of obstacles,
strategies, and best practices of coaches that use mental imagery to help athletes increase
self-confidence and improve their performance.
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Conceptual Framework
Mental Imagery
1. Targeted Goals
2. Strategies
(PETTLEP)
3. Challenges
(Past, Present and
Potential)
High Level of
Competitive
Performance
Feedback Mechanism
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This conceptual framework will explore mental imagery PETTLEP and targeted
goals, strategies, and challenges in relation to a high level of competitive performance in
sports. Moreover, It refers to the use of mental imaging in the perception of problems,
specific goals, and coaching tactics to help athletes gain confidence and improve their
performance. It is the gathering and evaluating of patterns in the past, current, and potential
obstacles and tactics for motivation, sports confidence, and athletic performance in order to
significantly discover new knowledge and contribute to coaches and athletes.
Statement of the Problem
The researcher of this study intends and designs to investigate and find the targeted
goals, techniques, and obstacles of selected Philippine national coaches through the use of
mental imagery. This study will look at how coaches and players communicate with one
another when using mental images from national coaches' narratives. To determine the
process of the strategy and practices (Technique / Method) from their targeted goals,
strategies, and challenges in order to consider the realization and success of coaches
significantly in building sports confidence with the help of visualization in order to promote
better performance in sports competition.
The study's goal is to discover how coaches view coaching mental training for
athletes in terms of Targeted Goals, Strategies, and Challenges (Political, Environmental,
Sociocultural, Technological, Economic, and Legal). To determine the outcomes of coaching
mental training for athletes in terms of the variables listed above, as well as how coaches
use coaching mental imagery interventions to help athletes achieve high levels of
performance in the areas of physical, environmental, task, timing, learning, emotion, and
perspective (PETTLEP). The study seeks to answer the following questions that the
researcher would like to investigate:
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A. MENTAL IMAGERY IN TARGETED GOALS
1). What are the targeted goals and objectives being achieved in utilizing
mental imagery?
1.1). What are the main and specific plans, aims, and objectives that mental
imagery attempts to achieve?
1.2). What are the factors and challenges encountered in the achievement of
targeted goals?
B. STRATEGIES THROUGH IMAGERY
2). What are the strategies employed by the coaches in the implementation
of mental imagery intervention?
2.1). When it comes to using mental pictures, what tactics are regarded best
practices?
C. CHALLENGES IN USING MENTAL IMAGERY
3). How are the challenges encountered by the coaches contribute
significantly to the implementation of Mental Imagery?
3.1). What barriers do the coaches face in attaining their goals and putting
the imagery intervention into practice?
D. PRACTICING MENTAL IMAGERY
4). How do you practice visualization or mental imagery in sports? On what
areas and aspects of sports?
Scope and Limitation
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From November through January 2022, the research's scope and focus are limited to
imagery-related issues, approaches, concerning targeted goals, strategies, and
challenges affecting the motivation, confidence, and performance of 10 selected national
coaches situated in the National Capital Region (NCR), primarily in the area of individual,
dual and team sports.
The data gathering will be limited to the Filipino coaches who currently reside in NCR
at the time of data gathering in view of the minimum public health protocol and quarantine
measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and new normal protocols (face-to-face). The
study includes those who had participated, participated and will participate in national and
international sports competitions, for the past 5 to 10 years or the succeeding years.
Significance of the Study
The study will explore the essence, the underlying philosophical problems, and the
realistic application of mental imagery to further assist in the creation of sports competitions
for athletes and coaches. The results of this study conducted by the researcher may give
significant benefits and contributions to society, organizations, and diverse people.
Specifically, the study may benefit the following stakeholders:
Athletes. This research will help athletes understand the meaning and use of mental
imagery as a foundation for enhancing the performance of skills and developing coping
mechanisms and mental techniques during practice and competition.
National Coaches. The results of this research will significantly benefit and help them
directly for enrichment in order to sustain their potential targeted goals, strategies, and
challenges in relation to mental imagery practices to understand the importance of balancing
physical development with cognitive processes, particularly in the use of mental training
such as imaging, in their pursuit of enhancing the performance of their national athletes in a
more competitive sense to increase the win-loss statistics of the team.
Sports Administrators. This will significantly assist sports administrators in their

comprehension of the use of imaging skills to further develop cognitive and motivational
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advancement programs for their coaches and athletes to enhance and strengthen mental
strength and boost athletic success in their respective sports. And how it can be used to
build and impose courses that will help boost performance in athletics.
Masters in Physical Education and Sports (MPES) Program. This study could help the
MPES program gain a better knowledge of the uses of imaging ability to improve players'
cognitive difficulties, methods, and motivational growth in order to improve and strengthen
mental strength and promote athletic performance in their respective sports.
National Sports Association/s. This research may significantly enable the certified
member of the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) to establish unique programs and
interventions to use mental imagery in evaluating each sports team's imagery and
imagination ability to assess the most appropriate construct to help enhance each team's
athletic success in their respective sports.
Philippine Sports Commission (PSC). The results of this study will help to further develop
the cognitive and motivational advancement of athletes to strengthen and strengthen mental
resilience and to boost athletic performance as a basis for potential comprehension of the
uses of imaging capacity.
Parents. The findings will be used to help parents with mental imagery for their athletic
children, as well as to discover gaps and limitations that can help advance the field of
knowledge and sports' function. It can also give parents ample direction and insight when it
comes to mental imagery.
Future Researchers. The present study will serve as a framework for further development
in mental imagery studies and to recognize gaps and constraints that can assist in the
advancement of the field of knowledge and the role of sports. For future research studies, it
can also provide sufficient guidance and knowledge in mental imagery.
Definition of terms
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To further clarify the study, the following concepts were operationally described
based on the statement of the problem identified in the paper.
Mental imagery. A perception of the mental mind or mental image of a person (coaches
and athletes) that is significantly similar to the actual experience of visually perceiving some
entity, existence, or scene on certain occasions and circumstances in sports and others but
occurs when the senses are actually accessible to the relevant object.
Challenges. The situation of an athlete and coach facing something that needs significant
mental or physical work to be done effectively from the situation of pre, real, and after sports
competition and therefore measures an individual's capacity with trials and problems.
Techniques. A skillful and efficient way for Coaches and Athletes in doing and achieving
something good to great in sports competition with the help of mental imagery.
Targeted Goals. It is to benchmark the goals to achieve a complete plan.
Motivation. The motivation and purpose of coaches and athletes to do things in a particular
way to produce better results and outcomes in sports performance and competition.
Sports Confidence. The ability to completely trust one’s sports skills, performance, and
athletic ability in a particular sports competition.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The analysis of related literature and experiment related to mental imaging is
included in this section and it contains studies, explanations, definitions, thoughts, and
opinions of scholars and experts who have already reviewed the current study.
The Mental Imagery Practice
Mental imagery is a tool that can be used by athletes to complement physical activity and
improve their success in their specific sport. Visual visualization is also part of a routine of
mental exercise that may also involve strategies such as relaxation, self-talk, and setting
goals (Abraham, et al., 2018).
Elsewhere, imagery, including athletes, coaches, teachers, military officers, doctors,
and musicians, has been commonly used by other artists. All individuals are able to use
visualization as a way to boost cognitive, behavioral, and affective performance, regardless
of age, gender, or ability level. In the area of sport, athletes use imagery in preparation,
competition, and recovery (Lakhiani, 2018)
Other areas, like philosophy, were notably affected by these attitudes. Although the
psychological study of imagery revived with the rise of cognitivism in the 1960s and 70s,
when new experimental methods were introduced that allowed a genuinely experimental
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study of the phenomenon, mental imagery cannot be properly understood without an
understanding of this past, versions of which, of varying degrees of accuracy, current
opinions about and attitudes (American Psychiatric Association, 2021).
Indeed, mental imaging is more than individuals naturally imagining performances.
Internal imagery suggests that athletes visualize themselves doing the task, while external
imagery indicates that from a third person's perspective, the athletes imagine themselves. In
other words, the situation of having the tournaments in your mind can be referred to as
internal imagery (Axelrod, 2016)
In addition, two basic classes, cognitive and somatic (physical) methods, can be
divided into certain teaching techniques for psychological skills. Although mental rehearsal,
mental imagery, and imagination are cognitive approaches, visual motor activity rehearsal
and cognitive-behavior training (Dewey, 2018).
Therefore, imagery capacity, richness, and image control of individuals are of
primary concern when determining the impacts of the mental training program. It is also
something that helps to recognize mental representation through the presence in the
consciousness, soul, or brain of picture-like representations (mental images) (Beyer, 2019).
Not only that when peripheral activity is activated in the short term by mental
exercise, this will provide knowledge about the motor cortex that helps to enhance motor
programs. The motor programs in the motor cortex, which are responsible for motion, are
then enhanced due to the stimulation of the neuronal (brain) circuits during mental imaging
(Robertson, 2019).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that Imagery is, however, not limited to
perception. It may involve many senses; the advantages recorded in recreating the inner
picture of experience may also be related to emotions, varying between the different
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imaging systems. As a result, researchers have identified a broad range of variables that
have been found to affect the effectiveness of imagery, including imagery ability, image
speed, age, level of skill, and perspective.
Furthermore, the interactive effects of the perspective of imagery and narcissism on
motor activity were investigated. Another factor that has recently been discussed within the
imagery domain is emotion regulation. Anuar, Cumming, and Williams (2016) assumed that
the control of emotions by athletes may be related to their ability to visualize, considering
that emotions and memory are related to both imagery and emotion regulation.
In fact, their findings showed that athletes who alter how they think about a specific
circumstance scored higher on imagery ability. This study is the first of its kind, and future
research examining individual characteristics and imagery is acceptable (Munroe-Chandler
& Guerrero, 2017).
To calm down is the first skill to learn with imagery. Imagery can be used to construct
traits that you would like to see in yourself, like emotional bodybuilding, and you can build
strength, patience, tolerance, humor, focus, self-confidence, or any other trait you would like
to experience using a technique called "Vivid Imagery."
It is also possible to use imagery to activate our immune systems, increase or
decrease the flow of blood to parts of the body, and thus affect healing. Learning to use your
imagination skillfully can be one of the biggest investments you will ever make with your
time, whether it's for relaxation, problem-solving, healing, or self-development (Axelrod,
2017)
The coach, to help players focus on any of these three aspects, you can use sports
psychology.
Since tennis is played for so many different reasons (such as enjoyment, wealth,
ego, learning or appreciation), you need to treat each athlete as a particular individual and
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follow an approach that motivates that person optimally. Disadvantages arise when athletes
are mainly driven to impress others rather than themselves, or when results are so large that
players are threatened by fear of failure or depend solely on how well they play tennis.
Imagery, in the absence of external stimuli, is the method of simulating sensory
sensations in the mind. Whenever a tennis player daydreams about hitting an ace or
imagines it, the player uses imagery. Although visualization usually describes visual
stimulation simulation, imaging may include the simulation of several variables: sound,
touch, perception of the body, psychological conditions, such as trust, and various other
mental and physical experiences. However, imagery and simulation are used by many
coaches and sports psychologists as interchangeable terms.
In tennis, imaging is common, and a lot of research evidence indicates that it
improves performance positively. Factors that are believed to enhance the capacity of a
person to profit from imagery include the ability to shape vivid images, monitor images, and
relax before images are created. imagery is used to enable tennis players to foresee and
solve issues, plan for competitions, rehearse unique strokes and sequences, deal with
adversity, and improve positive results. Imagery can be done individually or as a group, and
a sports psychologist or a coach can direct it. As with other mental abilities, athletes must
practice imagery and imagination regularly and accurately to achieve beneficial results.
Perhaps the most important mental skills to learn in tennis are concentration and
attention management. Since there are so many possible distractions during play (sights,
sounds, emotions, thoughts), the ability to choose the most suitable stimulus to concentrate
on is selective attention, while focus is the ability to retain attention over time.
Players need to be able to change focus quickly and precisely. For instance, to find a
winning plan, a player first broadly scans internal thoughts. He or she then rapidly transfers
focus to external elements, such as the height of the ball, the spin or the opponent's
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location, and eventually reduces attention to the ball for the winning volley. The nature of
attention management is this continuous mental shifting from external to internal, broad to
narrow and back. Proper control of attention allows a player to choose what is important,
remain focused on it as long as required, and change focus as needed.
With techniques such as reciting key phrases to oneself, staying focused in the
moment, retaining attention during distractions, and using imagery and self-talk to refocus
when distracted, concentration and attention are also improved. While amateurs sometimes
think that proper concentration involves strain and effort, the fullest attention (sometimes
referred to as "flow" or "the zone") is typically encountered in the moment rather than
conscious struggle as a joyful absorption.
whereas women score higher on target orientation (oriented more toward improving
performance). In both winning and target orientations, elite athletes tend to be greater than
less qualified athletes.
The application of sports psychology will extend far beyond mental skills instruction
to off-court problems. For instance, the resolution of off-court concerns or the treatment of
more severe distress. Introduce it to the player by acquiring new mental abilities and
reducing distractions as a constructive opportunity to boost success and well-being. Will
improve our self-confidence and success by visualizing the product of our swing, believing
that our skill set can achieve high achievement.
We begin to train our neural pathways to prepare us for the next major objective as
we continue to practice mental imagery. We can reach the mistake in one or excel by
visualizing a grand success in our presentation. In no time at all, one's motivation and trust
would scale upward.
Mental imagining is using our minds as logically as possible to imagine and feel a
scenario. Approximately 86 billion brain cells called neurons make up our brain, and all of
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our emotions, feelings, and behaviors are the result of complicated ties made between those
neurons.
We reinforce the connections and pathways of neurons in our brains linked to the
specific activity with each iteration of an activity. That is, to make the interactions they
constantly make happen easier and quicker, our brains rewire themselves. Mental imagery
works because almost identical neuron patterns are triggered when we construct realistic,
vivid representations of a specific activity or emotional experience in our minds, as when we
participate in that activity or feel certain emotions in the real world. Therefore, we reinforce
those connections in our brains each time we use mental imagery and activate these neural
pathways.
Mental visualization is used to rehearse physical, basic steps: step-by-step mental
rehearsal tasks. Overall Flow: Rehearse mentally in a way that is more holistic and
synergistic, integrating individual gestures and optimizing flow. Imagine what performance
looks and sounds like, to improve motivation (e.g. winning an award). Imagine experiencing
and then overcoming challenges you think you could face while engaged in a challenge to
improve morale. Imagine feeling anxiety/fear/excitement in a specific situation and then
imagine using strategies to control/harness the emotion in a way that results in performance.
Vividness is the degree to which all five senses are used in the picture. During the
actual, real-world results, and the feelings you are likely to encounter. Perspective First
Person vs. Third Person o First Person Imagine how a new talent and emotional control
would be conceived and or seen perfectly by you. Third person: Imagine looking at how you
are going to practice or perfect a new skill set from someone else's eyes. There is no mental
instrument that is more effective than mental imagery, and it can have a significant effect on
your success in sports.
26
According to Martens (1987b), stress arises "when there is a substantial imbalance
between what you perceive from the environment is being requested of you and what you
perceive your abilities are, when you perceive the result to be significant" (p. 111). This
implies that stress has three components: the environment, the perceptions of the individual
and the responses of the person to them in the form of arousal (the activation of the mind
and body).
There are four factors that influence the quality of mental imagery, which are
essential to quality mental imagery. Perspective, power, multi-meaning, and speed. Each of
these areas should be built so you can get the most out of your imagery.
Perspective Imagery, the viewpoint of imagery refers to where the "imagery camera"
is when you construct imagery.
The internal view includes seeing yourself looking out from within your body, as
though you were really doing your sport. The external viewpoint means seeing yourself, like
on camera, from outside your body. Research demonstrates that one outlook is not better
than the other. Many individuals have a dominant view that they are most comfortable with.
To see if it affects you in a certain way, use the viewpoint that is most normal for you and
then play with the other perspective.
There appears to be better mental imagery than no practice at all, but mental
imagery alone is not as effective as physical practice alone. Mental imagery does not
completely replace physical practice, and it seems as if the most successful performance
contributes to a mixture of mental imagery and physical practice.
Implicit attitudes towards exercise are additional benefits of utilizing imagery in an
exercise domain (Markland and Hall et al, 2015).
By looking at the influence of imagery on a group of inactive adults, Chan and
Cameron (2012) also examined the effects of different imagery materials on physical activity
27
participation. Their results showed that imagery scripts that connect photos of physical
activity participation with goal accomplishment were most successful in increasing self-
reported physical activity as well as increasing goal orientation, intentions, and action
planning.
While few imaging approaches have used objective physical activity tests, the
research carried out in this field shows the beneficial influence of imagery. Najafabadi et al.
(2015) produced imagery scripts that centered on the advantages of exercise in a sample of
teenage girls (e.g., improved appearance, and enhanced energy). There were significantly
higher levels of physical activity (as measured by accelerometers) and physical self-concept
among females in the imaging group compared to those in the control group following the
intervention.
A sample of adults recently explored the impact of mental imagery with video
modeling on the intensity and self-efficacy of the front squat (Buck, Hutchinson, Winter, &
Thompson, 2016). Participants who obtained the imaging script and video modeling from the
pre-test to the post-test saw substantial improvements in their self-efficacy and front squat
performance relative to those who did not receive any intervention. In a recent systematic
review evaluating the effects on strength output of different cognitive techniques (e.g.,
imaging), imaging was found to have a positive impact on maximum strength (Tod,
Edwards, McGuigan, & Lovell, 2015).
Researchers have investigated the implications and application of imagery in other
performance areas, along with sports venues and exercise facilities. In musical settings, for
example, the use of imagery combined with physical practice improved the timing of motion
of pianists and trombonists, music memorization, and self-efficacy of pianists and
trombonists (see Wright, Wakefield, & Smith, 2014, for review).
28
In connection to diverse theories and philosophies here are the related studies to the
researcher’s paper: Philosophy plays an essential role in achieving four aims that should be
central to any institution of higher learning: developing critical thinking habits in students;
improving their reading, writing, and public speaking skills; and conveying cultural heritages
to future generations.
In addition, the study of psychology in a sporting situation is known as sports
psychology. It is an essential component in comprehending athletes' mental thought
processes, as well as developing ways and tactics to improve sportspeople's general mental
health and wellness, usually in a professional athletic setting to help in increasing athletic
performance, confidence, focus, composure, intensity, and trust. These mental talents aid
athletes in increasing their skills as well as other aspects of their lives.
Furthermore, Thorndike's theory is based on three primary laws: (1) law of effect -
responses to a situation that result in a rewarding state of affairs will be strengthened and
become habitual responses to that situation, (2) law of readiness - a series of responses can
be chained together to satisfy some goal that will result in annoyance if blocked, and (3) law
of exercise - connections become stronger with practice and weakened when practice is
discontinued.
Moreover, Burrhus Frederic Skinner was the first to develop operant conditioning, a
sort of associative learning in which the strength of a behavior is modulated by
reinforcement or punishment. It is also a method for achieving such learning.
Apart from this, classical conditioning is a behavioral technique that involves pairing
a biologically potent stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus. It's a method of establishing
a link between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously unrelated one. Classical
conditioning is a learning process that happens through associations between an external
29
stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, as discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan
Pavlov.
Learning can happen by watching others and then modeling what they do or say,
according to Bandura. Observational learning is the term for this type of learning. If learning
is to be successful, there are precise steps in the modeling process that must be followed.
Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are among these steps.
It should be noted that Hull felt that one of the ways an organism maintains this
balance is through behavior. Hull proposed that all motivation develops as a result of these
biological demands based on this theory. Hull used the term "drive" to describe the state of
tension or alertness induced by biological or physiological needs in his hypothesis.
Watson is most known for establishing classical behaviorism, a school of psychology
that views behavior (both animal and human) as an organism's conditioned response to
external stimuli and internal biological processes.
Edward C. Tolman is well known for his work on cognitive behaviorism, cognitive
maps, latent learning theory, and the concept of an intervening variable. Edward Tolman
coined the term "purposeful behaviorism" to describe a discipline of psychology. It combines
the objective analysis of behavior with the consideration of the conduct's purpose or intent.
Tolman believed that learning stemmed from an understanding of the environment and how
an organism interacts with it.
At this time, different theories of motivation have been presented by psychologists,
including drive theory, instinct theory, and humanistic theory (such as Maslow's hierarchy of
needs). The truth is that our motivations are guided and directed by a variety of forces.
Also, behavioral psychology, commonly known as behaviorism, is a learning theory
based on the concept that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. Interaction with
30
the environment is how conditioning takes place. Our activities are shaped by our responses
to external stimuli, according to behaviorists.
Mental Imagery Challenges
It was also noted that the mental imagery of an athlete can be challenged in the
technique by individual differences in age, gender, and background experience.
(Peerdeman, Floridou, & Schaefer, 2019).
What matters most is the absence of appropriate physical feedback or stimuli, which
is one of the mind's most incredible abilities to imitate visual perception, behaviors, and
other aspects of experience. Mental skills programs need to be incorporated into teaching
and events to reduce the difficulties of the mental imagery of an athlete (Kumar, 2019).
According to SportMedBC, it is necessary to train athletes until completion by using
mental imagery and brain-based training to anticipate or foresee circumstances that can
occur. While tension can increase by mental training, the obstacles of mental visualization in
sports can be minimized by athletes.
Due to imagination and the use of mental imagery as a tool that enables the mind
and body to respond effectively (Di Corrado, 2019). It should be remembered that dreaming
by mental simulation can be one of the essential skills that enable us to effectively rehearse
future events, reanalyze the past, and even simulate or fantasize about events that may
never occur (Pearson & Kosslyn, 2013).
Strategies for using mental imagery
Indeed, mental imaging is more than individuals naturally imagining performances.
Internal imagery suggests that athletes visualize themselves doing the task, while external
imagery indicates that from a third person's perspective, the athletes imagine themselves. In
31
other words, the situation of having the tournaments in your mind can be referred to as
internal imagery (Axelrod, 2016)
In addition, two basic classes, cognitive and somatic (physical) methods, can be
divided into certain teaching techniques for psychological skills. Although mental rehearsal,
mental imagery, and imagination are cognitive approaches, visual motor activity rehearsal
and cognitive-behavior training (Dewey, 2018).
Therefore, imagery capacity, richness and image control of individuals are of primary
concern when determining the impacts of mental training program. It is also something that
helps to recognize mental representation through the presence in the consciousness, soul,
or brain of picture-like representations (mental images) (Beyer, 2019).
Not only but when peripheral activity is activated in the short term by mental
exercise, this will provide knowledge about the motor cortex that helps to enhance motor
programs. The motor programs in the motor cortex, which are responsible for motion, are
then enhanced due to the stimulation of the neuronal (brain) circuits during mental imaging
(Robertson, 2019).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that Imagery is, however, not limited to
perception. It may involve many senses; the advantages recorded in recreating the inner
picture of experience may also be related to emotions, varying between the different
imaging systems.
As a result, researchers have identified a broad range of variables that have been
found to affect the effectiveness of imagery, including imagery ability, image speed, age,
level of skill, and perspective.
Furthermore, the interactive effects of the perspective of imagery and narcissism on
motor activity were investigated. Another factor that has recently been discussed within the
imagery domain is emotion regulation. Anuar, Cumming, and Williams (2016) assumed that
32
the control of emotions by athletes may be related to their ability to visualize, considering
that emotions and memory are related to both imagery and emotion regulation.
Strategies and techniques of imagery may consider the age differences that remain
true in the world of sports, wellness, and balanced games. For example, child-specific
imaging measures were designed to better assess their use of imagery in various domains
(i.e., SIQ-C, CAPIQ). Findings on imagery from an intervention study (Munroe-Chandler,
Hall, Fishburne, Murphy, & Hall, 2012)
Age-related outcomes were identified, so that only the younger athletes (7-10 years)
performed faster on a soccer mission relative to older athletes (10-14 years). Noted age
gaps are also noticeable in the active play environment in such a way that only the older age
groups (11-14 years) reported playing alone rather than with others (Tobin, Nadalin,
Munroe-Chandler, & Hall, 2013)
It demonstrates that other significant individual characteristics to remember and to
consider, in addition to the skill level of the athlete, there are knowledge and confidence in
the use of imagery in the revised model of strategic use of imagery, Cumming and Williams
(2013).
According to most studies, many athletes believe that mental imagery leads to better
outcomes. On the other hand, athletes who have participated in similar studies indicate that
the use of mental imagery resulted in no actual improvement in results (Munroe-Chandler &
Guerrero, 2017).
But how does imagery really contribute to such advantages in performance? Holmes
and Collins proposed a model of imagery in 2001 that illustrates the connection between
movements that are physical and imagined. The imagery model of PETTLEP is based on
work by (Jeannerod, 1994; 1997; Quinton, 2013) That indicates that during both physical
and imagined movements, there are certain shared areas in the brain that are generated.
33
This is defined as' functional equivalence' and it is assumed as how performance can be
improved by imagery.
If there is a greater correlation between the image and physical activity, it is
suggested that (i.e. a greater degree of functional equivalence) it may help to add more
detail to the image and enhance the vividness of the image (Cumming & Williams, 2012).
In relation, imagery can be applied in pre-match, during performance, or post-match,
it can be used at any time. It might also be the last thing that you're doing before bed in
order to integrate PETTLEP imagery into your sports routine for the advantages that are
noticed (Quinton, 2013).
In that case, in early imaging research, individual differences in imagery ability were
recorded (cf., MacIntyre, Moran, Collet, & Guillot, 2013). There is ample proof to show that
imaging ability, regardless of individual differences in imaging ability, can improve with
practice. (Cooley, Williams, Burns, & Cumming, 2013) Cumming et al. (2016) And, Imagery
capability is enhanced.
Moreover, there are seven distinct modes of imagery which are visual, auditory,
olfactory, gustatory, touch, kinesthetic, and organic. These all deal with the five senses, all
of which work together to help to create mental representations of what we are reading and
visualizing.
For visualization to work, athletes have all varieties of senses to make it possible. In
this sense, there are seven kinds of imagery, and you can use most or all of them for
maximum effect. Such as visual imagery of the eyes and what you see, sound and what you
hear for auditory imagery, smell for olfactory imagery, taste for gustatory imagery, touch for
tactile imagery, motion and movement to kinesthetic imagery, and emotion for organic
imagery (Udemy, 2021).
34
Along with several psyching-up strategies may have a huge effect on one's own view
of oneself, such as self-talk and imagination (Slimani, et al., 2014). Importantly, the Olympic
gold medalists revealed that they used mental exercises and techniques for training. The
results obtained from the interpretive data analysis of responses by the participants are
grouped into four themes in this study, which are set out below: (a) process focus, (b)
imagery, (c) self-talk, (d) goal setting (Shannon et al., 2012).
Such as to evaluate alternate strategies and tactics, learn new skills, overcome
anxiety and self-doubt, work to be confident, predict the moment of success or to achieve
the desired outcome, (Eriksson, 2019; Jack Canfield, (n.d.).
Hence, using mental imagery needs to be realistic in order to envision practical
situations. In other words, always do imagery in certain situations under which you usually
compete. Visualize yourself working under realistic circumstances and picture yourself
competing under ideal conditions. Using Mental Imagery regularly in an organized way is the
best way to gain the advantages of mental imagery (Pearson, 2013).
Additionally, healing mental imagery is an important strategy that can reduce somatic
pain and facilitate recovery from sports injuries. However, in nature, the imagery used
should be relaxing, as many athletes fail to differentiate it with results-focused mental
imagery. That will allow you in real life to accomplish this capacity (Nunez, 2020).
Imagery sessions should be performed three to four times a week (Taylor, 2012). Set
targets with imagery on what areas you want to focus on. Technical, tactical, emotional, or
overall success may be objectives. For instance, in your sport, you can concentrate on
some technological improvement, becoming more relaxed and concentrated (Niles, 2011;
Thorp, 2016).
Build a practice hierarchy and competitive situations in which you will perform. In a
simple environment, the ladder should start with practice and advance to more challenging
35
practice situations, less important competitions, and increase up to the most important
competition you will be in this year through more important events (Parnabas, et al., 2015;
Cuncic, 2020).
For this reason, “the ability to modify a mental image is manipulation. In visual
imagery, people can manipulate, transform, or rotate objects in their minds, much like real
objects,” Person and Kosslyn said. Therefore, in certain respects, we can conclude that the
use of good self-handling with mental imagery would be a complete improvement of how we
can improve ourselves (Di Corrado, et al., 2020).
Know the best practice and competitive conditions that are ideal for your athletic
development stage. In other words, if you are a high school soccer player, don't imagine
competing against the world's best soccer players in a World Cup game. Often, under
conditions for each imagery session, select a specific competition in a specific venue,
thereby achieving their imagery goals in a variety of competitions, environments, and
conditions. (Johnson, et al., 2018).
Mental conditioning, however, must be consistently performed over time to achieve
performance development in a wide range of sports (Spino & Straub, 2018).
Weinberg identified two distinct motives, extrinsic incentives and intrinsic motivation,
underlying the incentive for an athlete to enhance results (Spino & Straub, 2018). After the
individual evaluates the image by focusing on various aspects of the image. And more
recently, to improve real motor skills efficiency (Williams, Cooley, & Cumming, 2013).
And make a Journal in athletes Imagery is a key because one of the problems with
visualization is that the effects are not observable, unlike physical exercise. Maintaining an
imagery journal is an important way to deal with this problem. These logs should document
key elements of each imaging session, including the consistency of the imagined results,
any thoughts and feelings that occur (positive or negative), issues that have arisen, and
36
what you need to focus on for the next session. A journal of imagery helps you to see
improvement in your imagery, making it more satisfying (Taylor, 2020).
You and your players will find ways to adjust the atmosphere to make things less
uncertain or to decrease the significance of results. You should speak to parents, for
instance, to make sure they don't push players too much to win.
To help players to manage their impressions of events, a range of psychological
techniques have been developed. These are called cognitive strategies, and by avoiding
them and replacing them with more positive forms of thinking, these techniques concentrate
on building knowledge of negative thoughts and modifying those thought patterns.
Psychological techniques have also been established that can help players learn to
lower their excitement levels. These approaches, known as somatic techniques, are
generally related to relaxation. Some are visualization relaxation, self-directed relaxation,
progressive relaxation preparation, and neurofeedback relaxation.
Morris and Spittle (2012) noted that the perspective of imagery is a key factor
influencing the use of imagery by an athlete. A special issue of the Journal of Mental
Imagery (2012) was, in fact, devoted exclusively to the perspective of imagery. Performers
may imagine the execution of an ability from their own point of view (internal imagery) or
view themselves from an external observer's viewpoint, as if they were a spectator
witnessing a show in the stands (external imagery).
In addition, exercise visualization has long been known as a feasible psychological
strategy that can change cognitions related to exercise directly. Self-efficacy is an especially
good example of a single cognition that in literature tends to receive attention. Weibull,
Cumming, Cooley, Williams, and Burns (2015) investigated whether, among a group of
women who were interested in becoming more involved, a brief (one week) imaging
intervention could improve barrier self-efficacy. Results showed that participants who carried
37
out regular imaging for one week (experimental group) reported higher increases in self-
efficacy of the barrier relative to those who did not conduct imaging (control group). It should
be noted,
However, that there were no substantial differences in barrier effectiveness between
groups when pre-existing exercise levels were monitored. Nevertheless, results from this
study support the idea that in a short time span, imaging may have an influential effect on
the self-efficacy of the barrier.
The use of imagery has also demonstrated positive results on performance in the
absence of physical exercise. More recently, the efficacy of a multi-component, preventive
skills-based program in reducing musical performance anxiety was evaluated by Braden,
Osborne, and Wilson (2015). In this research, the intervention program included numerous
elements, including psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, methods of relaxation, power
recognition, goal setting, constructive self-talk, and imagery.
Imagery has also been used to change the motivation of individuals for exercise. An
eight-week imagery intervention was introduced by Duncan, Hall, Wilson, and Rodgers
(2012) and found that participants listening to directed imagery scripts reported substantially
higher increases in self-determined motivation than those listening to health knowledge
sessions. In another study, coupled with peer-mentoring, imaging scripts led to substantially
greater increases in self-determined incentive to exercise at the end of the intervention
relative to those whose involvement was limited to peer-mentoring only (Giacobbi,
Dreisbach, Thurlow, Anand, & Garcia, 2014).
Students receiving the eight-week program showed substantially less anxiety about
musical performance than participants not receiving the program. Researchers have used
imaging interventions in medical settings to enhance two primary outcomes, which are skill
acquisition and stress levels.

38
In a different study, school-aged children assigned to an imaging group
demonstrated higher levels of active play and self-determined motivation relative to children
assigned to a control group after a four-week intervention (Guerrero, Tobin, Munroe-
Chandler, & Hall, 2015).
Ignacio et al. (2016) developed, introduced and tested an imagery intervention in a
very recent intervention study designed to increase the clinical performance of nursing
students and alleviate stress. While no differences were observed in subjective or objective
stress, participants improved their performance dramatically from pre- to post-test.
Police officers are also faced with a number of stressors and potentially stressful
situations, similar to healthcare workers, making visualization an effective therapeutic
strategy for law enforcement members. A 10-week visualization and relaxation intervention
designed to help police officers build successful coping strategies was introduced by Arnetz,
Arble, Backman, Lynch, and Lubin (2013). Participants who received imagery instruction
showed improved general health and problem-based coping, as well as decreased stomach
issues, sleep problems, and fatigue relative to those in the control group.
Sports followed by adequate planning and guidance in behavioral imaging are
valuable guides to an individual's development (Majid & Cobra, 2015). Getting into
physiological capabilities such as mental imaging leads to the efficiency of athletes. Also,
imagination, which has also been called guided imagining, mental practice, or meditation, is
the act of constructing a mental image and purpose of what you want to happen or
experience. (Middleton, 2013). In motor functions, internal imaging improves the efficiency
of both young and non-athletes. However, imagery mechanism is more independent of
memories and multiple experiences by following the two picture viewpoints (i.e., internal,
and external) (Di Corrado, et al., 2020).
39
Based on a national geographic documentary broadcaster last April of 2011 there
were a group of scientists and personal trainers from across the United States who
undertook an incredible scientific study in the development of exercise visualization and said
that the initial results would help to improve person’s fitness level without actual physical
exercise (Middleton, 2013). However, it would not replace the actual physical participation
but would help those unable to exercise to improve their health considerably. Which can
also be related to enhancing athletic performance. In the career of an athlete, self-talk, and
creativity play a significant part, which is why it should be incorporated during preparation
and practice (eydari, Soltani, & Mohammadi-Nezhad, 2018).
Through this, we may assume that our acts can be directly influenced by the mind
and the emotions that are behind it (Fransen, et al., 2014; Hentati, et al., 2014). For
instance, the expression of high trust by the leader positively influenced the confidence of
the teammates in winning the game, while the expression of low confidence had a negative
effect on their faith in the result.
Psychological aspects of an athlete might highly influence their sports confidence to
create solid conviction and trust to ourselves (Bali, 2015). It is undeniable that imagery is a
potent psychological tool. Imagery helps people to browse, skip over, and pick images from
their memories in order to experience past events again. Imagery also helps people to fly
through time and create never-experienced events and manipulate them. There is ample
evidence, as shown, documenting the efficacy of imagery in sport, exercise, and
performance environments.
However, the possible negative effects of imagery are less understood. For example,
engaging in self-generated imagery of a task involving physical self-control (i.e., handgrip
squeeze) resulted in performance reductions for those who performed imagery in a
40
subsequent handgrip task relative to those who rested quietly. (Graham, Sonne, &
Bray, 2014).
Together, these results suggest that imagery can have a dark side that should be
studied to ensure that possible negative activities do not counteract the positive benefits
associated with the use of imagery. Future research should also explicitly address potential
negative effects of imagery on actions and cognitions, including if in some settings particular
forms of imagery should be avoided and, if so, whether this caution will extend to all
performers (e.g., professional dancer vs. surgeon).
On similar lines, there is a substantial gap in imaging research exploring the effect on
output of unintentional, intrusive images. There is, indeed, some evidence that performers
encounter distracting images. (e.g., Nordin & Cumming, 2005; Parker, Jones, &
Lovell, 2015). More recently, a small percentage of university students who participated at
the levels of recreational, university, county or national competition reported distracting
visual imagery. (Parker et al., 2015). Clearly, more research is needed in order to develop a
greater understanding of the existence and effect of intrusive imagery within performance
settings.
While the body of literature on imagery in performance settings continues to grow,
more research exploring the usefulness and applicability of imagery among diverse
performers is needed. Virtually all individuals, regardless of their occupations, are required
to perform at some point or another. Successful lawyers need to deliver motivating and
emotionally moving closing statements to the members of the jury; stand-up comedians are
required to provide entertainment by mastering the pace and timing of every joke.
Individuals of such occupations could undoubtedly benefit from imagery.
41
Furthermore, as eSports (online competitive gaming) and competitive eating
continue to gain popularity, exploring the potential for imagery as a performance
enhancement technique for competitive gamers and eaters appears timely.
Competitive gamers could use imagery to learn or improve their ability to make
crucial decisions and to effectively cope with pressure, whereas competitive eaters could
use imagery to improve execution of new strategies and maintain motivation during a
contest.
Coaches Targeted Goal, Motivation and Feedback Mechanism
The athletes are all qualified and mentally gifted. All the athletes gave their entire
time to the exercise. The very best are all the athletes in their sport. Many US athletes have
switched to the power of symbols in order to give themselves an edge over the competition
(Arastey, 2020). Most countries use a system of athlete development which focuses on
performance results.
According to the Sports Journal the career of coaching is ever-changing. Coaches
should gain working knowledge in all areas associated with performance development as
the primary individuals charged with improving athletes and helping them achieve their
objectives. Specifically, when physically and psychologically preparing their athletes in the
fields of sports management, sports medicine, strength and conditioning, and sports
psychology can support coaches (Frost, 2018).
Both motivational and cognitive function have a significant effect with mental imagery
of an athlete. Practice self-talk before the competition for the improvement of mental
imagery level of an athlete (Baykose, Sahin, & Yavuz, 2017). They reported and discovered
the previous studies and research in the relationship between styles of sports and the use of
imagery (Kizildag & Tiryaki 2012). The association between the use of images by young
42
athletes and mental maturity both contributes to motivational effects in athletics, but less
performance.
Furthermore, the motivational role of imaging has acted as the marker of the
challenges, engagement, power, and confidence (Tyler & Geikie, 2016). Mental imagery,
motivation, emotions, and teamwork can be applied to athlete’s personal views and
experience in making their methods of intervention more efficient and effective (McLoughlin
& Sowinski, 2018). In addition, two parallel research studies about mental imagery and
muscular relaxation intends to promote and improve not just only the mental and physical
intelligence but also emotional intelligence of adult karate national team members of Iran.
The study shows that those more experienced athletes used motivational imagery more
consistently than those athletes with less self-confidence (Reza et al., 2020).
It results to better performance of the athletes and adds up as motivation in making
their performance in competition better (Hammond et al., 2012). Thus, behavioral change
occurs when motivation aligns with ability (Conti, et al., 2019).
An objective target refers to "attaining a specific level of skill on a task, usually within
a specified time" whereas a subjective goal can be abstract and difficult to quantify for
coaches and athletes (e.g., I want to enjoy playing in the game) (Pawar, 2017). There are
six primary components of these disciplines that are outlined in this section that contributes
to coaches and athlete’s motivation in promoting of using mental imagery. Which are risk
management, injury prevention, communication, fitness, goal setting, and athlete
development. To educate athletes about ability development and prepare them to reach
optimal performance, it is important that coaches familiarize themselves with these
components (Holden, et al., 2018).
In addition, both motivational and cognitive function have a significant effect with
mental imagery of an athlete. For instance, practice self-talk before the competition for the
43
improvement of mental imagery level of an athlete. The association between the use of
images by young athletes and mental maturity both contributes to motivational effects in
athletics, but less performance (Baykose, Sahin, & Yavuz, 2017). They reported and
discovered the previous studies and research in the relationship between styles of sports
and the use of imagery (Kizildag & Tiryaki 2012).
The study shows that those more experienced athletes used motivational imagery
more consistently than those athletes with less self-confidence (Reza et al., 2020). Then, it
results to better performance of the athletes and adds up as motivation in making their
performance in competition better (Hammond et al., 2012).
Aside from that, imagery intervention was useful enough in terms of development in
motivation and confidence of boxing players. With this, their performance can improve, and
they can be a better athlete (Solanki, 2016). On the other hand, behavior change occurs
when motivation aligns with ability and activates (Conti, et al., 2019).
In order to become "champions," athletes. Athletes should have tried to learn the
skills and knowledge of sport since the beginning of sport competition. As sport developed
into organized practice, coaches started working more closely with athletes on the
development of sport skills. Over the past 30 years, education and training programs have
been developed in an attempt to help coaches and athletes develop approaches and
techniques for achieving peak performance and winning (Pankhurst & Collins, 2013).
Today, young athletes train like elite professional athletes. Specifically, many
adolescents are undertaking physical and mental conditioning regimens for several hours a
day in order to produce peak athletic performance (Johnson, et al., 2018). In that case,
according to LaShell West, communication between all persons involved with participation in
sport must be achieved. Specially to coaches to athlete and athlete to coaches relationship.
Coaches are integral members of the sports and have a great deal of contact at all levels of
44
competition to consider athletes inspiration to sports competition (i.e., licensed athletic
trainers). Indeed, no relationship can grow without communication, whether on the playing
field or off, and the connection between players and coaches is no different.
Players need to feel that as an individual, their coach cares about them; not only as
an athlete who can help them win games and create a successful athletic program. First,
players are individuals and great coaches make time for both the person and the player to
inspires and motivate (Johnson, et al., 2018).
It is up to the coach to create an atmosphere that encourages contact, whether it's
the end of a close game, at practice, or at a meeting unrelated to the team or sport. “As
team members listen to each other and strive to build on each other's contributions.
Communication should be integrated into any activity by coaches because it is one of the
foundations of sport. When coaches build a healthy relationship with their students or
athletes, more athletes begin to recognize the importance of physically preparing the body
to achieve peak results. Also, when designing a strength and conditioning program, every
coach should consider performance development to be the number one priority (Johnson, et
al., 2018).
A primary obligation of coaches, therefore, is to inspire their athletes to perform at
optimum levels. The motivation indicated by Sage is the direction and strength of an effort
by a person (Pawar, 2017). Locke and Latham clarified that the level of performance of a
person in athletic competition is mainly dependent on ability and motivation.
When developing the training regimes of their athletes, some coaches use
motivational strategies and even mental imagery. To incorporate in setting goals that is one
of the strategies that has been used to encourage engagement, perseverance,
45
determination, and effort to build the long-term self-motivation of a person (Stephens, 2015).
As a healthy relationship between athletes and coaches grows, many athletes tend
to view their coaches as role models. Coaches should then interact with their athletes and
assist them with the creation of personal objectives. The personal objectives of an athlete
will contribute to skill growth and eventually peak results. A coach can provide an athlete
with constructive feedback in a professional manner regarding skill growth, safety, nutrition,
or injury prevention (Gels, 2017).
An athlete should then use this contact to create a clear, measurable, achievable,
practical and time-bound personal SMART goal; SMART goals can be established to
provide an athlete with the encouragement and determination to achieve athletic
performance. Athletes should establish a set of short-term objectives that make measurable
progress towards the achievement of a long-term goal (Gerda, 2020).
In sports psychology, mental simulation has a function, but at Peak Performance
Sports, it is only about two percent of what we teach athletes.
Whether, you know it or not, in one way or an athlete, in your sport, you use mental
rehearsal. In mental games, sports psychologists and coaches simply structure mental
rehearsal to get athletes the most out of it (Cohn, 2013).
Imaging techniques have been shown to help create trust, boost motivation, regulate
emotional responses, enhance focus, concentration, coordination, comprehension, and
speed of thinking, and encourage the individual to practice and correct sports skills, prepare
for competition, cope with pain and injury, and reduce fear and anxiety as well. The use
imagery in your sports performance to concentrate on enhancing your technique, begin by
46
visualizing in slow motion. Feelings lead to feelings, and the 'fuel' of your success is
emotions. Create strong emotions, and you can create powerful states of results.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is another field of motivation. Intrinsic motivational
factors are states, such as pride or happiness, within the athlete, while external motivational
factors are incentives, such as money or attention, from outside the athlete. By encouraging
athletes to make important decisions and feel competent, athletes will increase intrinsic
motivation (see the later section 'Promote Intrinsic Motivation').
Mental imagery targeted goals in sports success
This section will describe different narratives from successful athletes together with
their coach and how mental imagery help them in their competition. The visualization skills
that Michael Phelps used each night helped him stay focused and confident under immense
pressure on his first Olympic appearance as a 15-year-old in Sydney, to that magical week
in Beijing, to his final Olympic outing in 2016. When it comes to this particular mental training
skill, Bowman notes of his longtime swimmer, “He’s the best I’ve ever seen.” Here’s how
Bowman and Phelps used visualization to help the greatest swimmer in history reach and
stay at the top of the sport (Poirier-Leroy, 2021).
KarateMart states that in several ways, athletes use imagination or mental rehearsal,
such as Kayla Harrison, who aims to defend her Rio Games Olympic judo title, spends time
on a daily basis anticipating Olympic Games success. HARRISON: "I visualize myself
winning the Olympics every night... I picture myself attacking the girl in the final and standing
on top of the podium watching the flag rise and feeling that the gold medal is going around
my neck and hugging my coach." Every night, I imagine all that. Visualization is used by
swimmer Missy Franklin, who won four gold medals at the London Games, to relieve the
fear of the unknown. FRANKLIN: "I've already pictured what's going to happen a million
47
times when I get there, so I actually don't have to think about it." While Diver Troy Dumais, a
four-time Olympian, utilizes imagination as a way to practice his performance mentally.
DUMAIS: "If you can see yourself hitting a dive, there is a great increase in the chances of
you hitting a dive."
This is because of unexplained as the origin of it in the mind itself (Husain, 2016).
Being unable to imagine anything can minimize the success rate of a competitor, which is
why training also is one of the variables to consider when entering a contest (Lindsay,
2020). In which the mind's function is naturally understood (Husain, 2016). That is why
preparation is a major factor in enhancing the mental imagery of all practicing athletes, both
a challenge and a guide for athletes to step up in their competition (Abrahan, 2019).
Therefore, one study reveals that the success and motivation of girls’ volleyball
players can really be influenced by many factors. Using mental-imagery, physical workouts
and constructive self-talk will boost their potentials marginally and do well not only in
practices, but also in the competition (Mokhtari, et al (n.d.). aside from that, imagery
intervention was useful enough in terms of development in motivation and confidence of
boxing players. With this, their performance can improve, and they can be a better athlete
(Solanki, 2016).
The use of mental imagery helps the athlete achieve an optimal degree of arousal. A
third model, called the Self-Efficacy Theory, suggests that imaging increases an athlete's
chance of successful results (Sandalis, 2017).
Anxiety and depression can be triggered by spontaneous, vivid mental memories
called flashbacks. A flashback is an accidental onslaught of vivid memories from past
situations that have caused extreme distress, discomfort, pain, or suffering. Likewise,
negative imagery that induces or perpetuates depression can arise (Susan Schwarz, 2020).
The outcome showed that mental imagery had major effects on the success of the sport. It
48
showed that the methods of imaging appear to decrease the level of anxiety, and this helps
to increase their efficiency (Simonsmeier, 2020).
A two-time gold medalist, Fencer Mariel Zagunis, uses visualization as a way for her
rivals to study her game plan. ZAGUNIS: "Points literally happen in split seconds in saber
fencing, and tides can change and turn very, very quickly." (Poirier-Leroy, 2021). And there
are multiple other uses for visualization. To remain calm before or between events. To reach
the proper mental state for competing. To handle the physical discomfort that comes from
the body being forced to its limits. To boost confidence prior to an event. To contextualize
mistakes and carry errors past them. To bounce back from a bad situation (Dworkis, 2020).
One of the principal benefits of visualization is mental preparation. Numerous
research studies have shown that visualization can improve efficiency by up to 45%. The
more repetitions you do, the faster you will become a task. Visualization is a way for the
number of mental reps to be maximized. Imagery is common with all athletes, from the level
of grassroots to professional sports personalities (Linnell, 2012). According to Win all Races,
a Sport & Exercise Psychology site, Jonny Wilkinson, a former England rugby international
fly-half, also uses visualization as an effective tool for mental preparation. He speaks about
how before the 2003 World Cup Final, he listened to a pre-recorded imagery script (another
way to use imagery): “One of the things I focus on when I practice is to develop a mental
image of how best to pass the ball to a teammate, when I build those plays in my mind, I
take into consideration whether a teammate likes to receive the ball at his feet or in front of
him; whether he's good with his head and how he wants to head the ball; whether he's better
on his right or his left foot. That's a work of mine. I imagine the game”.
He also added that, “I surface before settling down to listen to a mental practice CD
for my usual pre-match routine of a shave and shower. The script is prepared, but read by
him, by myself and [my coach]. In order to increase the sense of truth, this simulation
49
technique is a sort of clarified daydream with snippets of the environment from past matches
included. It lasts about twenty minutes and I feel I know what's coming by the end of it.
The game can produce several different scenarios, but I am as prepared for them as
I can be in my own head. You feel more prepared and less afraid of the inevitable if you
have realistically imagined scenarios.” It should be noted that Imagery is a way to use our
innovation, and there are countless potential advantages to it. The problem is that most of
us use it to stupidly think about ourselves without knowing how to skillfully use our
imagination! In a sense, fear, the relentless focus on images and thoughts of trouble,
problems, disasters waiting to occur, is the most common use of the imagination (Axelrod,
2017).
The data in this article was taken from the High-Performance Coaching Program
Study Guide or adapted from it. And this notes that one advantage to training in sport
psychology is that it increases success on the court. Winning is one of the key goals in
tennis, but winning takes consistent, high-level results. Mental competence helps ensure
this consistency, guarding against activities. As the game becomes more complex, coaches
who fail to use psychological instruments properly place their players, and themselves, at a
disadvantage in performance and satisfaction. The distinction between high achievement
and mediocrity for athletes can be marked by a complete investment in sports psychology.
Too often, they envision in their minds the negative things that could happen to them
as young athletes prepare to compete or win, such as being beaten out by a rival or missing
a vital shot. Instead, they need to imagine performance, says Steven Balzac, a professor of
psychology and a former nationally-ranked fencer. As Balzac says, "What you imagine is
what you get." "We prepare ourselves for success if we imagine success because that is
what is in our heads." This technique helped Balzac execute moves in the same way the
accomplished fencers executed them, he says.

50
Although the experienced athletes did everything right, they could see themselves
doing something wrong. That, as we described above, is popular among young athletes.
Sometimes, they are more likely to imagine negative, not optimistic, things about
themselves.
By telling a story, scene by scene, he says, Balzac helps young athletes get into the
right mindset. Sometimes you have to walk them through it to find a piece of it that they can
do in their heads, and then go from there, he explains. Develop from there." He's careful to
assume while he's doing this that most young athletes use imagery in various ways." In their
imagery, visual images cannot be involved, but sounds, smells or touch.
"Their answers give me plenty of information about what works and what does not
work for them," he says. If I work with a group, I could explain the scene in various ways.
Maybe I would ask them to see the ocean, to feel the waves, to smell the seagulls. With
different hooks in it, I create the scene.
Be careful of one thing until your young athletes become more comfortable imagining
themselves looking like athletes they admire. Athletes will set up a very strict concept in their
minds about how they can act, and then become disappointed if they cannot do it. Remind
them that the way they dreamed they don't have to behave exactly.
One summer in the United States, at a local college, I took a course that introduced
me to the power of mental imagery. As part of my final project for the class, I applied it to my
sport and then proceeded to use it in the following fall and into the competitive racing
season. The findings were nothing of such certainty that I say this because when I was a
young athlete at Burke Mtn, it had an influence on me. Academy, a private boarding school
in Vermont committed to the production of world-class ski racers (it was also less than
impressive first full-time sports academy. From doubt came trust. Focus arrived from
distraction. From fear, strength emerged. Out of shyness came aggressiveness. Coherence
51
came from inconsistency. And, most significantly, excellent results came from decent
findings.
I discovered why it is so effective when I studied mental imagery in graduate school.
Imagery is used by nearly all great athletes, and research has shown that success benefits
more than practice alone when paired with real practice. Imagery is also not only a mental
phenomenon that takes place in your mind, but it affects you in every way: mentally,
emotionally, physically, scientifically, and tactically. Think of abstract imagery for the mind as
weightlifting.
In my more than 25 years of working with professional, Olympic, college, and junior-
elite athletes, mental imagery is the technique I highlight the most with them, and the one I
have noticed has the greatest impact on their results. There is a bottom line here. If you are
not engaging in a daily mental imagery program, you are not doing everything you can to
achieve your athletic goals.
Sport psychologists have been studying for years how preparation for psychological
skills, including training for mental skills, helps athletes enhance results. Mental abilities are
mechanisms that enable athletes to manage their minds effectively and efficiently as they
perform goals related to sports. This involves not only developing skills, such as control of
attention and tension but also attempts to affect personal qualities, such as self-esteem and
sportsmanship.
Psychological skills techniques help athletes make adjustments to their actions,
thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations that will improve their games. Players can use
these Techniques to help build self-confidence, set goals, manage stress, use imagery and
visualization to work on skills in the game, focus and focus. Sport psychology can also help
athletes with off-court problems that may influence court performance. "Self-confidence as
the reasonable aspiration of an athlete regarding achieving success and claimed that self-
52
confidence is not what athletes "hope" to achieve, but rather what they "expect" to achieve
realistically.
In order to promote player self-confidence, you should be confident to set a good
example, help players develop their abilities and skills, use regular rewarding comments
(see the "Positively Reinforce Players" section below) and facilitate positive self-talk. You
should also de-emphasize results and assist players to concentrate solely on changes in
efficiency and excellence.
Despite match disadvantages, one main challenge in tennis is to help players remain
calm and optimistic. In times of difficulty, players frequently lose confidence and become
threatened, giving rise to negative thoughts and low expectations. Encouraging athletes
regardless of the score to hold high standards and optimistic thoughts helps.
Overconfidence may also be an issue, leading to lower performance and decreased effort
and intensity.
Goals are what we want to accomplish or achieve, and they provide direction to our
energies. Tennis players achieve a feeling of control over their acts by setting goals and can
move past beliefs or concerns that can discourage high results. It has been shown that goal
setting enhances performance, decreases anxiety, increases trust and understanding, and
improves intention and motivation.
The athlete must set goals correctly for goal setting to work. The following are 10
target-setting concepts gained from years of practical experience and empirical studies. Set
targets for both mental and physical abilities, and set concrete and observable goals.
Set a target date for completion, set targets that are demanding but achievable, set
short-term, intermediate, and long-term goals, set goals for practice as well as matches, and
set goals that are optimistic (such as "improving first-serve percentage") as opposed to
negative (such as "allowing fewer aces"), remain flexible enough to change goals as
53
required, write down the goals on paper, prioritize success goals over result goals (such as
winning).
A long-term, detailed vision of the athlete's style of player to become (style of play,
weapons, conduct, physical conditioning, etc.). The techniques and trends to be learned and
the weapons to be developed. The training required sound fundamental tactical changes
and effective shot selection to be made. The methods that should be established. The
psychological/emotional approach to competition that the player would take. Periodization
and preparation. Developing physically. Unbiased Environment and adjust goals as needed.
Research has shown that in such sports as: These findings can also be applied to
other sporting performances; mental imagery is successful in enhancing performance. In
areas such as motor skills, healthy individuals using mental imagery can experience
performance gains.
One of the great variables in winning is confidence. Consequently, mental imagery in
sport is a crucial tool for any athlete's peak performance. It motivates the mind and body to
operate in greater harmony. If you are a professional athlete, sports imagery can help to
significantly improve your success (Eiring, 2021)
Apart from being a challenge, many have argued that visualization is a crucial human
mental technique and experience that makes it possible to remember, plan, manage, and
make choices.
While the body of literature on imagery in performance settings continues to grow,
more research exploring the usefulness and applicability of imagery among diverse
performers is needed. Virtually all individuals, regardless of their occupations, are required
to perform at some point or another. Successful lawyers need to deliver motivating and
emotionally moving closing statements to the members of the jury; stand-up comedians are
54
required to provide entertainment by mastering the pace and timing of every joke.
Individuals in such occupations could undoubtedly benefit from imagery.
Mental Imagery in Different Frameworks
Sports psychology practitioners have attempted to understand the mechanisms that
allow imagery to work and to support the principle that visualization is a technique which
helps athletes prepare for motor activity physiologically and psychologically, the following
views are adapted to frame the study. The Symbolic Learning Theory asserts that imagery
creates a blueprint on our minds of the things to be done based in the American
Psychological Association. In this study, the researchers will determine the principles,
activities and the strategies being embedded in the minds of the athletes as part of their
imagery training plans and the associated challenges in the inculcation and realization of
these mental blueprints. Extrinsic Motivation Theory claims that motivation is external and
thus can be deduced from the material environment, the material achievements such as
prizes and trophies and the outside intangible forces such as words of affirmations that drive
the athletes toward success (Moran, 2018). Picture Theory believes that mental images are
like pictures copying or resembling what they represent.
These frameworks will be utilized to understand the patterns of the challenges,
strategies, and best practices of coaches in using mental imagery towards building self-
confidence and better performance of athletes.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
Mental imagery had been defined and explained by many literatures. Visual
visualization is also part of a routine of mental exercise that may also involve strategies such
as relaxation, self-talk, and setting goals (Abraham, et al., 2018). In the area of sport,
athletes use imagery in preparation, competition, and recovery (Mindvalley, 2018) mental
55
imagery cannot be properly understood without an understanding of this past, versions of
which, of varying degrees of accuracy, current opinions about and attitudes (American
Psychiatric Association, 2021).
The situation of having the tournaments in your mind can be referred to as internal
imagery (Axelrod, 2016). Although mental rehearsal, mental imagery, and imagination are
cognitive approaches, visual motor activity rehearsal and cognitive-behavior training
(Dewey, 2018). It is also something that helps to recognize mental representation through
the presence in the consciousness, soul, or brain of picture-like representations (mental
images) (Beyer, 2019). The motor programs in the motor cortex, which are responsible for
motion, are then enhanced due to the stimulation of the neuronal (brain) circuits during
mental imaging (Robertson, 2019). Anuar, Cumming, and Williams (2016) assumed that the
control of emotions by athletes may be related to their ability to visualize, considering that
emotions and memory are related to both imagery and emotion regulation. Athletes who
alter how they think about a specific circumstance scored higher on imagery ability. This
study is the first of its kind, and future research examining individual characteristics and
imagery is acceptable (Munroe-Chandler & Guerrero, 2017). Learning to use your
imagination skillfully can be one of the biggest investments you will ever make with your
time, whether it's for relaxation, problem-solving, healing, or self-development (Axelrod,
2017). Implicit attitudes towards exercise are additional benefits of utilizing imagery in an
exercise domain (Markland and Hall et al, 2015).
By looking at the influence of imagery on a group of inactive adults, Chan and
Cameron (2012) also examined the effects of different imagery material on physical activity
participation. Najafabadi et al. (2015) produced imagery scripts that centered on the
advantages of exercise in a sample of teenage girls (e.g., improved appearance, enhanced
energy). A sample of adults recently explored the impact of mental imagery with video
56
Thompson, 2016). In a recent systematic review evaluating the effects on strength output of
different cognitive techniques (e.g., imaging), imaging was found to have a positive impact
on maximum strength (Tod, Edwards, McGuigan, & Lovell, 2015).
There were different narratives from successful athletes together with their coach
and how mental imagery help them in their competition. The visualization skills that Michael
Phelps used each night helped him stay focused and confident under immense pressure on
his first Olympic appearance as a 15-year-old in Sydney, to that magical week in Beijing, to
his final Olympic outing in 2016(Poirier-Leroy, 2021). Using mental-imagery, physical
workouts and constructive self-talk will boost their potentials marginally and do well not only
in practices, but also in the competition (Mokhtari, Tayyari, & Ardehjani, (n.d.). A third model,
called the Self-Efficacy Theory, suggests that imaging increases an athlete's chance of
successful results (Sandalis, 2017). methods of imaging appear to decrease the level of
anxiety and this helps to increase their efficiency (Simonsmeier, 2020). The problem is that
most of us use it to stupidly think about ourselves without knowing how to skillfully use our
imagination! In a sense, fear, the relentless focus on images and thoughts of trouble,
problems, disasters waiting to occur, is the most common use of the imagination (Axelrod,
2017). If you are a professional athlete, sports imagery can help to significantly improve your
success (Eiring, 2021).
Techniques in imagery are as follows. The situation of having the tournaments in
your mind can be referred to as internal imagery (Axelrod, 2016). Anuar, Cumming, and
Williams (2016) assumed that the control of emotions by athletes may be related to their
ability to visualize, considering that emotions and memory are related to both imagery and
emotion regulation. In relation, imagery can be applied in pre-match, during performance, or
post-match, it can be used at any time. It might also be the last thing that you are doing
57
before bed in order to integrate PETTLEP imagery into your sports routine for the
advantages that are noticed (Quinton, 2013). visual imagery of the eyes and what you see,
sound and what you hear for auditory imagery, smell for olfactory imagery, taste for
gustatory imagery, touch for tactile imagery, motion and movement to kinesthetic imagery,
and emotion for organic imagery (Udemy, 2021). Along with several psyching-up strategies
may have a huge effect on one's own view of oneself, such as self-talk and imagination
(Slimani, et al., 2014). Using Mental Imagery regularly in an organized way is the best way
to gain the advantages of mental imagery (Pearson, 2013).
Imagery sessions should be performed three to four times a week (Taylor, 2012).
you can concentrate on some technological improvement, becoming more relaxed and
concentrated (Niles, 2011; Thorp, 2016). A journal of imagery helps you to see improvement
in your imagery, making it more satisfying (Taylor, 2020). More recently, the efficacy of a
multi-component, preventive skills-based program in reducing musical performance anxiety
was evaluated by Braden, Osborne, and Wilson (2015). Sports followed by adequate
planning and guidance in behavioral imaging are valuable guides to an individual's
development (Majid & Cobra, 2015
Regarding coach’s motivation, the association between the use of images by young
athletes and mental maturity both contributes to motivational effects in athletics, but less
performance (Baykose, Sahin, & Yavuz, 2017). In mental games, sports psychologists and
coaches simply structure mental rehearsal to get athletes the most out of it (Cohn, 2013).
They reported and discovered the previous studies and research in the relationship between
styles of sports and the use of imagery (Kizildag & Tiryaki 2012). imagery intervention was
useful enough in terms of development in motivation and confidence of boxing players. With
this, their performance can improve, and they can be a better athlete (Solanki, 2016). To
incorporate in setting goals that is one of the strategies that has been used to encourage
58
engagement, perseverance, determination, and effort to build the long-term self-motivation
of a person (Stephens, 2015).
Sports psychology practitioners have attempted to understand the mechanisms that
allow imagery to work and to support the principle that visualization is a technique which
helps athletes prepare for motor activity physiologically and psychologically, the following
views are adapted to frame the study. The Symbolic Learning Theory and Extrinsic
Motivation Theory believes that mental images are like pictures copying or resembling what
they represent.
Literatures had acknowledged the confidence problems and performance issues of
athletes and how imagery enters in the coaching of athletes. In a sense, fear, the relentless
focus on images and thoughts of trouble, problems, disasters wait to occur in the most
common use of the imagination (Axelrod, 2017). From fear, strength emerged. Out of
shyness came aggressiveness. Thus, mental imagery became one of the approaches of
coaches. In boxing confidence of boxing players, imagery was utilized. With this, their
performance can improve, and they can be a better athlete (Solanki, 2016). It motivates the
mind and body to operate in greater harmony (Airing, 2021) The motivational role of imaging
has acted as the marker of the challenges, engagement, power, and confidence (Tyler &
Geikie, 2016). A sample of adults recently explored the impact of mental imagery with video
Thompson, 2016). Numerous research studies have shown that visualization can improve
efficiency by up to 45%. The more repetitions you do, the faster you will become a task.
Therefore, in certain respects, we can conclude that the use of good self-handling with
mental imagery would be a complete improvement of how we can improve ourselves (Di
Corrado, et al., 2020).
59
On the other hand, there was a literature which expresses contrary findings. One of
which indicates that the use of mental imagery resulted in no actual improvement in results
(Munroe-Chandler & Guerrero, 2017).
Literatures are rich as far as mental imagery is concerned so as its extrinsic
motivating and symbolic learning purposes and efficacy. Also, there were foreign
experiences that were being included in some studies of qualitative nature. However, an
inquiry as to the challenges and strategies of utilizing mental imagery by the coaches and
athletes in the Philippine sports setting is essential to further understand how this concept is
locally actualized.
Chapter 3
60
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains Research Design, Tradition of Inquiry and Data Generation
Method, Sources of Data, Instrumentation, and Ethical Consideration.
Research Design
The Qualitative research approach seeks to comprehend the environment, collect

experiences. Studies on understanding phenomena and sentiments are conducted in
natural settings in order to make sense of or interpret events or life issues based on the
meaning ascribed to them by social actors (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994). Descriptive design
includes the analysis in collection of information that describes events and then organizes,
tabulates, demonstrates, and explains the collection of facts. (Glass & Hopkins, 1984). In-
depth interviews, a qualitative data collecting method, allow for the recording of rich,
descriptive data on how individuals think and behave, as well as the unfolding of
complicated processes. Depending on the research needs, they can be employed as a
stand-alone research method or as part of a multi-method design Guion, Et al., (2011).
Open-ended responses allow informants to provide more options and viewpoints

than would be allowed with a closed-question or forced-choice survey measure, qualitative
studies using open-ended questions allow researchers to take a holistic and thorough look
at the subjects being examined. Before looking at how to write well-constructed open-ended
survey questions, this item touches on the many advantages of open-ended survey
questions (Allen, (2017). Triangulation is the process of using various sources of data or
multiple techniques to interpreting data to improve the credibility of a research study of
Salkind, N. J., (2010).
A common qualitative strategy for acquiring a deeper understanding of social issues

is focus group discussion. Rather than obtaining data from a statistically representative
sample of a larger population, the method attempts to obtain data from a purposefully
selected group of individuals using archival data collected from sources that already exist,
such as historical records in any format and the physical location where they are kept as
stated by Nyumba, T. C., (2018).
61
The aim of this descriptive study is to explore on the targeted goals, strategies, and
challenges of National Coaches in order to effectively suggest strategies and to define the
challenges, and their targeted goals (motivation) with the use of mental imagery to show
substantial evidence for the issues concerning from the experiences of the informants to
cope up with the demands of effective mental imagery to developed sports confidence and
other positive properties.
The researcher applied the design of qualitative-narrative analysis to perform the
report. It aims, therefore, to create an important data base from the answers and indications.
To understand the expansions of the informant's answers, this analysis used open-ended
questions.
The narrative inquiry that human behaviors and insight take over time plays in the
relationship between the experience of the person or community and the sense of culture.
(Domingo, 2018). The purpose of the descriptive narrative analysis is to reveal a target
audience with a variety of interactions that have been absorbed from precise and problem
responses.
Tradition of Inquiry and Data Generation
The researcher prepared interview guide questions for the purpose of data collection
based on "a priori codes" as cited in (De Guzman, 2015). In connection, a formalized list of
questions does not strictly match this style of interview and this is about giving an
opportunity to conduct open-ended questions with spontaneous follow-up inquiries being
created.
The interviewer will use various online web and phone applications and connectivity
tools to use in the online and face to face interviews. To ensure that the interview questions
are answered easily by the informants, such as face to face interview, cell phones, laptops,
62
and other data collection devices. The researcher of this study obtained written permission
and approval to conduct this analysis.
Internet interviews performed through different applications with the help of emails,
messenger chats, and other types of communication methods and applications.
Interview were transcribed, evaluated, contrasted, and interpreted using Wolcott’s
(1994) “Transforming qualitative data” by reducing data by (1) organizing, (2) familiarizing,
(3) categorizing, (4) coding that distinguishes research information, identification of mutually
accepted properties.
The completion of the data collected will determine the duration of data collection at
the point at which its capacity was reached. Analysis using the theoretical saturation
approach, in which no new concepts regarding the topic were developed. (Morse, 2007).
The attribute of having meaning in insight connected to analysis was utilized to provide
importance to the acquired data, and theoretical sensitivity was used to refer to it. (Corbin &
Strauss, 2015).
The researcher of this study recognizes the success of the system of research. The
consistency of the data analysis, expressed on the basis of the definition, the comparative
method, the systematic treatment of the data, the variety of case analysis and the use of
adequate tabulations. The author of this study also used structured analysis instead of
tabulations (Silverman, 2013).
The interview will be conducted through Face to face, Google Meet, Zoom
Technology, or Facebook Messenger Chat Platform. The codes/password and interview
guide questions will be emailed to the participants individually. The researcher will take note
the responses and answers of the participants.
63
Sources of Data
The researcher has little time and money, but we gather 10 informants from various
notable PSC national team sports coaches.
The interviews will be conducted on selected dates in face to face and/ or with
distance online interviews given by the informants’ accessibility and online interview phases
dated February - April 2023.
The researcher will consolidate and analyze the information gathered through
emails, interviews that are important to the situation of today. The researchers scientifically
examined the knowledge from the views and experiences of the National and PSC coaches
who are participated and participating in international and national competition and
exposures coaches on the targeted goals (motivation and benchmark), strategies, difficulties
(challenges), and motivation based on mental imagery.
Data compilation and processing are binary processes that cannot be unobtainable,
gathering structured and outstanding data that is well targeted during the analysis process,
and dynamically charged sampling systems.
The qualitative samples were included according to criteria specified in the analysis
based on the selection processes. (Morse, 2007).
The researcher will use methods of qualitative sampling that include (1) ease –
simplicity, (2) purposeful target focus group, (3) multi-stage: purposive and snowball
referrals, and (4) technology resources for online, email, interviews and face-to-face
discussion. Convenience sampling focused on the usability of informants was used by the
researcher.
At the beginning of the analysis, this sampling method was used to identify the key
components, the course of the overall process, to show how informants went through the
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mental imagery. And, to ensure that information from informants is correct, (Richards &
Morse, 2007).
Description of Informants
This study has 10 informants who had participated or will be participating in
international athletic/sports tournaments and informants reside within the National Capital
Region due to some consideration to face to face and online interviews as part of protocol
and availability. In view of the subject and scope of the study, the informants will be 18 years
old and above. Male and female will be represented without prejudice to height as long as
they had participated as national coach in international sports tournament who had
participated in national and international level tournament and competition.
Ethical Consideration
To provide the necessary, acceptable, and desirable answers for the study, the
open-ended driven questions were used as a reference for consideration of the previous
ethical guidelines and procedure for informant responses. The regards for consent and
confidentiality of the participants will be reflected though the attached Consent and Data
Privacy Form.
Results from the informants while stating the decision and agreeing on the letter of
approved waiver and authorization form for the analysis. The number of key participants
present for online interviews was dependent on the sample size. Both informants decided to
voluntarily participate, with permission and consent, in the report.
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Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the analyses, and interpretated all data gathered. This is
organized according to the sequence of the topics and themes. It contains detailed
presentation of the data analysis and results of this study. The researcher came up with
coded themes extricated from the experiences and mastery of the national coaches as
informants in mental imagery study.
Coding, according to Medelyan (n.d.), is a process wherein the researcher of a

certain study label and organize qualitative data to be able to identify themes and recognize
the pattern and connections that emerge between them in a lesser complicated way. The
data below shows the accomplished qualitative coding of the researcher. It shows theme,
code, and description. The focus of this study was to explore the experiences of National
Coaches to mental imagery targeted goals, strategies, and challenges in the
Philippines. The researcher conducted interviews with national coaches in the
Philippines.
I. Mental Imagery in Targeted Goal

1. What are the main goals and objectives that mental imagery strives to accomplish?
Informants Main goals and objectives of Mental
Imagery
A For me as national coach based on my

observation to my athletes lalo kapag
lumalaban sila, it is about for them to
strives for feasible and efficient outcomes,
yung result kase base sa performance nila
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ay mas nagiging okay including their mental
stamina and to develop positive attitude on
competition. Usually, we ask the athletes to
imagine oneself sitting in the audience and
watching him perform perfectly. It is also to
develop a positive attitude towards
competition, one can utilize the power of
mental imagery. Mental imagery allows
individuals to reactivate and manipulate
internal representations even when the
actual stimuli are not present. Specifically,
visual mental imagery enables us to "see
with the mind's eye" and create a vivid
experience. In the context of sports, mental
imagery helps athletes envision their
performance and prepare themselves
mentally for the upcoming challenges. By
visualizing their actions and strategies,
athletes can enhance their readiness and
be better equipped to execute their plans.
B The primary uses of mental imagery in
sports can be categorized into two main
aspects: foreseeing potential outcomes and
reliving previous events. Athletes can
employ mental imagery to simulate future
scenarios and imagine how they would
perform in different situations. This process
allows them to rehearse and plan
strategies, ensuring they are well-prepared
for various contingencies during the actual
event. Additionally, mental imagery enables
athletes to reflect on past experiences and
learn from them, helping them avoid
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mistakes and make effective plans for
future performances. It is for my athlete’s
mental awareness, they are intending for
visualizing to have better motivation, to
have advantage and improvement, lalo
yung positivity ng mindset na meron sila
mas lumalabas after they use mental
rehearsals. Also, to achieve the maximum
one can offer of himself/herself.
C The overarching goal of mental imagery is
to enhance performance in sports by
creating a mental representation of the
desired outcome. Athletes strive to see
themselves succeeding through mental
imagery, incorporating elements such as
memory, emotions, language, and desires.
By mentally simulating potential future
events and recalling past experiences,
athletes can fine-tune their skills, build
confidence, and develop effective
strategies. Mental imagery serves as a tool
for creating and recreating experiences
within one's mind, leveraging all senses to
enhance performance. Kasi ang main
objectives ay for them to focus or refocus.
Ako pinaiimagine ko sa kanila habang naka
pikit ang mata na nag lalaro sila. Para sakin
bilang national coach magandang
preparation for possible outcome ito, then
they will make comprehension and
concentration para pag actual game panalo
at prepared ang utak ng manlalaro.
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D Mental imagery also plays a crucial role in
cognitive tasks beyond sports. Its impact
extends to perception, memory, emotions,
language, desires, and action execution. By
studying mental imagery in various
cognitive domains, researchers can gain
valuable insights into its multifaceted
nature. Understanding how mental imagery
operates in different contexts can further
enrich our understanding of cognitive
processes and potentially unlock new
avenues for exploration and application.
Yung critical thinking, at constructivism, ito
yung paraan nila para I connect yung past
and current training namin at games for
new ideas and learning, magandang
technique, technique tool ito para sa
meditation, familiarity ng players ko sa lahat
ng aspeto ng laro. Also, to picture and
rehearse in the mind what you want to
achieve physically.
E Sa experience ko practicing skills in mind
kasama dito yung pag lago ng self-
confidence at lalo yung improvement ng
agility. It is to foresee and attain in the
outcome of the main goal. In the realm of
sports, mental imagery aims to achieve
several goals and objectives. Firstly, it
helps athletes familiarize themselves with
the competition site, enabling them to
navigate and perform better within the
environment. Secondly, mental imagery
can assist in injury prevention by
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envisioning potential risks and adopting
strategies to mitigate them. Lastly, mental
imagery serves as a powerful tool for
strategizing and planning, allowing athletes
to simulate different scenarios and make
well-informed decisions during the game.
F Alam mo Sir Tin, sa Nakita ko mental
imagery really aims to foresee potential
results and possible mistakes ng lalaro
pero mas nag-focus ito to achieve better
results in performance. Para maging
prepare yung mga athlete before
participating in a competition by making a
blueprint on what to expect and how to
counteract against it. It also empowers
athletes by enhancing their visualization
skills and expanding their repertoire of
possible plays and outcomes. It also aids in
reducing stress and anxiety while
promoting relaxation, enabling athletes to
perform at their best. By visualizing their
future success and mentally preparing for
challenges, athletes can cultivate a positive
mindset and improve their overall
performance. Mental imagery serves to
simulate scenarios, both real and imagined,
and draw upon them to optimize athletic
abilities.
G It is for stress management para
magkaroon ng analyzation, stabilization
upang ma-identify yung success. Hindi lang
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yun, it also relives events that occurred in
the past para ma-developed yung strategic
planning ko bilang coach para ma-enhance
performance ng team ko. For productivity
development that simulate potential future
events din. In sports serves various goals
and objectives. It enables athletes to plan,
strategize, and visualize potential
outcomes. Through mental rehearsal and
the recreation of experiences, athletes can
enhance their performance, build
confidence, and develop effective
strategies. Mental imagery expands beyond
the realm of sports and has implications for
cognition. By harnessing the power of
mental imagery, athletes can unlock their
full potential and elevate their game.
1.1. What are the uses of visualization in improving specific abilities?
Informants Visualization in Improving Specific
Abilities
A Be mentally and physically present during
the game. Visualization improves the speed
of understanding, possibly because of the
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dual coding that takes place when a
concept is not only perceived in the form of
a text but also as an image. It gives us
motivation to achieve our goals in the
future. Visualization is important as it helps
athletes depict what will happen. We
visualize how things are going to happen,
like what if an accident happens, and we
are likely to know what to do since we
already visualize it. We recall what we
know and apply it when we need to. It is for
improving athletic performance and skills
plus it is for mental & physically present
during game. Visualization is important as it
helps athletes depict what will happen. We
visualize how things are going to happen
like what if accident happen, we are likely
to know what to do since we already
visualize it. To recall we know and apply it
when we do it. Usually, we ask the athlete
to imagine oneself sitting in the audience
and watching how to perform perfectly.
B The term "visualization" is used to describe
our mental capacity to form mental images
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from text or speech. Words have a
multiplicative effect when intentionally used
to conjure visuals in the mind. Those who
use visualization techniques are more able
to take in new information, process it, and
retain it in long-term memory. Improving
visualization would also mean improving
the key elements of mental abilities needed
to create the desired outcome, which is to
win the game. Visualization helps people
be more mindful of what will happen, the
circumstances they might face, how they
would overcome those circumstances, and
what strategies they would make to
succeed. Mental ability is exercised when
using mental imagery and para sakin bilang
coach it sharpens mental ability to apply the
best sports performance din. To be able to
perform the necessary skills and have
strategic plans in an unexpected manner
during the play. Improving it, would also
mean you'd be able to improve they key
elements of your mental abilities that are
needed to create your desired outcome,
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which is to win the game.
C Visualization is an efficient way that can be
used by any individual in a competitive
setting. Based on observation and
research, the most successful athletes in
the world visualize their triumph before
competing in their respective fields.
Visualization helps us calm our nerves,
boost our confidence and resiliency, and
improve our reaction time. To put it simply,
visualizing an event in advance can
improve our specific abilities by thinking
through our future moves and techniques.
Visualization works because it taps into the
strength of our subconscious mind, allowing
us to see our goals and desired outcomes
more clearly. It improves the speed and the
understanding of athletes to apply properly
all mastered and least skills sa mismong
laro. It helps people to be more mindful of
what will happen, what are the
circumstances that they might face, how
would they overcome those circumstances
and what strategies would they make to
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come up with it. You become more focused
or determined to achieve your goal in life. It
improves expected outcome
differentiations.
D Visualization is crucial as it aids in
preparation and teaches us how to react in
advance of an event. By training our brains
to envision, hear, and experience success
in our heads, it also helps us achieve our
goals. When we intentionally seek
information about a situation to enhance
our performance, we are visualizing what
we want to accomplish. Just as practicing
game mechanics is good for our bodies,
visualization is good for our minds. Good
players practice their skills, but great
players also practice their thoughts. By
visualizing and executing abilities properly,
we can master them. Increase positive and
conscious thoughts that best do the play at
tamang pagkilos, it is an efficient way that
can be used by any individual in a
competitive setting. Based on my
observation and my experience, the most
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successful athletes in the world visualize
their triumph before competing in their
respective fields. Visualization helps us to
calm our nerves, boost our confidence and
resiliency and improve our reaction time. To
simply put, visualizing an event in advance
can improve our specific ability by thinking
of our future moves and techniques, kaya
dapat itong gamitin.
F By imagining ourselves performing a
particular skill, we can conceive the best
practical approach or plan for carrying it
out, which improves our performance in the
actual world. Visualization is also used in
planning strategies and imagining
scenarios that might happen during an
event. It helps create multiple scenarios
that may help in countering moves. For
example, in volleyball, visualizing or
predicting what the opponent will do next
can greatly improve our "reflex" ability.
Visualization broadens our minds,
enhances critical thinking skills, and helps
us deal with unexpected problems or
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situations. Confidence and understanding
in the actual game, creating a picture in
your head to have a clear understanding of
what you hear helps to anticipate
movements of opponents. From the word
"visual" it pertains to the physical
appearance. Basically, the use of
visualization is to analyze if the player is
learning or improving on his role. Because
visualizing enables us as a coach to see a
vast amount of data even if it's just a look or
kahit tayo ay nag o-observe. It also
Improves skill and learn faster. Also, to
improve the instances of using a better
technique that best suit the athlete
H Visualization helps us think that we have a
greater chance of success. As Oprah
Winfrey stated, "If you can see it and
believe it, it is a lot easier to achieve it."
Using visualization in improving specific
abilities keeps athletes motivated towards
their goals. It helps them imagine and
anticipate possibilities. Athletes visualize
perfect plays and do what it takes to
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execute them properly and score points.
Visualization helps players broaden their
thinking during competition, improve their
ability to predict outcomes, and ensure
everyone is on the same page. Sa mental
imagery dito nagiging faster ang player on
how to response at a certain situation lalo
na sa crucial point at match sa international
games. is crucial since it aids in preparation
and teaches you how to react in advance of
an event. By training your brain to envision,
hear, and experience achievement in your
head, it also assists you in achieving your
goals. When you deliberately choose to
hunt for information about a circumstance
that will enhance your performance
outcomes, you are visualizing what you
want to accomplish. Similar to how
practicing game mechanics is good for your
body, visualization is good for your mind.
Good players practice their skills; great
players practice their thoughts as well.
I The use of visualization in improving
specific abilities is to prepare necessary
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actions or strategies to win the match.
Visualization creates a strong mental image
and improves technique and motivation. By
visualizing step by step, athletes can
anticipate obstacles and rewards,
strategize, and improve their desired
abilities. Sa nakita ko sa mga laro na meron
mga athletes natin dito sa Pinas, it has
improvement lalo sa mastery and
familiarization of specific ability tulad ng
basic skills nila. If national athletes visualize
one thing in their mind, they can execute it
properly because they are prospecting it.
Visualization can be a powerful tool to
improve athlete performance. It can
enhance technique, by imagining
themselves executing their skills flawlessly,
athletes can improve their muscles memory
and develop more efficient movement. It
can increase confidence & focus, athletes
imagining themselves performing well
under pressure can reduce their anxiety
and boost their self-belief. Beyond that
athletes will learn how to tune out the
distraction & maintain their concentration

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before and during competition. Additionally,
athletes could visualization to improve their
critical thinking that they can employ during
developing their game plan.
1.2. What are the uses of mental imagery in emotional visualization, confidence, and
motivation: intrinsic/extrinsic?
Informants Uses of Mental Imagery in Emotional
Aspect
A Visualization, also known as imagery, is a
powerful tool that involves creating mental
images or intentions of what we want to
happen or feel. By focusing on relevant
pictures or "movies" in our mind,
visualization can help us achieve a desired
state. Depending on the imagery we
choose, it can help us feel more positive,
calm, relaxed, confident, and happy. Mental
imagery is also useful in reliving past
experiences to motivate and encourage
players to achieve their goals. It keeps
them focused, confident, and emotionally
prepared. Through sensory simulation,
mental imagery can make thoughts more
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emotionally evocative, leading to improved
performance and increased confidence in
oneself and the team. Ito yung tumutulong,
It helps to boost morale and spirit of the
athletes pati ng anticipation, self-efficacy,
effectivity, for them to be inspired, inspire
themselves as well as their teammates or
ka player nila. It helps build up all the
emotions mentioned above.
C Mental imagery can also become a
hindrance when thoughts become
overwhelming and unhelpful, as is often the
case in anxiety disorders. One function of
imagery is to make thoughts more
emotionally evocative through sensory
simulation. While this can be beneficial in
planning for future events and remembering
the past, it can also exacerbate anxiety.
Successful mental imagery activates our
motor and sensory cortex, similar to
physically executing a task. Research
consistently shows that imagery can
enhance performance by boosting
confidence, focus, and the ability to
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manage fear. It is closely related to intrinsic
motivation, as it plays a role in improving
self-efficacy and performance. A good drive
for handling emotions through mental
training. Hindi lang yun Sir Tin, it prepares
player to response in an anticipated
situation. Once practiced or acquired na,
players can control their responses and
actions to a given situation lalo na sa
mismong laro.
E Coaches can use mental imagery as a
planning tool to anticipate possible
scenarios and outcomes, increasing their
confidence in guiding their players. By
visualizing different situations, coaches can
provide guidance and help players perform
better in the game. Mental imagery has
been found to enhance performance by
increasing confidence, focus, and the ability
to control anxiety. It is an essential skill for
coaches to develop solutions for potential
scenarios that may arise during a game. As
National Coach, it is evident that it gives
highlights to emotional aspects or emotions
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are easily controlled, they have
management in improving creative thinking,
players could show consistency in their
performance with emotional stability as
well. It can help extrinsic, to continue
his/her passion in their field of passion. It
helps you cope up with your feelings from
your view and from the view of others.
F My studies have shown that mental
imagery activates the motor and sensory
cortex, similar to physically performing a
task. This has led to the recognition of
mental imagery as a central aspect of
mental function. It is involved in various
cognitive processes, such as memory,
planning, navigation, and decision-making.
Mental imagery also plays a crucial role in
mental health disorders and their treatment.
It helps individuals relax their mind and
body, aiding in the management of anxiety,
stress, and depression. To motivate and
inspire athletes to execute well in the
competition, especially the skills needed to
win. Can also help us reach a desired state
83
simply by creating and focusing on relevant
pictures or ‘movies’ in our mind in relation
sa laro. Depending on the imagery we
choose, this tool can help us feel more
positive, calm, and relaxed, confident,
happy din. It enhances mental preparation,
usually pre-competition routine
G Mental imagery has been used effectively
in emotional visualization, confidence-
building, and motivation. By stabilizing the
emotional state and cultivating positive
thoughts, mental imagery contributes to
positive performance. It increases an
individual's confidence to perform at their
best without hesitation. Athletes can use
mental imagery to calm their nerves before
competitions and maintain composure,
concentration, and mental toughness
during intense situations. The sensory
simulation aspect of mental imagery helps
make thoughts and actions more
emotionally evocative, allowing athletes to
anticipate and counter their opponents'
moves with confidence. It assesses and
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sets emotions in accordance with the game
lalo na kapag critical at crucial ang laro. To
simulate future acts that can help us to
decide on a certain thing. It can be used to
improve regulation of emotion includes their
toughness mentally and emotionally, built
their confidence & increase motivation. It
can hele help athletes visualize their goals,
enhance intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,
& build confidence by Picturing themselves
in successful performance.
1.3. What are the purposes of visualization in mental ability?
Informants Purposes of Visualization
B Imagery is a powerful tool that enhances
our thoughts by evoking emotions through
sensory simulation. It serves a dual
purpose, aiding in both future event
planning and memory recall of past
experiences. By visualizing and engaging
our senses, we can effectively prepare our
minds to respond to a given situation or
experience. This mental preparation lays
the foundation for creating a strong mental
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image, which can greatly contribute to our
performance in future events. Sa nakita ko
sa mga national athletes, the purpose is to
exercise the mind using mental
representation para ma-foresee ang future
events. Gayundin ang human mental
events that allow us to remember, plan,
navigate, and make decisions. In addition,
mental imagery plays a core role in many
mental health disorders and plays an
increasingly important role in their athletes’
treatment lalo na kapag may frustrations
sila after the game.
D Visualization plays a crucial role in
assessing our mental capability and
envisioning ourselves achieving our goals.
It allows us to create clear and vivid mental
images of upcoming events, enabling us to
exercise and prepare successfully. By
imagining that we have already
accomplished our objectives, we boost our
self-assurance and perform at our best.
This technique is particularly useful in
sports coaching, where coaches can use
86
visualization to plan the positioning and
strategies of players to defend their ball
effectively. The purpose is to become
mentally prepared during the game.
Visualization is simply a mental practice of
imagining or meditating, with a particular
focus on imagery lalo sap ag apply nito sa
laro. Visualization is about consciously
creating mental images, to be more
focused at confident in your goals in life. It
can help extrinsic, to continue his/her
passion in their field of passion.
E One of the benefits of visualization is its
potential to reduce stress. As we have
control over what we visualize, we can
choose positive outcomes that instill
confidence in us. Conversely, if we
visualize challenging scenarios, we can
mentally prepare ourselves to handle them
effectively. Visualization becomes a
valuable technique to develop a strong
mental image of future events, allowing us
to perform well and be properly equipped
for any competition or scenario. To train,
87
set, and prepare attention to create image
in mind para maging handa, improves
decision making, remain calm, and focused
as well, it helps you to be psychologically
prepared and prepares your mind to prefer
the task ahead.
F Visualization assists in developing a clear
plan for achieving our goals. By visualizing
the desired outcomes and envisioning the
steps needed to accomplish them, we can
direct our actions towards success. It
fosters creativity and coordination among
athletes, helping them determine the best
possible course of action and anticipate the
outcomes of their actions. Additionally,
visualization allows us to gain a broader
perspective and a more favorable
assessment of various viewpoints,
enhancing our overall understanding and
decision-making skills. Serves as a guide in
achieving certain objectives lalo na sa team
na eager to win, good decision-making, and
having an enthusiastic perspective. It helps
athletes improve their mental ability by
88
reinforcing neural pathways, enhancing
mental toughness and focus/ reducing
anxiety and emotional regulation. It is
powerful tool for enhancing performance in
sports.
H The purpose of visualization in mental
ability is to create a strong mental image of
a future event, enhancing our ability to
think, plan, and execute effectively. It aids
in processing cognitive functions faster,
allowing our reflexes to respond swiftly.
Visualization also plays a vital role in
promoting mental well-being by providing a
means to rest, relax, and focus our minds
on important scenes. By visualizing the
possibilities and outcomes of an action, we
can anticipate and avoid unexpected
failures or mistakes. Thinking about
thinking and as well to enhance the intrinsic
motivation, better mind setting, creativity in
the actual competition. Athletes will be
prepared in matches when they have
visualized it.
I Spatial visualization ability, which involves
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mentally manipulating 2- and 3-dimensional
figures, is a significant aspect of
visualization in mental ability. It can be
assessed through cognitive tests and
predicts how individuals will interact with
specific types of user interfaces. This ability
enhances strategic thinking, enabling us to
shift between the big picture and minute
details, ultimately finding solutions and
making better-informed decisions. It
understands positivity and proper
application of the skills with mastery for the
game.
J Visualization is a practice that exercises our
minds and strengthens our mental ability. It
helps us focus, avoid distractions, and
improve our concentration. By mentally
imagining ourselves performing various
tasks, we can build on our strengths and
address our weaknesses, enhancing our
overall performance. Furthermore,
visualization enables us to set our minds on
our goals, increase self-confidence, and
motivate ourselves and our teammates
90
towards success. Uplift mental and
emotional stability level towards the
athletes in critical point of the match.
1.4. What are the uses of mental imagery in social environments, competitors, officials, and
audiences?
Informants Uses of Mental Imagery in Social
Environment
A Preparation is a crucial aspect of mental
imagery in sports. It involves training and
preparing a player or team to respond
effectively to a given situation or
experience. Through practice and
acquisition, individuals can easily adjust to
different situations. Visualization, a key
component of mental imagery, is a form of
conscious mental practice where
individuals create and focus on specific
mental images. This practice allows
athletes to imagine and simulate various
scenarios they may encounter in the future,
helping them prepare for upcoming events.
Mental imagery assists athletes in focusing
on their abilities, overcoming weaknesses,
91
and competing more effectively against
similar opponents. It also aids in calming
nerves before competitions and maintaining
composure during high-pressure moments.
To train the players to adjust easily with
fairness using mental rehearsal, to activate
familiarization to the environment, it also
studies the competitors’ game and plan
how to counterattack and consider
spectators. It helps you improve the
outcomes of your expected goals. It can
help athletes visualize themselves in
different situations, it may be good or bad.
Athletes may use mental imagery to
strategize how they are able to overcome
their competitor.
B Familiarization plays a significant role in
mental imagery. Athletes use visualization
techniques to gain familiarity with the
competition area and their movements
during the game. By mentally rehearsing
their actions and strategies, athletes can
enhance their performance on the field.
Social visualization, a form of mental
92
imagery, helps individuals gain insights into
their environment, audience, and
competitors. Athletes can adjust their
behavior and adapt to the conservative or
liberal nature of their audience. They can
also study their competitors' previous
games, analyze their typical moves, and
develop counterstrategies. Mental imagery
acts as an asset by providing athletes with
knowledge, instincts, and plans, which
boost their confidence and increase their
chances of success. Helps to focus on the
abilities and improve what is lacking in skills
at pati sa diskarte, be able to perform well
while being in good behavior din, kasama
din yung awareness of surroundings. To
imagine what else is needed for
improvement and suggest it to the officials
for implementation. Likewise for self-
improvement. By using visualization, they
are less likely to panic when their opponent
does something because they have already
prediction outcome that will help them in
their situation.
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C Mental imagery is not limited to athletes
alone. It has applications in various
contexts, including officials and the
audience. Officials can benefit from mental
imagery by visualizing the game,
familiarizing themselves with the rules and
regulations, and becoming more alert and
accurate in their decisions. The audience,
on the other hand, can enjoy a more
exciting and competitive game when they
engage in mental imagery. By
understanding the different aspects of
mental imagery, such as the social
visualization environment, competitors,
officials, and audience, individuals can
prevent distractions, stay focused, and
improve their performance. Mental imagery
aids in maintaining concentration, building
confidence, and overcoming fears, allowing
individuals to excel in their respective roles.
For social awareness ito in order to assess
action in the competition, cope up with
detailed strategy to execute in the game for
visualizing the perfect gameplay. It can
improve how to get along and wangle with

94
other competitors and be mindful of results.
And give the best performance to the
audience and give the best result.
II. Strategies Through Mental Imagery

2. What strategies are considered best practices when it comes to using mental images?
Informants Strategies and Best Practices in Mental
Images
A To simulate future acts that can help us to
decide on a certain thing, mental imagery is
a valuable tool. It allows us to see and
assess ourselves, building confidence and
evaluating our emotions. By using mental
imagery, we can bring out the best in
ourselves and envision positive outcomes.
Watching previous games for evaluation to
ready preparedness. Mental imagery is a
tool to predict a competitor’s move, nung
ginamit ko ito sa mga athlete ko para
maging strategy, it really benefitted my
players to think the next move of our
kalaban. To practice with deep breathing,
must have a noise cancelling device from
outside world.
B Scientific studies have demonstrated that
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mental imagery improves creative thinking
and memory by strengthening connections
between various parts of the brain. When
taught as a skill, visualization can empower
students, making them feel more in control
of their own minds and lives. It puts
individuals in the proper frame of mind to
overcome obstacles and achieve their
objectives. Similar to meditation, mental
imagery is a mental exercise that becomes
more effective with frequent practice.
Visualizing different scenarios to carry out a
play that has the most chance of success,
be prepared and expect the unexpected
situation in the game. Thinking,
contemplating, and reflecting are the best
strategies when it comes to practicing
mental images. Promoting your mental,
physical, or spiritual kings in the best
practice. Only there the mental imagery
becomes effective.
C Mental imagery serves as a guide to
emotional visualization, confidence, and
motivation. By visualizing both positive and
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negative outcomes, individuals can be
prepared for various scenarios and know
how to respond. It helps individuals
maintain composure, find solutions to
challenges, and stay motivated.
Additionally, mental imagery boosts
confidence, which in turn positively affects
intrinsic motivation and external motivations
from peers and other players/coaches.
Utilizing the PETTLEP model is a perfect
practice for Physical, Environment, Task,
Timing, Learning, Emotion, and
Perspective. As well as mind-mapping. Say
for example, in volleyball, you say "Set!".
With that single word, the players already
know what to do and to expect. They form
in their mind who will need to receive, set,
and spike the ball before even that scenario
happens, strategies like “PETTELEP” often
help us in visualization.
D Mental imagery allows us to reactivate and
manipulate internal representations even
when the corresponding stimuli are absent.
Studies show that good mental imagery
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activates our motor cortex and
sensorimotor cortex, helping us attain high
self-confidence and perform well in the
game. It can be used to enhance
confidence, motivate athletes, and help
them prepare for future events. Mental
imagery is a valuable tool for athletes to
visualize winning, boost their confidence,
and mentally prepare for what lies ahead.
Video analysis for mental images and
visualization, mental imagery is a powerful
tool to make your dreams come true by
habitual practice to achieve goals. In our
sports for example, playing in the music
while lying down with eye closed and
picture I’m your mind doing routine with
excellent performance.
E One of the best practices when it comes to
using mental images is to think positive.
Thinking positive can prevent the player
from feeling endangered and can offer
protection in various ways. It allows
individuals to visualize and create positive
scenarios in their minds, which can have a
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significant impact on their performance. By
maintaining a positive mindset, players can
focus on their goals, strategies, and
preparations, without being distracted by
negative thoughts or doubts. Relaxation,
meditation and rely on five senses, be
aware of your emotions, do not overthink
and be positive enough in handling your
emotions and ideas. When it comes to
employing mental images as coach, the
best technique is to imagine several
scenarios and plays so that we can choose
and carry out the play that has the most
chance of success and being realistic.
H Visualizing is an important reading strategy
that can greatly enhance comprehension. It
involves creating mental images or movies
in the mind to represent the ideas and
concepts conveyed in the text. Symbolic
imagery, in particular, enables individuals to
think deeply and understand the underlying
meaning behind the representation of
objects or events. By carefully observing
and visualizing details, players can better
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predict and prepare for enemy movements,
allowing them to defend against attacks
effectively. Positive self-talk to navigate in
the game. Maintaining a winning attitude
and believing that we can win. This will aid
players in remembering coach suggestions,
their preparations, and game-winning
strategies by using mental imagery. By
doing this, they won't think about anything
other than how they'll carry out their duties.
I Another crucial aspect of using mental
images is maintaining a winning attitude
and belief in one's ability to succeed. This
practice helps players remember their
coach's suggestions, preparations, and
game-winning strategies through mental
imagery. By visualizing themselves
executing their duties flawlessly and
achieving their goals, players can eliminate
distractions and fully focus on their
performance. Additionally, reducing
pressure and staying calm during gameplay
can contribute to better decision-making
and overall gameplay execution. Optimism
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is equal to positive outcomes. For my own
opinion, the best practice for mental images
is to reduce the pressure that the players
feels because it can distract and mess the
gameplay plan.
2.1. What are some of the approaches you’ve used to effectively integrate visualization into
physical skills?
Informants Approaches for Effective Visualization in
Physical Skills
A Visualization is a powerful tool that can be
used to enhance physical skills. One
approach is to use video demonstrations or
actual demonstrations to visualize the
movement and actions required in a game-
like situation. By watching or performing
these demonstrations, individuals can
create a mental image of themselves
performing the skills with precision and
effectiveness. Providing video
demonstrations and actual demonstrations
and visualization, practice what is
embedded in their mind. Usually, we ask
the athlete to imagine oneself sitting in the
audience and watching how to perform
perfectly. Usually, we ask the athletes to
imagine themselves sitting in the audience
and watching him perform perfectly.
B To effectively integrate visualization into
physical skills, it is important to show strong
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abilities. This can be achieved by focusing
on showcasing one's strengths and abilities
through sports or by sharing visualizations
and drawings that demonstrate skills and
abilities. By highlighting these strengths,
individuals can build confidence and belief
in their capabilities. Visual anticipation and
co-create strategies with the team,
planning. Me and my players listen to
meditation music to be able to visualize
calmly. We create a vision board, listen to a
guided visualization meditation, use index
cards, picture, and describe the game,
utilize experience. To be mentally and
physically in good shape.
C Evaluation of experiences through mental
imagery to effectively integrate into physical
skills. I usually talk to myself, and I also
integrate it to my players and
consciousness on what possible outcome
may occur when playing sports, I observe
players whether an ally or an opponent and
work according to what happens. Self-
evaluation is crucial in any endeavor
involving visualization and physical skills. It
is important to reflect on and evaluate one's
performance in everything they work on. By
critically analyzing their strengths and
weaknesses, individuals can identify areas
for improvement and make necessary
adjustments to enhance their skills.
D Reflection and rest play a vital role in the
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integration of visualization and physical
skills. Taking the time to reflect on past
performances and visualize future actions
can help individuals refine their techniques
and strategies. Additionally, allowing the
mind and body to rest is essential for
maintaining focus and mental clarity during
visualization exercises. Mental rehearsals,
demonstration to effectively integrate
visualization to physical skills are, I think it
is easy for me if I have my specific goals as
my approach for me to become safe in
integrating effective visualization to physical
skills. By integrating visualization into
training programs.
G Trial and error are an effective approach
when using visualization for physical skills.
By experimenting with different moves and
strategies, individuals can find the perfect
combination that works for them. This
process allows for continuous improvement
and helps individuals refine their skills to
match their mental imagery. Simulating
possible future scenarios and reliving past
experiences to compete more effectively as
skilled national athlete. By simply
describing the movement of the skill into a
Layman’s Term. E.g., squat how to sit on
the toilet bowl and record your
performance, watch, and evaluate, then
repeat the sequence
H Incorporating relaxation techniques, such
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as listening to meditation music, can aid in
visualizing calmly. By creating a calm and
focused state of mind, individuals can
enhance their visualization abilities and
better connect with their physical skills.
Relaxation techniques can help reduce
stress and anxiety, allowing for clearer
visualization and improved performance. As
a national coach there are several
approaches, I can use to effectively
integrate visualization with physical skills
for my judo national athletes. One of the
first steps is to teach the basics
visualization, including how it works and
how It can help improve performance.
Encouraging athletes to visualize their
moves, techniques and strategies during
practice session can help then to develop
better mental preparation and focus.
Imagine the situation, using trial and error
approach. Athletes are designed to train
and to do so, they must practice. They must
devise a solution for each issue, practice,
and train their forms until they can carry it
out correctly to translate the integrated
visualization to physical abilities especially
in actual game.
2.2. Based on the sports location competition, what is the National Coa
ches’ techniques for implementing the visualization intervention?
Informants Techniques for Implementing the
Visualization Intervention
A One of the key techniques used by coaches
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to enhance athletes' performance is the use
of videos and actual demonstrations. By
showing athletes visual examples of
techniques, strategies, and game plans,
coaches help them better understand and
visualize the desired actions. Videos and
demonstrations provide a clear
representation of what is expected and
allow athletes to observe and learn from
skilled performers. This visual learning
approach helps athletes internalize the
information and improve their execution on
the field or court. Mental toughness
awareness training among players,
visualization to boost confidence aid in
mental preparation. For Aerobic Gymnastic,
listening to their music routine over and
over. Pre-Competition simulation,
memorization of practice.
B Mental toughness training is another
important aspect of coaching. National
coaches understand the significance of
developing mental resilience in players.
They implement various techniques to help
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athletes build mental toughness, such as
visualization and mental rehearsal. These
techniques involve athletes imagining
themselves performing at their best,
visualizing success, and mentally preparing
for challenging situations. Mental
toughness training enables athletes to
overcome obstacles, stay focused under
pressure, and maintain a positive mindset,
contributing to their overall performance
improvement. Having a great role model
figure and a positive aura to motivate the
players. Regardless of Sports location, it is
importantly to teach the athlete to handle
whatever, wherever they are to perform
their mental training.
C Creating a game plan is crucial for coaches
to guide their teams towards success.
National coaches utilize visualization
techniques to strategize and develop effecti
ve game plans. By visualizing different
scenarios, coaches can anticipate potential
challenges, identify weaknesses, and
devise strategies to exploit opponents'
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vulnerabilities. Visualization helps coaches
and players alike to mentally rehearse their
roles and responsibilities within the game
plan, enhancing their understanding and
execution on the field. A well-developed
game plan, coupled with visualization,
boosts team cohesion and performance,
giving the athletes a competitive edge.As a
national coach, implementing visualization
techniques for sports competitions is an
essential aspect of my coaching strategy.
The techniques | used for visualization
depend on the location of the competition.
for familiar locations, I encourage my
athletes to visualize their past successes at
the venue and imagine themselves
performing well again. When it comes to
unfamiliar locations, I use imagery and
videos to help athletes visualize them from
the time they are travel from the
competition area to competition venue. I
suggest athletes visualize themselves
performing in different weather conditions.
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2.3. In what ways does mental visualization intervention assist National Athletes in
performing at a high level?
Informants Mental Visualization Intervention assists
High Level Performance
A Mental visualization plays a significant role
in mentally preparing the national athletes
for their high-level performances. It helps
them visualize themselves succeeding in
their sport, which adds confidence and
motivation to both the athletes and
coaches. This mental preparation allows
the team to approach the competition with a
focused and determined mindset. Prepares
the team mentally, symbolism, watching,
strength. By picturing oneself performing all
execution perfectly, by picturing oneself
performing all execution perfectly.
C Mental visualization is a crucial factor in the
performance of national athletes, especially
at higher levels. It enables athletes to
mentally imagine themselves executing the
skills and strategies required in their sport.
By vividly visualizing their actions, athletes
can enhance their self-belief and
motivation, which ultimately contributes to
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improved performance. Helps the athlete to
see through their strategies and abilities.
When athletes accomplish 2.1, then mental
visualization becomes lender in achieving
one’s goal.
D Through strong imaginary visualization,
athletes can enhance their self-inspiration
and motivation. By visualizing success and
imagining themselves performing at their
best, athletes can tap into their inner drive
and push themselves to excel. This mental
preparation helps them to maintain a high
level of performance and strive for their
goals. It helps them focus more on
performing their best and concentration
during stressful game situation.
E Visualization techniques can enhance
motor skills, increase muscle strength,
boost self-confidence, focus attention, and
reduce anxiety. Athletes can manage pain,
have more endurance, be more motivated
to compete, and perform better physically
by using visualization. Mental visualization
intervention plays a crucial role in assisting
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national athletes in performing at a high
level by improving their mental and physical
capabilities and helping them achieve their
goals. It keeps them out from thinking
outside their game play, learning, and
improving strength from disadvantages.
G Mental visualization helps athletes see
through their strategies and abilities. By
gathering all their learnings and visualizing
how to apply them, athletes can strive to be
the best version of themselves.
Visualization techniques can potentially
improve coordination, strength, self-
assurance, concentration, and the ability to
deal with stressful situations with calmness
and composure. Prepares their mind in
Competition, faster injury recovery,
potentially improves coordination, strength,
seeing results before it happens.
H Mental visualization gives athletes a
realistic picture of what they can achieve as
players and boosts their confidence. This
realistic imagery inspires action and
motivates athletes to perform at a high level
110
in national competitions. It helps them
develop stronger physical fitness, muscles,
and a high level of confidence. It improves
self-esteem, critical thinking assists skills
enhancement. It also helps athletes
because they already have a set of plans
on what he uses during a match rather than
competing with no plans at all.
J Mental visualization assists athletes in
creating possible plans and strategies that
can give them an advantage in their game.
By visualizing different scenarios and
outcomes, athletes can come up with
innovative ways to thrive in their position
and contribute to their team's success. It
improves their skills, increases self-
confidence, and reduces anxiety. As a
national coach, I have found that mental
visualization interventions have been
immensely helpful in assisting my judo
athletes in performing at high level. By
incorporating visualization into their
training, athletes are better able to focus,
develop, better muscle memory, and
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improve their confidence. Visualization
allows athletes to mentally rehearses
techniques, strategies, and even entire
matches, which can lead to better
decisions-making in the heat of the
competition.
2.4. How essential is mental imagery in framing athletes' plans before the competition?
Informants Mental Imagery in Framing Athletes'
Plans
A Once acquired/practiced, it becomes
natural for a player to adjust or adapt to a
given situation. This ability is essential for
athletes as it allows them to be flexible and
responsive in different game scenarios. By
developing this skill, athletes can quickly
analyze the situation and make the
necessary adjustments to improve their
performance. It becomes a natural
response for a player to adapt to a given
situation once acquired. It helps the athlete
increase his or her confidence in the
competition.
B Preparation is key in any sport, and mental
imagery plays a significant role in this
aspect. It helps athletes visualize and

112
mentally prepare for their upcoming
competitions. By using mental imagery,
athletes can simulate different game
situations, strategize their moves, and
anticipate possible outcomes. This
preparation gives them an edge in the
competition and allows them to make more
informed decisions on the field. Very
essential as it motivates you to accomplish
2.1 and very much focused on your training
because you expect to win medals. Imaging
self-improvement in sports performance,
positive visualization with great outcome.
C Mental imagery not only helps athletes
prepare physically but also mentally. It
helps them develop confidence and belief
in their abilities. By visualizing success and
positive outcomes, athletes can boost their
self-esteem and maintain a strong mindset.
This mental preparation is crucial for
athletes to stay focused, motivated, and
mentally tough throughout the competition.
Enables players to gather and pick ideas
for their gameplay, 100% essential for them
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to achieve their goal.
D One of the benefits of mental imagery is its
ability to reduce anxiety and worry in
athletes. It allows them to control their
nerves and stay calm under pressure. By
visualizing themselves performing well and
overcoming challenges, athletes can
manage their anxiety levels and perform at
their best. This mental resilience is vital in
high-stakes competitions where the
pressure is intense. It is necessary to keep
them focused and concentrate only on their
goal. Players can think fast in a time-
pressured scenario. This will help the
athlete increases him/her confident in the
competition.
E Mental imagery also helps athletes in
strategizing and planning their gameplay.
By visualizing different game scenarios,
athletes can develop strategies and tactics
to counter their opponents. They can
imagine different moves, anticipate the
opponents' actions, and plan their
responses accordingly. This mental
114
preparation enables athletes to be
proactive and make well-informed decisions
during the competition. It is essential
because it puts an athlete in a state like
playing in a competition which makes them
prepared before actually competing in a
said competition.
F Furthermore, mental imagery allows
athletes to improve their learning and skill
acquisition process. By visualizing
themselves performing certain techniques
and movements, athletes can enhance their
muscle memory and coordination. This
mental practice complements their physical
training and helps them refine their skills
even when they are not physically
practicing. Very important, a strong body
without a strong mind will lead to loss. It
also provides short to long term ideas and
plans for games.
G In summary, mental imagery is an essential
tool for athletes in their preparation for
competitions. It helps them adjust to
different situations, prepare both mentally
115
and physically, reduce anxiety, strategize
their gameplay, and improve their overall
performance. By incorporating mental
imagery into their training routine, athletes
can enhance their skills, confidence, and
competitive edge on the field. By visualizing
their performance beforehand, athletes can
anticipate different scenarios and prepare
for them accordingly. Thus, help athletes to
stay focused and confident during the
competition, leading to better decision-
making and performances. Overall,
incorporating mental imagery into pre-
competition. Planning is a crucial aspect of
helping national – level judo athletes
achieve success.
2.5. How does mental imagery help with corrections and understanding before, during, and
after the competition?
Mental Imagery Corrections and
Understanding in the Competition
A The use of mental imagery in sports helps
athletes compare and evaluate their
outcomes to determine the desired results.
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By visualizing their performance and the
outcomes they want to achieve, athletes
can assess their progress and make
necessary adjustments to improve their
performance. Having comprehensive
review of game results and ability to cope
up to it with improvement, it helps the
athlete in mental imaging to control the
situation, they can also perform without
stress and less pressure.
B Mental imagery plays a significant role in
helping players control their emotions and
become mentally tough during
competitions. It provides a tool for athletes
to visualize themselves in high-pressure
situations, enabling them to develop
strategies to handle their emotions and
perform at their best. In mental imagery
athlete are in control of the situation, they
can imagine performing without stressing. It
helps the players to manage and maintain a
focused mental toughness ability.
C Mental imagery aids in the analysis of
athletes' performance. It allows athletes to
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review their mistakes and identify areas for
improvement. By visualizing their actions
and movements during the game, athletes
can identify where they went wrong and
learn from their mistakes, leading to better
performance in the future. Mental imagery
helps an athlete plan out the certain moves
and techniques they can use in a
competition which gives them a broader
selection of choices because they are
thinking about it for a longer time span. First
review your 2.1, second review your ways
of preparation. Can compare and evaluate
the results, It make them realize,
understand and help to correct themselves.
D Mental imagery helps athletes build self-
confidence and a strong self-image. By
visualizing success and positive outcomes,
athletes can enhance their belief in their
abilities and develop a strong sense of self-
assurance. This confidence translates into
improved performance on the field or court.
Mistakes are anticipated, mistakes aren’t
repeated, ways of countering are prepared.
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It helps them segregate errors and from
expectation to achieve goal, development,
knowing and handling the game better.
E Mental imagery is a valuable tool in sports
as it helps athletes develop pre-competition
and competition strategies. By visualizing
different scenarios and outcomes, athletes
can prepare themselves for various
situations they may encounter during a
game. This preparation allows them to
adapt quickly, make effective decisions,
and perform at their best. By visualizing
their performance, athletes can identify
areas where they had to improve and make
corrections. During the competition, mental
imagery can help athletes stay focused and
make quick adjustments based on what
they are visualizing. After the competition,
mental imagery can be used to reflect on
the athlete’s performance and identify
areas for improvement. Additionally, mental
imagery can help athletes better
understand the movements and techniques
involved in judo, leading to improved
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execution performance.
2.6. What are the visualization techniques that cause a big impact on your positive emotions
and feelings while participating in sports?
Informants Visualization Techniques that Cause Big
Impact
D Positive thinking and mind-setting play a
crucial role in sports. One effective
technique is visualization, where athletes
create mental images of themselves
succeeding and achieving their goals.
Visualization helps athletes conquer anxiety
and lift their mood by focusing on positive
and happy thoughts. By imagining
themselves in the best possible light and
engaging in constructive mental imagery,
athletes can increase their levels of self-
confidence. This technique allows them to
concentrate on the task at hand, giving their
full attention and effort without being
interrupted. Having a positive outlook
through visualization can influence their
play and give them the confidence to win
the game. Aid for being ready, mindful in
executing skills throughout the game to win,
120
reduces game pressures. Imagining the
execution in segment form, frame by frame
before the actual performance.
E Another benefit of visualization techniques
is the ability to prepare mentally for various
situations in sports. By closing their eyes,
clearing their minds, and breathing deeply,
athletes can calm themselves and enter a
state of focus. Visualizing success and
envisioning themselves performing skills
correctly and achieving desired outcomes
can boost their morale, confidence, and
emotions. Athletes can use visualization to
imagine and experience the sights, sounds,
and emotions of competing in a game. By
mentally rehearsing their performance, they
can improve their athletic movement
efficiency, increase concentration power,
and develop athletic confidence.
Visualization helps athletes overcome
performance anxiety and perform better
under pressure. Positive self-talk and
visualization technique with clear and
established vision for tune up and actual
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game. It has a big impact on me positively
when I envision winning it makes me more
motivated.
F Visualization techniques also help athletes
manage pain, increase endurance, and
improve physical performance. By mentally
practicing their performance, athletes can
activate the neurons in their body and train
their muscles. Combining visualization with
physical training leads to greater gains in
strength compared to training alone. The
act of visualizing oneself performing a skill
or routine in the mind's eye trains the body
for success. Athletes can use visualization
to imagine themselves achieving their
desired outcome, which boosts their self-
competency and mental and emotional
stability during the game. Visualization
helps athletes develop positive habits,
increase motivation, and improve their
overall performance. As a judo national
coach, I have found that visualization
techniques that focus on positive outcomes
and feelings can have a significant impact
122
on athlete performance techniques like
guided memory, whereas athletes imagine
themselves performing at highest level.
Setting the goal, listening and internalizing
the coach guidance and motivation.
G In addition to the individual benefits,
visualization techniques can have a positive
impact on the team dynamics and collective
emotions. Visualizing success and
envisioning the team's achievements can
boost the morale of the entire team and
provide them with confidence when
competing. When athletes visualize
themselves performing well and
contributing to their teammates' success, it
creates a positive atmosphere within the
team. The visualization techniques help
athletes create a mental image of a
successful moment, which sets their minds
on achieving their goals. By visualizing a
positive outcome, athletes can maintain a
positive aura, stay assured, and perform at
their best during the game. All visualization
techniques contribute big impact,
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envisioning and understanding self to
perform well improves mind with positivity
and great application of the teammates. I
did 2.1. Then, I try to accomplish all the
preparations I felt necessary. Then, comes
visualization of success. Imagining the
segment of execution frame by frame
before the actual performance.
2.7. How do you think visualization aids you in coaching athletes to their emotional
experiences?
Informants Visualization Aids Coaching Athletes in
Emotional Experiences
D Visualization helps them manage their
anxiety, nervousness, and self-doubt.
Helping the players comprehend and
visualize what they can do to gain
advantage. Coaches that intend to apply
mental imagery on the athletes for
improving performance must be fully aware
of the ways of conducting effective mental
imagery technique to bring the fullest out of
the mental imagery. Visualization helps
them manager their anxiety, nervousness
and self-doubt.
E By visualizing how to act in certain
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scenarios, we can give our athletes a more
positive experience and make a good
environment for them. Helps them
understand themselves, helps them
prepare their mind best feeling for
competition. Telling athletes to imagine
things such as winning, keep motivated and
positive aura, empathize the players
feelings, upon internalizing this situation, I
think the worst thing that serves as an
obstacle while implementing the imagery
intervention is the pollution. The pollution is
very widespread and has a lot of types. It
can be environmental, air, noise, and
human so let us be better prepare or adjust
for such circumstances.
G Provide motivational streaks that can uplift
the emotional aspect of the team, thinking,
vision, mind setting is broadly utilized in
sports where competitors hone, and make
strides their sports execution through
creative ability, envisioning themselves
performing the aptitudes or schedules
within the intellect. At that point, the intellect
125
will decode the circumstance and take
these pictures as the genuine
circumstances whereby the body responds
appropriately. Coaches that proposed to
apply mental symbolism on the competitors
for improving their execution ought to be
completely mindful of the ways of
conducting viable mental symbolism
strategy to bring the fullest out of the
mental symbolism. Hence, this article
endeavors to depict the two essential
methods of mental symbolism and the
steps by step approach to direct the
coaches to conduct the symbolism
preparing with their competitors more
effectively. I emphasized 2.1 to my athletes.
Then apply the theory and practice
principle. The visualization.
III. Challenges in using Mental Imagery

3). What obstacles do the coaches face in achieving their objectives and implementing the
imagery intervention?
Informants Obstacles of Coaches in Achieving
Objectives and the Imagery Intervention
A The player's attitude plays a significant role
126
in the effectiveness of the imagery
intervention. If a player has a negative or
uncooperative attitude, it can hinder their
willingness to participate and engage in the
process. Mental state of athletes, coaches’
distress. The obstacle we can face mainly
is that my athletes do not really know what
to expect. They can plan ahead of time, but
it does not necessarily mean that they can
win. There is a possibility that the opponent
also has plans that they've made. Another
problem for a coach like me to face is when
the athlete is not physically and mentally
okay. it is easy for people to visualize the
game, but it is hard to execute it when it is
not in your level of ability, when my athlete
prefers to go their instinct than to be in their
mental readings. Athletes prefer to go to
their instinct than to be in their mental
readiness
B Unruly students pose a challenge for
coaches in achieving their goals through
imagery intervention. When students are
not interested in learning or improving, it
127
becomes difficult for coaches to motivate
them and get them actively involved in the
process. Arousing of unexpected obstacles,
negative emotions or the condition of the
team, if a team lost, their mentality gets
weakened, needing to rest therefore
constricting the time. With adequate
support, athletes can imagine situations
readily. However, if they receive little to no
help, they find it difficult to focus on their
performance.
C Coaches face the obstacle of balancing
their own emotions while implementing the
imagery intervention. It is crucial for
coaches to maintain a sense of calm and
avoid personal emotional reactions during
the game or training sessions. Personal
problems among players, athletes being
mentally unstable, negativity. This problem
relates to imagery control, which is how
well my athletes able to imagine what they
want to imagine. It’s not uncommon for
athletes to perform poorly in their imagery
and it often reflects a fundamental lack of
128
confidence in their ability to perform well.
Athletes prefer to go to their instinct than to
be in their mental readiness, family, and
financial problems. Hence, peace of mind is
difficult to achieve same with imagery
intervention
D One of the main obstacles’ coaches face is
the uncertainty of outcomes. Despite
planning and strategizing, there is always
the possibility that the opponent has also
prepared well, which can affect the success
of the imagery intervention. Lack of focus
and self-esteem, not able athletes, the
attitudes and behavior affect achieving the
objectives. National Coaches can stress out
and exhaust their anger as well because
they think that they were the ones who
forgot to calculate or analyze and even
think of a way to counter specific player or
a strategy.
E Coaches may encounter obstacles when
their athletes are not in the optimal physical
and mental condition. Even with the best
visualization techniques, if an athlete is not
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physically or mentally prepared, it can be
challenging to execute the game plan
effectively. Unruly players, not participative
athletes in mind training. The athletes itself
are having a bad time and has a low self-
esteem is a major problem, including the
“what-ifs?” in our mind or the hesitation to
make decisions that may just cause the
team to be in critical and danger. We never
know what may come along the way and
this visualization is not a hundred percent
accurate considering many aspects. I
athlete tend to have chronic family
problems and athletes’ financial problems
F Some athletes may not be receptive to
mental imagery and prefer to face
situations as they happen rather than
visualizing them beforehand. This can pose
a challenge for coaches who believe in the
benefits of imagery intervention. Most of the
days, I have a struggle to implement
imagery intervention when one of the team
players has anxiety. These people tend to
worry about how they would excel in a
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competition, they tend to overthink more
about what mistakes they're about to make
in competition rather than focusing in
winning the competition. Athletes’ degree of
willingness in implementing imagery
intervention, personal linkages and
relationship, lack of communication, anxiety
is vital to this.
G Coaches need to ensure that their athletes
are not influenced by negative vibes or
emotions that can hinder their ability to
implement the imagery intervention
effectively. It is important for coaches to
create a positive and supportive
environment for their athletes. Overall,
coaches face various obstacles in
achieving their objectives and implementing
the imagery intervention, including the
attitude of the players, unruly students,
personal emotions, uncertainty of
outcomes, athlete's physical and mental
condition, resistance to mental imagery,
and negative influences. These challenges
require coaches to adapt their strategies
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and approaches to effectively overcome
them and help their athletes reach their full
potential. Here are some problems:
exhaustion, psychological issues, social
influences on learning, competency,
attention. When the visualization exercise
goes wrong. For instance, if an athlete has
visualized unfavorable situations, worries,
and unresolved issues, that negative taught
will affect their moods and result in poor
performance. There are a lot of obstacles
like time, resources, and the people who
are willing to implement them.
3.1. What are the challenges the coaches have in attaining their goals and putting the
imagery intervention?
Informants Challenges of Coaches in Attaining
Goals in Imagery Intervention
B The attitude of players plays a big role in
the effectiveness of imagery intervention. If
players have a negative or uncooperative
attitude, it can hinder the implementation
and success of the intervention. Coaches
need to work on motivating and instilling a
positive mindset in their players.
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Disciplining athletes and guiding them in
mental imagery, implementation of
cognitive or mental imagery to players with
mental health status. When athletes prefer
to use instinct rather than focusing.
Disagreements and the having other
strategies or plans. Having no coordination
will result to a bad gameplay. Hindi lang
yon, and so when visualizing and sharing
ideas, it is important for the team to
communicate and cooperate with each
other. When athletes prefer to use instinct
rather than focusing.
D Players' busy schedules and schoolwork
can also pose challenges. When athletes
have limited time and are overwhelmed
with academic responsibilities, it can be
difficult to allocate enough time for mental
imagery practice. Coaches need to find
ways to manage time effectively and
prioritize mental training alongside physical
training. When athletes prefer to use
instinct rather than focusing. Unwanted
problems emerge, unwillingness of the
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athlete to learn. For example, some players
are so proud of themselves that they forgot
how to plan their moves in competitions.
These people are one of the challenges
coaches have been encountering when
having an intervention. Same as above and
the character and attitude of athletes.
Separating family matters, social life,
athletes, careers and coaching careers.
One of the challenges coaches have been
the load of resources.
E Attention and focus are crucial for effective
imagery. If players are easily distracted or
have difficulty concentrating, it can impact
their ability to create vivid mental images
and engage in productive visualization.
Coaches need to help their athletes
develop concentration skills and create an
environment that supports focus during
imagery practice. Communication process
between the coach and athletes, patience
is molding players through mental training.
Perspective, control, multiple senses, and
speed are the four elements that have an
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impact on the effectiveness of mental
imagery. To make the most of your
imagery, you can improve each of these
aspects.
F Another challenge coaches face is
unfamiliarity with their team. When coaches
are new to a team, they may struggle to
assign positions and understand the
strengths and weaknesses of their players.
This lack of familiarity can hinder the
implementation of imagery interventions
that are tailored to individual athletes.
Coaches need time to observe and assess
their players in order to provide effective
guidance. Athletes lack inspiration, lack of
confidence, anxiousness, disagreement
that leads to disappointment. Challenges
can occur when implementing imagery
intervention. If the team cannot fully
immerse themselves on its goals, they will
have a hard time to achieve it. Players have
different mind, approach for each player
should be different.
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3.2. What were the issues or challenges you had when employing mental imagery before,
during, and after the training?
Informants Issues or Challenges in Employing
Mental Imagery in the Training
E One of the challenges faced when
employing mental imagery before, during,
and after training is the attitude of the
players. Some athletes may feel depressed
or distracted, which can hinder their ability
to effectively utilize mental imagery. This
can lead to difficulties in staying focused,
motivated, and mentally strong during
training sessions. Additionally, mentally
unstable athletes may be more prone to
giving up or feeling drained during training,
making it harder for them to fully engage in
mental imagery exercises. Overall, the
attitude and mental state of the players play
a crucial role in the successful
implementation of mental imagery
techniques. Imaginary debate against self-
causing to feel overwhelming emotions,
and worried feeling. The exhausting feeling
makes me want to stop the activity as
coach. But, as a coach, the discipline and
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the determination plus the patience is
significant. Lack of focus. Some doesn’t
listen, not much because we have not
officially implemented it.
F Another challenge in employing mental
imagery is the lack of preparation and
familiarity with the technique. Some
athletes may prefer physical training over
mental imagery exercises, which can make
it harder to get their full cooperation and
engagement. Additionally, the coach may
struggle to handle each athlete's individual
strengths and weaknesses during training if
they are not familiar with their capabilities.
This lack of preparation and understanding
can hinder the effectiveness of mental
imagery in improving performance and
achieving desired outcomes. Mental
imagery is not perfect and there will be
scenarios we will not be able to predict.
Distractions can also be evident, not
concentrated athletes, finding more
discouraging signs that won’t work out. Sa
ganyang mga issue I used cognitive
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imagery, ito yung popular and well-
accepted psychological strategy, which can
enhance various aspects of performance
such as enhancing motivation, self-
confidence, coping with injury and pain, and
regulating arousal.
G Meeting expectations and self-imposed
pressure can also be a challenge when
employing mental imagery. Athletes may
put a lot of pressure on themselves to
perform well and achieve success, which
can lead to significant stress and anxiety.
This self-imposed pressure can sometimes
overshadow the benefits of mental imagery
and create additional mental and emotional
hurdles to overcome. Coaches may need to
address these challenges and help athletes
find a balance between setting high
expectations and managing the stress
associated with them. One of the
challenges is to know the players'
capability. Their distress, state of mind,
incomplete teammates, and exhaustion.
Each one of them has its own strengths
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and weaknesses that need to be
addressed. Use that as the cornerstone of
your strategy planning so you can execute
it to the fullest, some are too much thinker,
worriers, out of focus, cannot imagine,
injuries.
H Technical issues and limitations can also
impact the use of mental imagery. For
example, the "imagery debate" centered
around the storage and retrieval of visual
information. While it is widely accepted that
visual content is stored, the issue lies in
how this information is saved and
accessed. Additionally, distractions, lack of
time, and unexpected circumstances can
hinder the ability to employ mental imagery
effectively. Coaches and athletes need to
address these challenges and find ways to
adapt and overcome them to maximize the
benefits of mental imagery in training and
performance. Self-consciousness and
exhausting feelings are sometimes present,
athletes who came to training and are not in
the state of mind to do mental training or
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out of focus. By providing guidance and
support, I have found that it may be able to
help my athletes overcome these
challenges and incorporate visualization
into their training routine to enhance their
performance.
3.3. What were the challenges and obstacles you had when using mental imagery before,
during, and after the competition?
Informants Challenges and Obstacles in Using
Mental Imagery in the Competition
Attitude of the players: One of the
challenges faced when using mental
imagery is the attitude of the players. Some
athletes may struggle to fully engage or
maintain focus during the visualization
process. This can hinder their ability to
effectively utilize mental imagery and reap
its benefits. Unexpected injuries and
scenarios that affect the team’s gameplay,
sudden anxiety, and doubts about self.
Usually lack focus. Despite their
challenges, I found that with consistent
practice and support, mental imagery could
be effective tool for enhancing the
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performance of my athletes.
As a judo national coach, some of the
challenges and obstacles I faced when
using mental imagery before, during and
after competition included resistance from
athletes who were not familiar with the
technique difficulties in finding the time and
resources to implement mental imagery
training, in addition to physical training and
ensuring that the athletes were effectively
integrating the techniques into their overall
training regimen. Another challenge was
monitoring the athletes’ progress with
visualization and providing them with
constructive feedback to help them improve
their technique.
Maintaining confidence and motivation:
Mental imagery is not just about visualizing
success, but also about building confidence
and motivation. However, athletes may
struggle with self-doubt and negative
thoughts that can undermine their
confidence. It can be challenging to
consistently generate positive and
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empowering mental images, especially
when faced with setbacks or failures.
Adapting to unexpected situations: During a
competition, unforeseen circumstances can
arise that require athletes and coaches to
quickly adapt their strategies. Mental
imagery may need to be adjusted on the fly
to account for changes in the game plan or
opponent's tactics. This can be a challenge,
as it requires flexibility and the ability to
quickly update mental images. Self-debate
of what ifs, mental exhaustion. I used to
have these challenges plus obstacles
before during my younger days. Not
anymore, as far as I believe, there have
been no obstacle while using it. Athletes
who are failed to apply their mental imagery
during game, lack of focus, distraction,
team disagreement.
IV. Mental Imagery Practice

4. In sports, how do you train visualization or mental imagery? What sports and aspects are
you focusing on?
Informants Visualization Training for Sports
A As a sitting volleyball coach, I show our
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players sample videos/games of top teams,
so they will be inspired and strive to be their
best. I believe that by exposing them to
high-level performances, they can visualize
themselves achieving similar success. This
visual inspiration motivates them to work
hard and improve their skills in order to
reach the same level of performance.
Watching these videos also helps them
understand the strategies and techniques
used by top teams, allowing them to
incorporate those into their own gameplay.
During practice, athletes lie down relaxed
listening to their routine music with
headphones. executing what one has
imagined, making them familiarized with the
situation is important. As coach my focus is
showing players sample videos of
gameplays of the top teams to keep them
inspired and goal-oriented, regular
visualization practice is helpful. We usually
visualize more on the technique and
complete execution intended for the actual
competition. When athlete prefer to use
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instinct rather than focusing.
B In my training, I focus on volleyball skills. I
constantly work on refining my own abilities
and techniques, as well as helping my
players develop their skills. I believe that by
mastering the fundamental skills of
volleyball, such as serving, passing, setting,
and spiking, players can perform at their
best during games. I provide them with
specific drills and exercises that target each
skill, allowing them to practice and improve
their proficiency. Predicting game plays,
mental conditioning, and training in seeing
self in the venue to be prepared and
focusing on the plays to be used especially
in applying mastery and competitiveness in
the skills involved in the sports, I am
focusing more on the aspects of using
visualization to excel the physical ability of
my team, this is the main key for us to win a
certain competition. We usually visualize
other techniques to complete execution.
Simply asking my athletes to figure out how
they want to see themselves.
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C Another important aspect of my coaching is
game planning. I encourage my players to
visualize the game and create a strategic
plan. By imagining different scenarios and
envisioning themselves executing various
plays, they can develop a better
understanding of the game and enhance
their decision-making abilities. This mental
preparation helps them anticipate the
actions of their opponents and make quick
and effective decisions on the court.
Through visualization and strategic
planning, my goal is to help my players
excel in the game of volleyball. Review of
learning experience and weakened aspects
as team, familiarization, emotional stability,
activates the creative power of the mind my
athletes have. Know the goals and dreams.
Make a clear motivation, stating the team’s
inspiration and resolution. This will allow us
to create a strong mental image that will
help achieve those said dreams. I
practiced 2.1 first. Complimented by study
and practice and enhanced it this
visualization. We advise our players if they

145
practice always think they already in
Competition
4.1. What is the use of visualization in physical facilities and equipment?

Informants The Use of Visualization in Physical
Facilities and Equipment
A The use of visualization in physical facilities
and equipment is important to familiarize
athletes with the playing environment. By
visualizing the facilities and equipment,
athletes can mentally prepare themselves
and become accustomed to the
surroundings in which they will be
competing. This familiarity helps athletes
feel more comfortable and confident,
enabling them to focus on their
performance rather than being distracted by
unfamiliar surroundings. Usually, it mentally
prepares the athlete before the actual
competition. Enables the athletes to be
familiar to the playing environment,
strategized game plans help to think
beforehand on how to manage the tool or
equipment that is displayed in front.
Facilities and equipment can be really
taken care of easily since the Athletes

146
applied the imagery visualizations, also, the
environment they are in. The impact on the
situation focuses on this need and
evaluates the suit to the needs of facility. It
mentally prepared athlete before the actual
execution
B Visualization also helps athletes and
players focus more on the objects they
need to visualize. By mentally rehearsing
and visualizing the equipment and tools
they will be using, athletes can enhance
their concentration and attention to detail.
This allows them to better understand the
functions and features of the equipment,
improving their ability to utilize them
effectively during training or competition.
Visualization can help athletes to
themselves in different situations and
visualize how they can use the available
facilities and equipment to their advantage.
For example, they can imagine themselves
performing techniques on different surfaces
or using various equipment. Visualization
can also help athletes to pressure mentally
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for different environments, such as a noisy
or crowded competition venue. Overall,
incorporating visualization of loth physical
faculties and equipment can help athletes
develop better skills and strategies, and
perform at a higher level. Equipment
awareness how to use, thinking the area
and venue to incorporate proper skills.
Physical facilities and equipment use
visualization for a variety of reasons,
including equipment monitoring, occupant
comfort, facility maintenance, safety, and
security. This is to make sure the success
of the games and the safety of all people
during the game.
C Another benefit of visualization in physical
facilities and equipment is its impact on
imagination. When athletes engage in
visualization exercises, they stimulate their
imagination and creativity. This can lead to
innovative approaches and strategies in
using the facilities and equipment, as
athletes are able to explore different
possibilities and scenarios in their minds.
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Gives an athlete an idea beforehand of how
to navigate the equipment. Physical
facilities and equipment use visualization
for a variety of reasons, including
equipment monitoring, occupant comfort,
facility maintenance, safety, and security
para sa gagamit nito. This is to make sure
the success of the games and the safety of
all people during the game. It reduces
accidents, injuries, mental preparation
before actual performance. You can
visualize that you are already in the venue
of the competition, it mentally prepared
athlete before the actual execution
D Moreover, visualization helps athletes build
confidence and overcome fears related to
using facilities and equipment. By
visualizing themselves successfully using
the equipment and performing in the
facilities, athletes can develop a sense of
competence and self-assurance. This
boosts their overall confidence levels and
helps them conquer any fears or anxieties
they may have about using unfamiliar or
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complex equipment. Fosters sportsmanship
of players in the venue and actual game,
players can understand the environment.
Using visualization of facilities and
equipment is useful because the athlete will
have more knowledge on what position is
risky and what position would give an edge
to the team. It will also allow the athlete to
visualize the circumstances if they are in
certain positions of the gym, field or court,
kaya mahalaga ito, using facilities and
equipment they would usually use during a
competition, it helps them see that feel that
they are in a competition rather than
training for it.
4.2. What is the usage of visualization of social environment, competitors, officials, and
audience?
Informants Usage of Visualization in Social
Environment
B Visualization plays a crucial role in
familiarizing individuals with their
environment, whether it's in a social setting,
competition, or among officials and
audience. By visualizing the surroundings,
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people can mentally prepare themselves,
become acquainted with the people they
will interact with, and understand the overall
atmosphere. This familiarity helps in
building confidence and establishing a
strong foundation, allowing individuals to
navigate the environment with ease and
comfort. Maintain emotional and social
stability and awareness in the sports venue.
Dito din yung visualization nakakatulong, it
helps us to think how we are going to
handle things we don’t expect. Like losing
or making a friend. We tend to think of it
beforehand so that we’ll know what to do.
You can visualize that you are now
competing or giving your best in the best
presence of fellow competitors, officials,
and audience. It helps prepare athlete on
what to expect before a competition.
C One of the key benefits of visualization is its
ability to enhance mental focus. By
visualizing different scenarios and
outcomes, individuals can keep their minds
sharp and focused on the task at hand.
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This mental preparation ensures that they
are not easily distracted by external factors
and can maintain their concentration
throughout the event or competition.
Visualization acts as a tool to channel one's
mental energy and stay mentally engaged,
ultimately improving performance and
decision-making. Adaptive winning plan
gives an overview about the venue and
play will be. One line sums up
visualization's usage for me, it lets people
view, interact with, and get a better
understanding of sports. Developing
confidence helps focus attention,
regardless of how simple or difficult the
issue at hand is lalo na sa mismong laro.
With social visualization, my athletes can
anticipate the surroundings and target
audience. Whether or not they lean more
toward it, etc. In this way, the athletes might
adapt. they may observe competitors' prior
games to learn their typical movements, so
you can create strategies to defense such
actions.
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D Visualization also serves as a tool to
overcome challenges. By visualizing
different scenarios, individuals can
anticipate and prepare for unexpected
situations, such as losing or facing tough
competition. Visualizing these challenges
beforehand allows individuals to think
through their responses, develop
strategies, and adapt accordingly. It helps
them build resilience, remain calm under
pressure, and approach challenges with a
positive mindset.Obeying the rules of the
game enables players to gain confidence,
gives a sense of comfortability, fuels the
determination and focus on winning the
competition. Visualization allows us to
comprehend gigantic amounts of data at a
glance and in a better way. It helps to
understand the movement of players to
better to measure its impact on the
environment or venue of the competition
and to our competitors for us to
communicate the insight visually to internal
and external audiences as well.
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E In addition, visualization fosters a sense of
connection and understanding between
individuals. By visualizing the social
environment, competitors, officials, and
audience, individuals can develop empathy,
anticipate reactions, and tailor their
behavior accordingly. Visualization helps
athletes and performers to connect with
their audience, build camaraderie with
competitors, and establish rapport with
officials. It also enables individuals to
visualize positive interactions, receive
advice and motivation, and eliminate
negative thoughts, ultimately enhancing
their overall experience and performance.
As judo national coach, I believe that
visualization of the social environment,
competitors, officials, and audiences can
help athletes prepare for the atmosphere of
the competition. Visualizing the venue, the
presence of officials and the noise level can
help athletes prepare mentally and
emotionally for the competition. They can
also visualize their opponents and their
strategies to better prepare for the match.

154
Visualizing the officials and their decision-
making process can also help athletes
understand what to expect and how to
handle certain situations during the
competition. Overall, incorporating
visualization techniques into mental
preparation can provide athletes both a
comprehensive and approach to competing
at a high level.
4.3. What is the use of visualization in emotions, motivation, and confidence?

Informants Visualization in emotions, motivation,
and confidence
A It improves self-confidence. Once we
visualize, we plan to encounter and target
our objective, creating self-confidence.
Visualization can alter feelings that hence
have a physical impact on the body,
advocates to perfect state. Urge in winning,
engaged more in game to activates creative
power ng subconscious mind, including
players to boost the full potential. It
improves self-confidence and regulate
anxiety helps then focus learn mental
toughness.
B Adaptability and stimulation of the brain,

155
strategic judgement. Visualization can
affect emotions, motivation, and confidence
of athletes in ways such as strengthening
their sportsmanship, giving motivation to
achieve wins, emotion separate problems
focus motivation setting their game play
mood yet letting them enjoy the game, and
many more to which can also boost their
confidence in playing again and or to play
differently outside their comfort zones. It
helps athletes continue the good work that
they’ve been doing.
C By Visualizing themselves performing well
in competitors, athletes can increase their
self-efficacy and reduce anxiety, leading to
a more positive emotional state.
Additionally, visualization can help athletes
clarify their goals and motivations, helping
them maintain their focus. Overall,
visualization can contribute to athletes’
overall mental preparation, leading to
improved performance on the mat. It
enhances or promotes the state of
emotions, motivation plus confidence one
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experience now.
4.4. What is the use of mental imagery in improving particularly related sports skill?
Informants Use of Mental Imagery in Improving
Sports Skill
F It prepares athletes to be mentally ready.
Equips the athletes with confidence and
drive to perform a specific sport,
familiarized in motor skills, it can help by
letting individuals lalo yung atleta ko to
foresee each outcome of every execution
they can think of. It can help them
strategize and make the most feasible
execution of the sport related skill they are
planning to do. It prepares athlete mentally
before actual performance. Imagining
outcome attain goal makes them more
determined plus motivated.
I Enhances physical and mental well-being,
enables the athletes to connect and assess
their strengths and weaknesses related to
their sports skills, building strength and
prepare for possible skills to execute,
mental easing. Mental imagery skill gives a
player the power to the possible outcomes
of the game, which could then be a great
157
help for the team. Knowing the potential
moves or result of the game is important
because then they know what to expect or
what to not do during the game. It prepares
the athlete mentally before actual
performance. If you plan how to implement
it, it will be easier to implement it. It has
been proven that positive mental imagery,
discipline and honest preparation results in
success.
J As a judo national coach, mental imagery
can be used tom improved judo skills by
helping athletes visualize and analyze their
techniques. Visualization can assist in
developing muscle memory, as well as
enhancing athletes’ ability to concentrate
and focus. Additionally, mental imagery can
be used to help athletes build their
confidence and reduce anxiety. This
Technique can also help athletes prepare
for different scenarios, such competition,
structures by visualizing themselves
executing different techniques and
strategies.
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4.5. What is the purpose of visualization in the medal-winning scenario?
Informants Visualization in The Medal-Winning
Scenario
G Serves as motivation, enables athletes to
act and behave well, it becomes
manifestation of success mindset in every
game. Similar as to mental imagery, my
athletes can feel mixed emotions, but to
focus on a single thing which is in the
medal-winning scenario, they can even put
up themselves to boost their self-
confidence that they did their best enough
in their league and actual competition to
further encourage plus inspire you to give
your best your best before the actual
competition.
H For athletes to stay humble in winning.
Visualization in medal-winning scenarios
helps us to act or behave well in the scene.
Not only that but it helps to keep your head
up, and not be weakened. Focus and
presence of mind, it makes them more
confident Scoring the end in mind helps
them win more models.
J Sportsmanship, and sense of humility,

159
creates good energy for pressures and
challenges in the game. In the case like
this, visualization can help condition their
mind to set their game straight. They can
prepare to all outcomes; they my athletes
can play their best game and win the medal
or still play their best and accept defeat and
be a sportsman.
H In my experience as a judo national coach,
the purpose of visualization in medal-
winning scenarios is to help the athletes
mentally prepare for the competition and
visualize themselves performing at
confidence and focus on the task at hand.
By envisioning themselves winning the
medal, they can develop a positive mindset
and increase their motivation to perform at
their highest level. It also helps athletes to
identify and strategies ways to overcome
any obstacles that may arise during the
competition.
4.6. How often do you use mental imagery to prepare for a competition?
Informants Mental Imagery Preparation for
Competition
A Provide reflection and realization to have 3-
160
4 times a week with schedule alerts in
phone to serve as reminder. We focus on
preparing them during the competition. In
our case we only prepare them mentally
during the competition period. In our case
we only prepare them mentally during the
competition period.
C I find mental imagery to be an available tool
for preparing my athletes for competition
depending on the athletes’ individual needs
and goals, I may incorporate mental
imagery into their training regimen on a
regular basis. For some athletes’ daily
visualization exercises may be appropriate
while for others, less frequent use may be
sufficient. Ultimately, I strive to strike a
balance between physical training and
mental preparation, with the goal of
optimizing each athlete’s performance on
competition day. Frequently and
consistently, before and after competition,
month before actual competition.
J Part of routine during training to execute
the best skills on the competition. I use
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imagery every time I train and before/after
competition. We do it very often Scoring the
end in mind as often as possible before
during after but always backed up excellent
preparation.
4.7. How will you perceive the importance of mental imagery when you practice it?
Informants Importance of Mental Imagery Practice
A For me it has an important role in
treating my anxiety. Improving one’s
sports-driving skills. By thinking that it
is the one that helps me to reflect and
realize my mistakes and my athletes as
well. It is the one that tells them what to
do and what is the right time to do it. It
is like a call for us to know what we
should do. By always reminding
athletes to be mentally conscious rather
than relying on instinct. By always
reminding athletes to be mentally
conserving rather than relying on
instinct or Automatic, always reminding
athletes to be mentally conserving
rather than relying on instinct or
Automatic.
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B As a judo national coach, I believe that
imagery is an essential aspect of my
coaching practice. By incorporating
visualization techniques, I can help my
athletes improve their performance, boost
their confidence, stay focused, motivated,
and engaged in the coaching process.
Overall, I believe athletes achieve success
in judo. Creating a smart choice and plan,
goal oriented. I have gone about it by
having the team rehearse what is already
fixed in their minds. I do believe that when
the thought is solely in your thinking, it
wouldn't link to your nerves and your agility
to react right away. So, that is why mental
imagery is important prior to and upon your
practice. It is not only improving their
mental but also their physical skills and be
confident in the game.
C It can ca applied in real life situations every
day, especially in sports competitions.
Keeps athlete relaxed under pressure. We
can perceive the importance of practicing
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mental imagery by comparing it to the
results of not using mental imagery. It
allows us to keep in mind how to arrange
execution for short and long term, to
explore, and make choices. It is very
important. I always believe that reality is
conceptualized through mental imagery.
When visible results attained, it should be
done every day or practiced every day.
4.8. Visualization of physical skills in practicing mental visualization will help athletes to
enhance skills?
Informants Visualization of Physical Skills in
Practicing Mental Imagery
A Of course, it will help because brain is
very powerful this visualization put us to
the scenario without even doing it so
when you study it in your brain it help us
to execute it more efficient. For my
athlete’s mental imagery are training
that eventually translate to physical
skills with discipline and exceptional
gaming performance. to improve their
mental but also their physical skills and
confidence during training.
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B Helps create a better picture of the
outcome, I do believe that practicing mental
imagery can help athletes to enhances their
skill, Imagery not only helps athletes to
regulate the anxiety they experience during
competitions, but also helps athletes to stay
confident, focused and mentally tough.
C By creating game strategies for gaining
confidence in performance, becomes a
training tool for an athlete emotions stability
because they will be confident with their
execution since they have internalized the
best way to perform it and also it will
enhance their mental capacity to accept
different learnings during trainings and live
it out.
F I do believe that practicing mental
visualization will help athletes to enhance
their skills, not only their skills but also
knowledge and wisdom that can help them
to strive success and to become better.
Preparing athletes for difficult situation
while mental state is in good condition. It is
not only to improve their mental but also
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their physical skills and confident during
training
G As a judo national coach, I strongly believe
that mental visualization. It is an effective
tool in enhancing their movements, which
can reinforce the neural pathways in the
brain associated with their techniques to
make adjustments, leading to improved
performance. However, imagery should not.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter organizes and presents the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendation drawn by the researcher.
Summary of Findings
Through the use of in-depth interview with guide questions the data generation method, the
researcher was able to come up with the following findings. The findings from the interview
procedure and associated data analysis will be presented in this section, drawing on the
significant themes.
Discussion
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1. The coaches address how to get athletes ready for competitions by creating a plan
for what to expect and how to handle it. to visualize and practice in your head what
you want to do physically.
1.1 According to various coaches' dissertations, visualization can be an effective tool for
raising athlete performance. The technique can be improved; by visualizing
themselves performing their skills flawlessly, athletes can develop more effective
movement and improve their muscle memory. Athletes who visualize themselves
succeeding under pressure may experience a reduction in anxiety and an increase in
self-belief. After that, the athlete will learn how to tune out the noise and focus both
before and during the competition. Athletes could also use visualization to develop
the kind of critical thinking they can use when creating their game plans.
1.2 They talked about how mental imagery can be used to enhance emotional regulation
and help people become more resilient both mentally and emotionally, as well as to
boost motivation. By imagining themselves performing successfully, it can help
athletes visualize their goals, increase intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and develop
confidence.
1.3 Coaches have talked about how visualization strengthens neural connections,
increases mental toughness and focus, and improves emotional control and focus in
athletes. It is an effective tool for raising athletic performance.
1. The coaches address how to get athletes ready for competitions by creating a plan
for what to expect and how to handle it. to visualize and practice in your head what
you want to do physically.
2.1 To successfully combine visualization with physical skills for national athletes,
coaches can employ a variety of techniques. Teaching the fundamentals of
visualization, including how it functions and how it can enhance performance, is

167
one of the first steps. Athletes can improve their mental focus and preparation by
being encouraged to visualize their moves, techniques, and strategies during
practice sessions. Additionally, coaches explain that focusing on your goals while
relaxing your mind and body.
2.2 A key component of coaching strategy is the implementation of visualization
techniques for sporting competitions. Depending on where the competition is
being held, different visualization techniques are employed. When visiting familiar
venues, coaches advise athletes to picture their prior achievements there and
envision themselves performing well once more. It uses pictures and videos to
help athletes visualize new places from the moment they arrive at the
competition area until they arrive at the competition venue. Coaches advise
athletes to picture their performances in various weather scenarios.
2.3 In order to help the athletes, perform at a high level, coaches have found that
mental visualization interventions have been incredibly helpful. Athletes are
better able to focus, develop, better muscle memory, and increase their
confidence when visualization is incorporated into their training. Athletes can
mentally practice techniques, strategies, and even entire matches by using
visualization, which can improve decision-making under pressure.
2.4 Athletes can prepare for different scenarios by anticipating them and visualizing
their performance beforehand. As a result, aid athletes in maintaining confidence
and focus throughout the competition to enable better performance and decision-
making. In general, using mental imagery before competition. Successful
planning is essential to the development of national-level judo athletes. They
discussed how it basically puts an athlete in a state similar to playing in a
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competition, which makes them prepared before actually competing in a given
competition, similarly to other coaches.
2.5 According to coaches, athletes are able to pinpoint areas where they needed to
improve and make adjustments by visualizing their performance. Mental imagery
during competition can aid athletes in maintaining focus and making quick
adjustments based on what they are visualizing. Mental imagery can be used to
evaluate an athlete's performance and pinpoint areas for development after a
competition. Additionally, using mental images can help athletes comprehend the
judo moves and techniques better, which will improve their execution. Athletes
can plan out specific moves and techniques they can use in a competition using
mental imagery in addition to what the coaches have already discussed. This
gives them a wider range of options because they are thinking about it for a
longer period.
2.6 Coaches found that guided memory and other visualization techniques that
emphasize positive outcomes and feelings can significantly improve an athlete's
performance. In contrast, athletes often visualize themselves at their best.
Additionally, it has a significant positive effect on athletes because it inspires me
to work harder.
2.7 Participants and coaches agree that coaches can give athletes a more positive
experience and create a positive environment for them by visualizing how to act
in specific scenarios.
2. Family and financial issues are cited by national coaches as the main obstacles to
their success and objectives. Therefore, achieving mental calm through imagery
intervention is challenging.
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3.1 The number of resources available is one of the difficulties coaches faces.
Having a personal problem can also prevent athletes from succeeding in a goal.
Coaches might also not have access to the equipment or technology needed to
implement imagery interventions.
3.2 They found that by offering direction and encouragement, it may be possible to
assist my athletes in overcoming these difficulties and incorporating visualization
into their training regimen to improve their performance. Additionally, mental
imagery is not perfect, so there will be events that we cannot predict.
3.3 Coaches talk about their viewpoint Prior to this inquiry, some of the difficulties
and challenges coaches encountered when implementing mental imagery
training in addition to physical training included resistance from athletes who
were unfamiliar with the technique, difficulties finding the time and resources to
implement the training, as well as ensuring that the athletes were successfully
integrating the techniques into their overall training regimen. Monitoring the
athletes' progress with visualization and giving them helpful criticism to help them
develop their technique posed another challenge. Despite these difficulties,
coaches discovered that with regular practice and encouragement, mental
imagery could be a useful tool for raising athletes' performance.
3. Coaches Athletes should only be asked to decide how they want to see themselves.
Athletes should be deliberate and focused when using visualization techniques,
focusing on particular maneuvers or circumstances important to their sport.
4.1 The use of visualization in understanding the social environment, competitors,
officials, and audiences can provide several advantages:
 Social Environment: Visualization helps organizations understand the social
environment in which they operate by providing insights into the behaviors, attitudes,
170
and preferences of their customers, employees, and other stakeholders. This
understanding can inform decision-making, such as developing marketing strategies
or improving customer experiences.
 Competitors: Visualization is used to understand competitors' strategies,
performance, and market positions. By visualizing this information, organizations can
identify areas of opportunity and make data-driven decisions to build a competitive
edge.
 Officials: Visualization helps organizations understand regulatory and compliance
requirements. By visualizing these requirements, organizations can ensure they are
continuously meeting standards and avoid legal or financial penalties.
 Audiences: Visualization is used to understand audiences' needs and preferences.
By analyzing data on how audiences interact with products or services, organizations
can adjust their approaches to better serve their customers.
4.2 Athletes can better prepare for the competitive environment by visualizing the
other competitors, officials, and spectators, according to coaches. Athletes can
mentally and emotionally prepare for the competition by visualizing the location,
the presence of officials, and the noise level. To better prepare for the match,
they can also envision their rivals and their tactics. Athletes can better prepare
for competitions by visualizing the officials and how they make decisions. This
will help them know what to expect and how to handle different scenarios.
Overall, using visualization techniques during mental practice can give athletes a
complete strategy for performing at a high level.
4.3 Coaches' dissemination of Athletes can boost their self-efficacy and lessen
anxiety by visualizing themselves succeeding in competitions, which results in a
happier emotional state. Athletes can maintain their focus by using visualization
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to clarify their objectives and driving forces. Additionally, visualization can help
athletes mentally prepare overall, which improves performance on the mat.
4.4 Mental imagery is a powerful tool that can be used to improve performance in
sports. It involves creating and visualizing mental images of the successful
execution of a particular skill or technique in a sports event. By imagining these
successful performances, athletes can improve their confidence, focus, and
physical coordination, leading to better execution of skills and increased
performance in their respective sports. Additionally, mental imagery can be used
to develop strategic planning and decision-making abilities, allowing athletes to
react quickly to different situations during the game. Furthermore, mental
imagery helps athletes to rehearse and perfect specific aspects of their
performance, creating mental models that can be used to enhance their learning
and performance during training and competitions.
4.5 The coaches discussed how visualization in a medal-winning scenario can help
athletes mentally prepare for competition and visualize themselves performing
with confidence and focus on the task at hand. They can develop a positive
mindset and increase their motivation to perform at their best by visualizing
themselves winning the medal. It also assists athletes in identifying and
strategizing strategies for overcoming any obstacles that may arise during the
competition.
Conclusion
172
Based from the analysis and interpretation of gathered data, the following conclusion
have been drawn. In this study, the informants and researcher.
1. In general, based on the survey's results Mental imagery is a powerful cognitive tool
that allows individuals to recreate sensory experiences through visualization. It can
serve different purposes, such as enhancing memory, improving skills, reducing
anxiety, and promoting relaxation. In general, mental imagery aims to create a vivid
mental representation of a sensory experience that can simulate an actual
experience and produce similar psychological and physiological effects.
1.1 In summary, visualization can be used to improve specific abilities such as memory,
creativity, problem-solving, communication, and stress management. It helps
individuals create mental images that aid in recalling information, generating new
ideas, identifying variables, making presentations more engaging, and reducing
anxiety.
1.2 The process of generating mental simulations or images in the mind is known as
mental imagery. It is an effective tool that can be applied to improve both extrinsic
and intrinsic motivation, emotional visualization, and confidence.
 Emotional visualization: To improve mood, confidence, and motivation, emotional
visualization entails conjuring up images in the mind of pleasant feelings or
circumstances. By visualizing oneself in a state of happiness, love, and success, one
can strengthen positive emotions and strengthen their resistance to negative ones
 Confidence: Mental imagery is a potent self-confidence-boosting tool. People can
increase their self-efficacy and strengthen their belief in their capacity to succeed by
mentally practicing successful outcomes. This is especially crucial in situations
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where self-confidence is essential to success, like in sports, interviews, or public
speaking.
 Motivation: Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are both possible. While intrinsic
motivation derives from within and is based on one's own values, beliefs, or
interests, extrinsic motivation is derived from external rewards like money,
accolades, or recognition.
1.3 Depending on the participants, visualization in mental ability can serve a variety of
purposes. All ages and socioeconomic groups can benefit from using visualization
techniques to boost their cognitive abilities, memory, creativity, and problem-solving
abilities. By mentally practicing techniques and influencing the athlete's mindset,
visualization can help athletes perform better and achieve their physical goals. An
athlete can boost confidence and lessen anxiety by picturing success.
1.4 The uses of mental imagery in social visualization environments for competitors,
officials, and audience members are typically similar to those described in my
previous survey analysis, according to general research findings. Performance,
decision-making, and overall enjoyment of the experience can all be enhanced by
using mental imagery. All parties involved may experience less stress and anxiety as
a result. It is significant to remember that the precise uses of mental imagery can
change based on the situation as well as the needs and objectives of the individual.
2. Coaches consider the following tactics to be best practices when it comes to using
mental images: A clear connection can be made between the visualization and the
desired result with the aid of precise and vivid mental images. It makes for a more
engaging and realistic experience for the person. routine practice Mental imagery
benefits from regular practice just like any other skill. To reap the full rewards,
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visualization exercises should be incorporated into the person's regular training
regimen.
2.1 First is "Mental imagery"; it is based on general insights on how visualization can be
combined with physical abilities. Technique and accuracy can be increased by
picturing yourself performing a particular physical skill. This entails visualizing the
movement's specifics, including timing, muscle tension, and body position. Watching
videos of yourself or other people performing the desired skill can also be helpful for
"Video analysis" because it can help you visualize the right technique and
comprehend the mechanics involved. The "Positive outcome visualization" is the final
step. Imagining a successful outcome or completing a physical task can help
increase motivation and boost confidence.
2.2 In response to several coaches, during a competition, they may employ strategies
like coaching athletes through visualizations of successful performances, aiding them
in visualizing themselves achieving their objectives and enticing them to concentrate
on the positive rather than potential challenges or negative thoughts. The athlete
must fully commit to the process, concentrate on achieving their objective, and use
all of their senses to conjure up a vivid mental image of themselves performing at
their peak if visualization interventions are to be effective.
2.3 National coaches describe the effects of mental visualization therapy in terms of
improving concentration and focus ever since it Is visualizing oneself performing a
particular skill or action in one's mind is known as mental visualization. This can aid
athletes in achieving a more intense level of focus and concentration, which is
essential for achieving peak performance. And more, increasing self-assurance and
lowering anxiety Through the use of mental imagery, athletes can boost their self-
esteem by picturing themselves mastering a particular skill or performance. This can

175
lessen nervousness and anxiety, which can impair performance. Finally, it enhances
athletic performance and skill acquisition because mental visualization enables
athletes to practice and perfect their technique in their minds.
2.4 In conclusion, using mental imagery can be very helpful in framing an athlete's
strategy prior to a competition. Athletes who use it can anticipate difficulties, sharpen
focus and concentration, grow in confidence, and perform better. Athletes can build a
clear mental picture of what they need to do and how they need to do it by mentally
practicing the task or performance they will be putting on. This can make them feel
more prepared and less anxious before the competition. To prepare for competition
and increase their chances of success, athletes can use mental imagery as a
valuable tool.
2.5 In summary, National coaches explain how mental imagery aids in correction and
comprehension prior to, during, and after the competition. Prior to that, get in good
physical and mental shape. Mental imagery during competition can aid athletes in
maintaining focus and making quick adjustments based on what they are visualizing.
Mental imagery can be used to evaluate an athlete's performance after a competition
and pinpoint their areas for development.
2.6 One of the visualization techniques, according to the national coaches, is the focus
on positive outcomes and feelings, where athletes imagine themselves performing at
their best. Other visualization techniques include guided memory. When national
coaches see they’re self-winning, it greatly influences me in a positive way and
motivates me.
2.7 National Coaches can give our athletes a more positive experience and create a
good environment by visualizing how to act in specific scenarios. Additionally,
visualization assists them in controlling their anxiety, nervousness, and self-doubt.

176
3. Simply put, national coaches stated that Family and financial problems are the ones
who hindered the goal of achieving their success and objectives. Hence, peace of
mind is difficult to achieve same with imagery intervention.
3.1 When attempting to achieve their objectives and put imagery interventions into
practice, coaches may run into several difficulties. Athletes' failure to succeed in
achieving a goal can also result from having a personal issue. Additionally, coaches
might not have access to the tools or technology required to carry out specific
imagery interventions.
3.2 Based on the general information on the problems or difficulties that using mental
imagery before, during, or after training may present. Before training, some people
might have trouble conjuring up vivid mental images or having trouble visualizing
abstract ideas. As a result, they may not be able to use mental imagery as effectively
during training. During training, people may encounter distractions or have trouble
focusing and maintaining their attention, which can make it difficult to produce and
maintain mental images. After training, people may find it difficult to recall the mental
images they produced or to successfully apply the skills they learned through mental
imagery to different situations.
3.3 Participants learn about the difficulties and risks that competitors or athletes may
experience when using mental imagery prior to, during, and after a competition. Prior
to a competition, they might also find it difficult to picture various outcomes and
scenarios based on the circumstances they might encounter during the competition.
Athletes may experience unforeseen obstacles or changes in the environment during
a competition, which could interfere with their mental image and make them lose
focus or experience anxiety. Athletes may find it difficult to accurately assess their
performance after a competition or they may focus too much on errors or missed
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opportunities. Additionally, they might have a hard time using mental imagery to
develop new competitive strategies and learn from past mistakes.
4. To wrap up all the responses of coaches, Athletes can practice visualization or
mental imagery by using the coaching techniques to summarize the entire response
of the coaches. Creating consistency and streamlining the process can be achieved
by establishing a mental imagery routine. A dedicated time and location for mental
training can be established by athletes. Also, when practicing visualization
techniques, athletes should be deliberate and focused, concentrating on specific
techniques or situations crucial to their sport. Finally, visualization of successful
outcomes and positive experiences can help an athlete feel more motivated and
confident.
4.1 To improve knowledge, communication, and decision-making in physical equipment
and facilities, visualization is a crucial tool. Athletes can plan and design physical
spaces and equipment by creating visual representations of those spaces and
equipment. These representations can give athletes insights into how various
components will fit together and interact. Determine and fix problems. They can test
various scenarios using simulations and models to see how potential changes might
affect the facility and its occupants. By giving accurate representations of actual
spaces and tools, visualizations can aid in training and education. They can be used
to instruct athletes on how to use particular equipment or safely maneuver around
the facility.
4.2 In summary, visualization helps organizations to understand and analyze their social
environment, competitors, officials, and audiences, enabling them to make informed
decisions and build a competitive edge.
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4.3 In conclusion, visualization can be used as a powerful tool to enhance emotions,
motivation, and confidence in individuals. By visualizing positive scenarios and
outcomes, individuals can experience positive emotions such as happiness, joy, and
contentment, which can ultimately lead to a more fulfilling life. Visualization can also
motivate individuals to achieve their goals and aspirations by providing clarity and
focus on what needs to be done. Additionally, visualization can improve an
individual's confidence by helping them develop a positive self-image and self-belief,
which can lead to increased self-esteem and resilience. Hence, incorporating
visualization into one's daily practice can be a useful way to enhance emotional well-
being, motivation, and confidence.
4.4 Overall, mental imagery is an effective technique that can be used by athletes to
improve their sports skills and increase their success in their respective sports.
4.5 The athletes' mental preparation for the competition and ability to picture themselves
performing with confidence and attention to the task at hand are two key components
of visualization, according to coaches, in a medal-winning scenario. They can
cultivate a positive attitude and raise their motivation to perform at their best by
visualizing themselves winning the medal. Athletes can use it to identify potential
obstacles during competition and develop strategies for getting past them.
4.6 The athletes' mental preparation for the competition and ability to picture themselves
performing with confidence and attention to the task at hand are two key components
of visualization, according to coaches, in a medal-winning scenario. They can
cultivate a positive attitude and raise their motivation to perform at their best by
visualizing themselves winning the medal. Athletes can use it to identify potential
obstacles during competition and develop strategies for getting past them.
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4.7 In conclusion, imagery is a crucial component of my coaching style. I coach use
visualization techniques to help my athletes perform better, gain more self-
confidence, maintain their focus and motivation, and participate fully in the coaching
process. Coaches generally think that athletes can succeed in judo sports.
4.8 All the respondents agree with the statement that practicing mental visualization will
help athletes to enhance their skills.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions gathered in this study, the researcher discovered
better understanding in exploring mental imagery targeted goals, strategies, and challenges
and the following are hereby recommended:
1. This topic required the implementation of some knowledge to aim and reach the goal
of mental imagery, such as Mental rehearsal: If you're preparing for a specific event
or activity, such as a speech or a performance, mentally rehearse the experience.
Imagine yourself performing well, feeling calm and confident, and getting
compliments.
1.1 The main advice for this subject is that athletes need visualization. By mentally
practicing the proper movements and positions, visualization can assist athletes
improve their technique. Athletes can improve their motions and have a better
understanding of their bodies by mentally practicing their moves.
1.2 Remember that while mental visualization can be a useful tool, it cannot take the
place of acting in the real world. Utilize these exercises to help you intellectually and
emotionally get ready for the opportunities and difficulties that lie ahead.
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1.3 Mental aptitude, also referred to as cognitive capacity, is crucial for many elements
of life, such as problem-solving, choice-making, and overall well-being. Here are
some suggestions for improving cognitive ability. Like how exercise is essential for
preserving physical health, brain training is essential for keeping cognitive function.
Learn new things: Increasing one's knowledge can improve cognitive function and
increase one's sense of accomplishment.
1.4 One piece of advice on the subject is that coaches should be compelled to measure
their athletes' levels of stress and anxiety. When you're feeling stressed or nervous,
you can employ mental imagery to create a mental oasis, a serene and tranquil
atmosphere. You can feel more at ease and less stressed by concentrating on this
scene.
2. Here are some tips for creating a mental imagery strategy: first, decide what your
goals are in terms of becoming the best coach and athlete you can be. Prior to
adopting mental images, it's crucial to establish your goals. What do you hope to
accomplish? What aspects of your life might mental imagery help? Be clear about
the goals you have in mind.
2.1 It is possible to improve physical abilities by using the potent instrument of
visualization. Here are a few ideas for enhancing physical performance through
visualizing. Choose a specific ability, such as a dancing move, a golf swing, or a
basketball free throw, that you wish to get better at. Concentrate on one ability at a
time.
2.2 One of the few suggestions is that coaches need to provide athletes with the right
training facility, setting, and equipment for this topic to move forward.
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2.3 The use of mental imagery is a powerful strategy that can boost an athlete's
performance, confidence, and goal-achieving abilities. It is advised that athletes
utilize mental visualization techniques during training sessions to strengthen their
proper form and develop muscle memory. You'll be able to create healthy routines
and enhance your performance.
2.4 Coaches should discuss mental imagery with their players so that they can improve
their performance, gain confidence, and accomplish their objectives. Mental imagery
can be a useful tool in your training and competition routine with some effort.
2.5 In this topic, one of the good suggestions is it should have been answered by the
athletes so we could collect some information about their perspective since they are
the one who is competing in the sports.
2.6 Since the selection of visualization techniques depends on the type of data and the
narrative that coaches intended to tell, using a graphing method is the ideal option.
Consider infographics, which are a type of visual information display that mixes text,
pictures, and graphics to create a story. They are helpful for conveying complicated
information in a clear and interesting manner.
2.7 The use of social proof in addition to visualization assists athletes with their
emotional experiences. Coaches tend to imitate athletes' actions due to
psychological phenomena. Use social proof in athletes' content by including
endorsements from social media, user reviews, and testimonials to give viewers a
sense of connection and belonging that will enhance their emotional experience.
3. This question does not have any suggestion since it already stated the main
problem/obstacle faced by the participants of the group of coaches in their respective
opinion.
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3.1 One method for obtaining an accurate response to this question is to track each
athlete's progress. Coaches, for example, may need to devise methods for
assessing success, such as asking athletes or customers to reflect on their
experiences or utilizing performance measures to track development.
3.2 Same response as question 3.1, but simply to look at the core problem rather than
the chronological ways such as before, during, and after because it has a
comparable answer.
3.3 Based on the responses of the participants, it is recommended that this area of the
issue have a depth question to acquire the correct results of each question.
4. To achieve effective mental imagery, it is suggested to take the therapists they could
experiment to find the best method for each athlete to achieve mental imagery
because it needs a combination of approaches and strategies. Coaches and
therapists can aid athletes in developing their mental imagery abilities and
maximizing the efficacy of imagery intervention by promoting practice, employing
illustrative language, and leveraging technology.
4.1 Also, it is highly advisable to consider of the background of one athlete and financial
problems.
4.2 It could be advisable to include a team-building image in this discussion given that
teams promote cohesion and a sense of purpose. Athletes can develop trust,
communication, and a sense of shared responsibility by imagining themselves
working together as a team to accomplish a common goal.
4.3 It is already sufficient for the research to proceed on this topic.
4.4 Need to include mental health to improve the skill in particular sports.
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4.5 “What mental techniques and approaches did you employ to get ready for your
medal-winning performance, and how did these techniques and approaches help you
succeed?” The purpose of asking this question to an athlete who has won a medal in
a significant tournament or event is to learn more about the athlete's mental
preparation and mindset prior to their good performance.
4.6 Perhaps rephrasing the question as "How do you incorporate mental imagery into
your training and competition preparation, and what specific images or scenarios do
you focus on to enhance your performance?" would be a nice idea. To learn more
about how mental imagery is utilized as a training and competition preparation tool,
you may ask an athlete or a coach this question.
4.7 It could also ask about the contribution to total mental imagery training.
4.8 Do not have any recommendations at all.
APPENDIXES
Copy For Informants:

The Open-Ended Questions: Please elaborate your answer in essay form.
Interview Guide Questions
Name: _______________________________________ Date:
____________________________
Contact number: _______________________________ Email Address:
____________________
Gender: _______________ Age: ______________________
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Sports Event: ________________ Coaching Certification / Level:
__________________________
International Competition Participation: ___________________ Awards and Recognitions:
______
Gender Division in Coaching Team: ______________________ Level of Education:
___________
Employment:
_____________________________________________________________________
Number of Years as Coach at National Level:
___________________________________________
The purpose of the study is to find out the answers to the following questions that the
researcher wants to investigate:
A. MENTAL IMAGERY IN TARGETED GOALS
1. What are the main goals and objectives that mental imagery strives to
accomplish?
1.1) What are the uses of visualization in improving specific abilities?
1.2) What are the uses of mental imagery in emotional visualization,
confidence, and motivation: intrinsic/ extrinsic?
1.3) What are the purposes of visualization in mental ability?
1.4) What are the uses of mental imagery in social visualization
environments, competitors, officials, and audiences?
B. STRATEGIES THROUGH IMAGERY
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2. What strategies are considered best practices when it comes to using
mental images?
2.1). What are some of the approaches you’ve used to effectively
integrate
visualization into physical skills?
2.2) Based on the sports location competition, what is the national
Coaches’ techniques for implementing the visualization
intervention?
2.3). In what ways does mental visualization intervention assist
National
athletes in performing at a high level?
2.4). How essential is mental imagery in framing athletes' plans before
the
competition?
2.5). How does mental imagery help with corrections and
understanding
before, during, and after the competition?
2.6). What are the visualization techniques that cause a big impact
on your
positive emotions and feelings while participating in sports?
2.7). How do you think visualization aids you in coaching athletes to
their
emotional experiences?
C. CHALLENGES IN USING MENTAL IMAGERY
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3). What obstacles do the coaches face in achieving their objectives and
implementing the imagery intervention?
3.1). What are the challenges the coaches have in attaining their
goals and putting the imagery intervention?
3.2). What were the issues or challenges you had when employing
mental imagery before, during, and after the training?
3.3). What were the challenges and obstacles you had when using
mental imagery before, during, and after the competition?
D. PRACTICING MENTAL IMAGERY
4). In sports, how do you train visualization or mental imagery? What sports and
aspects are you focusing on?
4.1) What is the use of visualization in physical facilities and
equipment?
4.2) What is the usage of visualization of social environment,
competitors,
officials, and audience?
4.3) What is the use of visualization in emotions, motivation, and
confidence?
4.4) What is the use of mental imagery in improving particularly
related sports
Skill?
4.5) What is the purpose of visualization in the medal-winning
scenario?
4.6) How often do you use mental imagery to prepare for a
competition?
187
4.7). How will you perceive the importance of mental imagery when
you
practice it?
4.8). Visualization of physical skills is practicing mental imagery
will help athletes to enhance skills?
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BIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT
The researcher is a full-time faculty of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She has
been teaching for almost 17 years including her 9 years of teaching in the elementary.
She obtained her Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering from the Central Colleges of
the Philippines but decided later on to take Post Baccalaureate in Teacher Education from
Polytechnic University of the Philippines where she also obtained her Master’s degree in
Mathematics Education and Doctor in Educational Management.
She has started as a part time faculty member of the College of Education teaching Basic
Math subjects and Professional Education Subjects. Formerly, she was designated as
Research Coordinator of Education Cluster and later became the Chief of CoEd Research
and Accreditation Center up to the present.
She has presented papers from multidisciplinary conferences in the Philippines, Pattaya
Thailand; Phuket, Thailand; and Guam, USA respectively.
202

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

EXPLORING MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS,

MARTIN ABRAHAM A. MEJIA, LPT.

Philippine Copyright 2023

This thesis, EXPLORING MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS, STRATEGIES,

JOHN PAUL DOMINGO, DEM

RHENE A. CAMARADOR, MPES LUALHATI A. DELA CRUZ, MPES

DR. MINNA L. COMUYOG

Date of Passing the Comprehensive Examinations: ________________________________

and non-material blessings.

paper all throughout.

in need of financial and moral support to finish my research and my studies.

TO ALL MY MPES PROFESSORS AND EXTERNAL COMMENTERS IN

and passion that they exhibited for the betterment of my research.

MENTAL IMAGERY: TARGETED GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND CHALLENGES OF

SELECTED NATIONAL COACHES IN THE PHILIPPINES” for the Degree, Master in

except where proper referencing and acknowledgment were made.

MARTIN ABRAHAM A. MEJIA

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

2 REVIEWS OF THE LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The Mental Imagery 18-25

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

It is well-settled that the essence of sports such as volleyball, basketball,

despite numerous pieces of training, particularly in behavioral, mental, emotional, and

psychological aspects of sports. The researcher for instance, as a practicing volleyball

themselves such as the unexpected lowering of motivation and sports performance.

Similarly, many of those Olympian competitors have been searching for a way to

obstacles (Peterson, 1993).

The researcher so far observed altercations, verbal confrontations, heated

competitions (Carpentier & Mageau, 2017).

predicament involving misconduct and lacks of self-confidence which is nonetheless,

normal world being preoccupied by global pandemic and restrictions.

According to Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Mental imagery (also known as

terms) is a type of quasi-perceptual experience that resembles perceptual experience but

2020). Therefore, according to a study under trends in cognitive sciences 'mental imagery'

refers to representations and the accompanying experience of sensory information without a

experience a version of the original stimulus or some novel combination of stimuli.

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, claimed that connecting images in our minds is

possible through memory and imagination. Hence, perceiving a scenario may be

achievement in the mind requires a cognitive preparation, which is a powerful imagination

performance. Imagery experiences are most understood as repetitions, copies, or

essential role (Abraham, 2019).

Wilson, 2005) as cited by (Abdin & Bell, 2010).

Mental visualization is an opportunity because coaches have been able to continually

continuous communication required for thought and action.

athlete’s motivation and better sports behavior and performance.

development of their physical preparation rather than cognitive, emotional, and

be valued especially in today’s current situation. The understanding of the patterns of

challenges and strategies of utilizing imagery to build self-confidence among national

regional athletic tournaments.

coach intervention program for sports competition.

The PETTLEP model of imagery, according to Holmes and Collins (2001),

provides a framework for the effective execution of imagery interventions. PETTLEP

is a paradigm that incorporates seven critical components to consider while

constructing an intervention. Holmes and Collins (2001, 2002) developed PETTLEP

guide practitioners' use of imagery.

imagery and imagery being performed in real-time), (Learning: imagery content

affective and emotional response to situation and necessity for inclusion of

expressive component to imagery), (Perspective: priorities internal, but external

used when appropriate and visual perspective adopted).

In relation to mental image, it is sometimes known as a mental picture, is an

proposed by Holmes and Collins (2001) to give a methodology for implementing

mind and visual initiatives effectively.

Mental Imagery in Different Frameworks