Over a dozen journalists resigned on December 1 from Hong Kong Cable Television Limited, a major

subscription-based TV station in Hong Kong, in protest after the media company fired 40 editorial staff in
what is perceived as a political crackdown. Those laid off include the head of the China desk and the
entire team of the award-winning News Lancet program. The broadcaster cited financial reasons for the
layoff, a claim the newsroom staff rebukes. The entire China desk, a total of 12 people, has since resigned
in protest, along with the heads of the international and finance desks and the newsroom's chief
assignment editor.
The layoffs were sudden and took immediate effect — those who were sacked were told to leave the
office on the same day. In shock, members of staff gathered outside the room of the news director
demanding an explanation. Among those laid off is Wong Lai-ping, former deputy news editor at the
China desk. On a radio interview aired on December 2, she rebuked the management's claim that the
decision was made out of financial difficulties, remarking that in August, the management fired the
then-executive director Fung Tak-hung and replaced him with four new managers. Wong said that the
new management often made editorial requests, such as live broadcasts of China's foreign minister's
regular press conference, or modifying headlines. According to Wong, the newsroom staff refused to
comply with such requests.
The Hong Kong Journalists Association commented on the layoffs, “Given the [New Lancet] team’s
coverage of the police and administration, it’s difficult not to see this as minimizing sensitive reporting in
the name of cost-cutting”.

1. Based on the text, the trigger of this resignation en masse is the belief that ….

a. the previous layoffs were politically motivated ✅

b. financial reasons affected the layoffs the most
c. the journalists could demand for higher salary
d. political crackdown barely prompted the layoffs
e. the management's disapproved of staffs' refusal of demands

2. “..., she rebuked the management's claim that the decision was made out of financial difficulties,
remarking that in August, the management fired the then-executive director Fung Tak-hung and replaced
him with four new managers.” (Paragraph 2).

Dealing with the issue discussed in the text, the statement above may lead the readers to the
assumption that …

a. The management’s claim should have been accepted by all parties.

b. The decision to fire Fung Tak-hung was taken with well-consideration.
c. The director Fung Tak-hung was not as competent as four new managers.
✅(
d. There was an illogical situation to claim financial difficulties as the reason for the layoffs.
harusnya director duls baru manager?)
e. The management tried to cover up their financial difficulties by cutting the number of
employees.

Different forms of energy sources have helped us in many ways from running our vehicles to cooking at
home or generating electricity. There are two types of energy sources – renewable and non-renewable
energy resources. The former is where the energy resources do not get depleted and they can be used
repeatedly whereas non-renewable energy resources cannot be used again and again.

We cannot even imagine a life without the existence of fossil fuels like crude oil; coal and natural gas.
But, usage of these energy resources creates a lot of problems. Global warming, increase in prices of
fossil fuels, and the threat of peak oil are major concerns around the globe but what steps are we talking
about to overcome all these issues? If we stop consuming fossil fuels, we can stop global warming and
save non-renewable energy resources for our future generations to deploy. But, at the same time we
need to seek an alternative to meet our requirements. We come across these topics on television,
internet, and magazines and there is a lot of debate going on with regards to these topics. Is it possible
for us to overcome this crisis? Only alternative energy solutions can help us as well as our environment
to some extent.

Industries that deal with alternative energy solutions like solar and wind power thrive hard to save our
environment. Even though modern technologies are being implemented to extract crude oil from places,
which were not reachable earlier, it is still not possible to meet the growing demand. The demand for
fossil fuels is increasing due to the rapid increase in population growth. Alternative energy solutions have
a lot of benefits when compared to non-renewable energy resources. Industries have started investing
their time and money in researching as well as setting up power plants.

Certain home users hesitate to go for alternative energy solutions as initial investment needs to be
made. However, once the equipment is installed, there will be no maintenance costs or other repetitive
costs. Apart from the set up cost, energy from the sun and the wind will always be free in any part of the
country and there is no need for being dependent upon other countries. On the other hand, the prices of
renewable energy resources keep increasing and certain countries have to be dependent upon major oil
producing countries. Home users who consume alternative energy resources can cut down on their
electricity bills.
Every system has its own pros and cons but the best and wise thing to do is weigh the options that are
available and choose the energy resource that offers long-term benefits. When it comes to alternative
energy solutions, setting up solar plants and building windmills is a huge and complicated process but
once they are set up, they offer endless benefits. In the case of fossil fuels, oil companies need to locate
the proven reserves, dig oil wells, extract oil, and convert into a more usable form so that it can reach
the end consumer.

3. The author’s bias regarding pollution is that ….

a. different forms of energy sources have helped prevent from happening

✅
b. industries making use of alternative energy contribute the best of it
c. energy from the sun and wind will produce the minimum level of it
d. it is non- renewable energy that merely offers solutions to overcome it
e. any natural source of energy cannot avoid from generating it

✅
4. In presenting the ideas, the author starts by ….
a. describing the types of energy sources
b. referring to non-renewable energy resources
c. showing evidence of the roles of energy sources
d. stating the needs for alternative energy solutions
e. arguing the possibility of using various forms of energy

5. The author’s attitude towards alternative energy may be best described as being ….

✅
a. Assertive ( confident secara pasti dengan tegas )
b. Optimistic
c. Negative
d. Pessimistic
e. Sympathetic

6. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely deals with ….

a. modern technologies used for energy solutions

✅
b. investment needs for equipment installation
c. introduction to current energy sources
d. alternative energy solutions
e. sun as an energy source

7. The ideas in the passage may best summarize that ….

a. the government must support attempts for new energy installation
b. solar and wind sources are examples of alternative energy solutions

✅
c. setting up solar plants and building windmills is a complicated process
d. alternative energy solutions can keep our environment clean and green
e. initial investment and maintenance costs alternative energy considerably
8. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that we cannot stop global warming and save
non-renewable energy resources for our future generations if ….

✅
a. the prices of renewable energy resources are decreasing
b. we keep using fossil-based energy at the present rate
c. alternative energy is out of industrial solutions
d. present life-styles shift from alternative energy
e. fewer modern technologies are employed

In today's economy, vocational jobs are becoming more and more important. This is why vocational
education programs are popular. Vocational education training provides career and technical education
to interested students. These students are prepared as trainees for jobs that are based upon manual or
practical fields or jobs that are related to specific trades, occupations, and vocations.

Instructors teach students the knowledge required for their field. Community colleges have long been
offering vocational education. These colleges around the country provide certificates in various
vocational fields. They also offer certain degree programs that focus on some popular occupations. The
vocational field expands each year to include new fields.

The training for vocational jobs requires less education than four-year degree programs. They are also
much less expensive. Instructors at this level of education use traditional methods of teaching. They use
lesson plans, teacher resources, worksheets, the other tools in this process. One difference from other
education programs is the on-the-job training component. Many students will have the opportunity to
work in their field while being educated. Some will be accepted into valuable apprenticeship programs.
Some of the jobs in vocational fields include construction workers, blacksmiths, and steel workers. Today,
there are other great choices for vocational jobs. These include retail, tourism, and cosmetology. Also,
there are some portions of the information technology field taught. This allows students to decide from
a variety of career choices.

The retail field is one of those growing career opportunities. Workers can start as trainees and then
reach a management position. Most retail companies have their own training programs for specific jobs.
These make retail even more welcoming to new employees. Tourism is also a great field to consider in
the vocational field. This area includes planning trips to being a tour guide.

9. What is the topic of the passage?

 a. jobs based upon manual or practical fields
b. increased opportunities for a vocational career
c. vocational education for vocational jobs
d. variety of choices of vocational jobs
e. training programs for vocational jobs

10. The word "manual" in paragraph 1 means ....

a. Hand-operated
b. Customary
c. Doable
d. Habitual
e. Concrete

11. The following statements are true based on the passage, except ....

a. tourism is a potential field in vocational education

b. every year new areas of vocational education are developed
c. on-the-job training is a typical component of vocational education programs
d. retail companies open new opportunities for vocational jobs
e. nowadays young people prefer practical jobs

Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently
elevated. Hypertension is also sometimes called high blood pressure. High blood pressure usually does
not cause symptoms. Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for many illnesses.
These include coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease,
vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.

High blood pressure is categorized into two major types. They are primary high blood pressure and
secondary high blood pressure. According to statistics, about 90-95% of cases are primary hypertension.
This type is defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle
factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol
use. The remaining 5- 10% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure. This type of
hypertension is defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney
disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.

Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements namely the systolic and diastolic pressures. They are
the maximum and minimum pressures respectively. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is
within the range of 100-130 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood
pressure is present when the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/90 or 140/90 mmHg.
Different numbers apply to children. High arterial blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the
population globally.
Lifestyle changes and medications caoeased salt intake, physical exercise, and a healthy diet. If lifestyle
changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used. Up to three medications can
control blood pressure in 90% of people. The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure with
medications is associated with an improved life expectancy.

12. What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?

a. The type of hypertension

b. The definition of hypertension
c. The treatment of the hypertension

✅
d. The measurement of hypertension
e. The variations of hypertensions medication

13. What is the author's attitude toward the topic of the passage?

a. Objective✅
b. Cautious
c. Empathy
d. Persuasive
e. Supportive

14. Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?

a. Hypertension is concerned with classification and measurement. These two should be related
one to the other.
b. Measurement of blood pressure should be regularly done as a way out to avoid hypertension. As
a result, many people can have a longer life.
c. Hypertension known as high blood pressure is one of the diseases that threaten the world. Thus,
the diseases due to hypertension have increased.
d. High blood pressure causes symptoms leading to other diseases. Due to high demand for
treatments, people use medication to lower their blood pressure.

✅
e. Hypertension is caused by unhealthy lifestyle and genetic factors. People with high blood
pressure need to change their lifestyle and seek medical treatment.

15. Based on the passage, ….

a. the heavier you are, the higher your risk of taking medications

✅
b. the less salt you consume, the lower the chance of low systolic
c. the higher your blood pressure, the higher your risk of heart disease
d. the more you focus on hypertension, the more you need to seek for help
e. the more birth control pills you take, the higher the chance of low diastolic
16. "This can’t be the way to Edinburgh." What does the sentence mean?

a. The speaker was told that it wasn’t the way to Edinburgh.

b. The speaker probably knows the other way to Edinburgh.

✅
c. The speaker doesn’t know the way to Edinburgh.
d. The speaker thinks that it isn’t the way to Edinburgh.
e. The speaker claims that it isn’t the way to Edinburgh.

Spider-Man isn’t the only person with an interest in spider silk. While Spider-Man uses the threads to
zigzag from building to building, or to snare a bad guy, scientists are investigating silk for different
reasons. Though researchers have learned a lot about silk by investigating spiders, insects such as
caterpillars, ants and bees also have been studied for the sticky stuff. Scientists are even trying to get silk
from animals such as goats.

It turns out silk might be good for weaving a lot more than shirts and ties. In the future, the silky fiber
might be used to make super tough bulletproof vests and light but strong parachute cords. Silk also
might work well for delicate tasks inside the body. Researchers are experimenting with using silk to
support growing cells, the same way a construction crew builds scaffolding around a building to help
keep everything in its place during construction.

Spider silk is an ideal material, according to a researcher from University of Wyoming, but humans have
been gathering silk not from spiders but from silkworms for hundreds of years. But silkworm silk has its
problems. A silkworm covers its silk in sticky glue that @holds the cocoon together. Sometimes humans
have a bad allergic reaction to this glue.
Spiders, on the other hand, don’t use sticky glue. Most spiders have an abdomen made up of five
different sections. The last two sections are where the silk-making happens. These sections of the lower
belly are modified into special structures called spinnerets, which are sort of like faucets for silk. The silk
is mixed in glands and then secreted out of the spinnerets. Spiders can’t shoot silk out for long distances
the way Spider-Man does. Instead, they attach the emerging silk to something, like a tree branch, and
then move away from the branch. This pulls the silk outward.

The main ingredient in spider silk is proteins, and there are many different kinds, depending on which
spider is spinning and which silk it wants to make. Some of the proteins are very large and complicated,
and therefore hard to make a lot of in the lab. So some scientists have put the genes that have the
instructions for making silk into other creatures, such as goats. The silk-making genes are turned on only
in the goat cells that make milk, so when these goats are milked, there is silk in the milk. However, a liter
of milk may have only 15 grams of silk, which means it would take about 600 gallons of milk to make one
bulletproof vest. At higher concentrations the milk starts clumping, perhaps because the silk proteins are
sticking to milk proteins.

17. An appropriate title for the text is _______.

 a. The Chemical Characteristic of silk
b. Silk Making : fromWorms to Spiders
c. Artificial Spider Silk Production

✅💮
d. The Long History of Silk
e. Silk’s Superpower

18. Which field might use silk in the future?

a. Health and automotive

b. Agriculture and military
c. Biochemistry and construction
d. Military and medicine
e. Mining and hospitality

19. Why did the writer mention building construction?

a. To illustrate how strong and elastic silk is

b. To describe how researchers extract silk out of spiders

✅
c. To explain about the process of silk making
d. To illustrate how growing cells can be held up by silk
e. To compare between silk from silkworms and silk from spiders

20. The word clumping in paragraph 5 is best replaced by _______.

a. ✅
Clotting
b. Cluttering
c. Spreading
d. Dispersing
e. Collecting

21. Which of the following statements about the text is FALSE?

✅
a. The use of silk in health is still empirical.
b. Silk making genes ( not making genes ) can be planted into animals other than goats.
c. Humans have long been collecting spider silk for various purposes.
d. Secreting silk from specially-engineered milk is effective but not efficient.
e. In the future, we will possibly use silk made by bees or ants.

Education is often viewed as school in a traditional, formal sense. Many people believe that true learning
can only take place in a formal classroom setting. Others feel education occurs in many different forms
and environments. They may not be a definitive answer to the question of, “What is education?”
However, we can start thinking about the purpose of education. Is it to educate youth to be responsible
citizens? Is it to develop individuals, as well as society, in order to ensure a society's economic success?
Or is it to simply focus on developing individual talents and intelligence? Perhaps it is the balance of all
three that defines education? While our answers may differ, we can perhaps agree that education is a
basic human right. When that right is granted growth and development, the society as a whole is more
likely to improve in areas such as health, nutrition, general income and living standards and population
fertility rates.

In 1990, UNESCO launched EFA, the movement to provide quality education for all children, youth, and
adults by the year of 2015. The unfortunate reality is that for many countries, larger issues come before
improving the quality of education. How can we achieve the goals of EFA when the numerous countries
around the world are faced with challenges that seem far too impossible to overcome? The answer lies
in attempting to bridge some of the gaps that prevent developing nations from competing with
developed nations. One example is that of providing greater access to technology and narrowing the
ever-widening digital divide. In many ways, the most basic access to technology can serve as a valuable
educational tool. Individuals who are not afforded this access are at a disadvantage when trying to grasp
opportunities to make life better for themselves, their families, and their community.

New England Journal of Medicine

22. The author’s main concern in the first paragraph of the passage is ....

a. There is no exact definition about education.

b. Education is a fundamental individual’s right
c. Everyone has the right to get quality education
d. Education occurs in any place not just schools ✅
e. Development can be gained through education
22. If the author is right concerning the role of education, the following might be predicted to
take place, EXCEPT ....
a. Longer life expectancy
b. Bigger birth rate ✅
c. Improved welfare
d. Better quality living
e. More jobs opportunities
23. The situation the author shows in the passage above is best described as follows ....x

a. Quality education fundamentally ensures quality living in all sectors

b. Education is essentially everyone’s right yet it still has its challenges
c. There are problems in education in spite of it significant role
 d. As long as nations compete, educations cannot progress
e. Absence of an exact definition causes problems in education

For three days Inspector Robinson had been completely in the dark. A man had been found unconscious
in the car park of the Swan hotel. He had been robbed and his car had been stolen. The police had no
idea of his identity until at last the man was able to tell them who he was and what had happened. He
was also able to give them a description of the man, which the police sent to all the newspapers.

The next day Inspector Robinson got a message to say that the man had been seen in a small seaside
town. Inspector Robinson immediately went there. When he reached the police station, the inspector in
charge had a second message for him. The owner of a small restaurant on the seafront had just
telephoned. According to him, a person like he wanted was having dinner in his restaurant.

The police immediately rushed round to the restaurant. Two policemen stayed outside the front
entrance while Inspector Robinson and another man entered through the kitchen. Very excited, the
owner of the restaurant showed Inspector Robinson the man he had been watching. He was sitting at a
corner table reading a newspaper. Without doubt, it was the right man.

Inspector Robinson did not want to disturb the other people in the restaurant. He let the man finish his
meal. Then, as he left the restaurant Inspector Robinson followed him into the street and arrested him.

24. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

a. The police knew immediately who was the unconscious man was
b. The robbery did not take place in one of the hotel rooms
c. It was the police who gave the first description of the robber
✅
d. The victim of the robbery lost only his car
e. Inspector robinson found an unconscious man at the swan hotel

25. “For three days Inspector Robinson had been completely in the dark”. The underlined words mean:
Inspector Robinson…

a. Arrived at the Swan Hotel when it was already dark.

b. Did not have any information at all about the criminal.✅
c. Stayed at the Swan Hotel until it got dark.
 d. Wanted to stay all by himself thinking about the robbery.
e. Stood in the dark unnoticed by the hotel owner.

26. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the text?
a. It was Inspector Robinson who arrested the criminal.
b. The criminal was caught when he was eating in a restaurant. ✅
c. The police saw the robber reading a newspaper in the restaurant.
d. The robber was arrested without disturbing the other guests of the restaurant.
e. Four policemen were in charge of arresting the robber.

27. Inspector Robinsons was able to find the robber after he was personally informed by…

a. A newspaper man
b. The restaurant owner
c. A local citizen
d. The police of a small seaside town ✅
e. A guest at the restaurant.

Diponegoro War (1825 to 1830) was one of the greatest battles ever experienced by the Dutch. The war
was led by efforts to control the economy as well as the kingdoms. At that time the Dutch government
was in economic trouble. The Dutch maximized profits by imposing various taxes, a monopoly business
and trade. To further strengthen the power and economy, the Dutch tried to control the kingdoms.
Prince Diponegoro, the eldest son of the royal family of Yogyakarta, was already fed up with the behavior
of the Dutch who did not respect the local customs and exploited the people with taxation.

The immediate cause of Diponegoro’s rebellion was the Dutch’s decision to build a road across a piece of
his property that contained a sacred tomb. At first, the Dutch planned the construction of the road from
Yogyakarta to Magelang. Then the Dutch changed his plans and rerouted it past Tegalrejo. Apparently in
one sector, it was across the graves of the ancestors of Prince Diponegoro. This made Prince Diponegoro
offended and decided to take up arms against the Dutch. He then ordered his men to pull out stakes
through the tomb.

Diponegoro’s forces made use of their local knowledge to achieve early victories. Villagers were ordered
to cut down trees to block roads as well as burn down the wooden bridges and dig up road surfaces.
Often roads were covered with sharpened bamboo stakes. Javanese military planning was also very
sophisticated. Diponegoro used ferry boats to supply his forces. His contacts in the underworld also
meant that he was helped by bandit communities who controlled the key river crossing points. The
Javanese forces were also able to use modern weapons. They had firearms and used cannons they had
taken from the Dutch. Crucially, they were able to fight the war on their terms. They fought against the
Dutch in a guerrilla war strategy which allowed them to fight the war they way they wanted.

The Dutch appointed a skilled and adaptable commander, De Kock. One of his strategies was benteng
strategy. He successfully isolated Diponegoro’s forces and deprived him of the local support he needed
to keep fighting. The Dutch were also very clever in offering amnesties and rewards to those of
Diponegoro’s supporters who surrendered to them. This encouraged many to stop fighting for
Diponegoro. Interestingly, the Dutch also offered a large reward for Diponegoro either dead or alive.
However, the personal loyalty felt towards Diponegoro and no-one betrayed him.

By 1830, after months in hiding, and on the run, Diponegoro agreed to peace talks with the Dutch.
However, after some negotiations he was arrested and soon exiled out of Java. The Dutch administration
made sure that he was never allowed to return to Java. He died in exile at Makassar.

28. What motive was the Dutch’s change of plans and reroute of the road through Tegalrejo?

a. They got angry with people of Tegalrejo for sabotaging public facilities
b. They started to control people of Tegalrejo which consisted of bandit
c. They tried to impose various taxes, monopoly business and trade there
d. They triggered a rebellion to get reasons to arrest Prince Diponegoro
e. They found it out the shortest cut to Magelang from Yogyakarta

29. To win the war, Prince Diponegoro should have ….

a. trained the troops to use both traditional and modern weapons

b. avoided combats and learnt a cooperative strategy
c. kept on guerrilla war and never come to any negotiation ✅
d. attacked the Dutch troops face to face and run away
e. terrorized and avoided combats against the Dutch

By 2050, there will be another two to three billion people on Earth, and the planet’s population will
consume twice as much food as now. For 50 years farmland has grown at the cost of natural habitat and
biodiversity, and already more than two-thirds of agricultural land is either in use or protected.

As a result, we need to develop the technology to double the output of the 10 – 15 main calorie crops,
particularly if we are to alleviate the burden on developing countries of feeding a rapidly growing
population, argues Jason Clay of the WWF in the journal Nature. He makes some strategic
suggestions—described as “food wedges” for Africa, the continent that faces the greatest challenge of
increasing food production. Clay believes the responsible use of genetics is one of the keys. He suggests
that mapping the genomes of staple food crops such as yams, plantains and cassava, and selecting
genetic traits, can both increase production and improve drought tolerance, disease resistance, and
nutrient content.

Improving agricultural inputs and practice is also essential, he argues. It currently takes one liter of water
to produce one calorie of food. Even if we halved water use and doubled production, food deficiency
would still increase fourfold. Technologies already exist to achieve this, but in Africa, they have often not
been taken up. Mulching, for example, can help rebuild soil fertility and reduce water usage, and is
suitable for use even in household gardens, without need for high-tech tools.

20. What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?

a. To classify the type of technology used for soil fertility

b. To inform the danger of population explosion in the future
c. To argue for the value of increased food production prospects

✅
d. To explain the need for cassava as the main crop in the future
e. To persuade for the development of right technology for agriculture

31. Paragraphs 1 and 2 are related in that paragraphs 1 ....

a. discusses population impact, paragraph 2 offers technological solutions ✅

b. sets the challenging situation, paragraph 2 is on the need of technology
c. explains population growth, paragraph 2 develops areas of agriculture
d. exposes the impact of agriculture, paragraph 2 restores the damage
e. outline the population growth, paragraph 2 says its consequences

32. The underlined “they” in paragraph 3 refers to....

a. Technologies ✅
b. food deficiency
c. agricultural inputs
d. double production
e. household gardens

33. All of the following attempts are potential to increase food production in the future, except ....

a. sequencing the right genomes of staple crops

b. conducting careful, attentive selection of main crops

✅
c. maximizing the use of technology to the crop output
d. compost making with chemical fertilizers combination
e. cultivating the likely genetic traits of main crop elements
34. The author views that food product producers in the future should ....

a. consider the environmental aspect

b. focus on the availability of water supply
c. always be based on new staple crops

✅
d. relieve a burden for developing countries
e. incorporate technology to maximize output

Forget lions, tigers, and bears. When it comes to the art of war, army ants are among the most
frightening creatures on earth. With powerful mouth parts, these fighters can skillfully cut creatures
much larger than themselves into pieces. Acting together in great numbers, army ant colonies succeed at
making tens of thousands of such kills each day. Their capabilities do have limits, though. Contrary to
popular belief, they almost never take down large animals or people.

One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake created by Panama
Canal. The island is home to as many as 50 colonies of Eciton burchellii, the most studied army ant in the
world. It is one of 150 types of army ants in the New World; more than 170 other types live in Asia,
Africa, and Australia.

The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300.000 to 700.000 ants. They never stay in one
place long, moving from nest site to nest site. Linking legs together, they use their own bodies to form
enormous nests called bivouacs, which they hang beneath a fallen tree. There they stay for about 20
days as the queen lays as many as 300.00 eggs.

When the ants go hunting as many as 200.000 of them leave the nest in a group that broadens into a fan
as wide as 14 meters. This swarm raid takes a slightly different course each day, allowing the hunter to
cover fresh ground each time.

Protecting the ants wherever they go are soldiers, recognizable by their oversized jaws. If their
frightening looks do not scare enemies away, soldier also have a powerful bite and the attack is often
suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped like fishhooks, the soldiers cannot pull them out again.
Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds, breaking off the bodies and leaving the head
in place.

Eciton burchellii are blind and cannot see what is ahead of them, but they move together in such great
numbers that they can easily kill the non-army ants, insects and other small creatures that constitute
their prey. When the groups happen upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and
form living bridges so that the groups can move forwards without any delay.

In Japanese the word ant is written by linking two characters: one meaning “insect”, the other meaning
“loyalty”. Indeed, individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of
selfless cooperation that, while certainly extreme, cannot fail to win human admiration.

35. How is the information in the last paragraph organized?

a. A statement is followed by examples and explanations.
b. A statement is followed by research findings.
c. A statement is followed by explanations organized from general to specifics.
d. A statement is followed by supporting ideas organized in cause and effect.
e. A statement is followed by definition and explanation.
36. Which of the following statements about soldier ants is NOT true?
a. People can use them to close wounds.
b. They can see nothing ahead of them.
c. They have powerful bites.
d. They lay many eggs.
e. They link their legs together to form a living bridge.
37. The author’s purpose of writing the text is to ….
a. inform the readers about how army ants set up their life
b. demonstrate the strength of army ants compared to lions, tigers, and bears
c. analyze how soldier ants protect their colonies
d. make the readers aware of the use of army ants
e. refute a common misconception about army ants
38. In which paragraphs of the text author mention the sight of army ants?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
39. The phrase “happen upon” (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to ….
a. Stir
b. Find
c. Avoid
d. Need
e. Occur
40. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the author tells us to ignore lions, tigers, and bears because
....
a. the text is not about those animals
b. they are much more dangerous than ants
c. army ants, in their own way, can be more fearsome than those animals
d. there are more ants than those animals
e. army ants are more powerful than those animal
The Levis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official
examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President's secretary,
captain Meriwether Lewis, had line been instructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal
streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean'' may offer her
most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce.
Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to share the
command of the exploring party.

Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that
somewhere in its wilderness was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set
out. The date was 14, 1804.Their point of departure was the mount of the Wood River, just across the
Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group
wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in
the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the
mountains of western Montana & Idaho.

Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific
Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring. Levis and Clark brought back much new
information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More
specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended
speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their
reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West-though
not immediately published- were made available to scientists.
41. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

a. The river systems of portions of North America

b. Certain geological features to the North American continent
c. An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.
d. The discovery of natural resources in the United States.
e. The most important exploration by Lewis & Clark

42. According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was
to….

a. Gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest
b. Become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West
c. Investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West
d. Facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent.
e. Explore the natural resource in the West

43. The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the

a. Wood
b. Missouri
c. Columbia
d. Mississippi
e. Mandan

44. According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become

a. North Dakota
b. Missouri
c. Montana
d. Idaho
e. Mandan
45. The author states that Levis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored
territories EXCEPT

a. Mineral deposits
b. The weather
c. Animal life
d. Native vegetable
e. Native People

46. The phrase "picking up" in line 17 could best be replaced by which of the following?

a. Searching for
b. Following
c. Learning about
d. Lifting
e. Gain interest

47. It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Levis and Clark expedition the size of the
continent had been

a. Of little interest
b. Underestimated
c. Known to native inhabitants of the West
d. Unpublished but known to most scientists
e. All of them are wrong

(1) The factor that determines whether ozone is good or bad is its location. (2) Ozone is "good" when it is
in the stratosphere. (3) The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere starting at the level of about 6
miles (about 10 kilometers) above sea level. (4) The stratosphere naturally contains about six parts per
million of ozone. (5) This ozone is very beneficial because it absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from
reaching us. (6) When it is at ground level, in contrast, ozone is "bad". (7) Ozone is a very reactive gas
that is hard on lung tissue. (8) It also damages plants and buildings. (9) Any ozone at ground level is a
problem. (10) Unfortunately, chemicals in car exhaust and chemicals produced by some industries react
with light to produce lots of ozone at ground level. (11) In cities, the ozone level can rise to a point where
it becomes hazardous to our health. (12) That’s when you hear about an ozone warning on the news.
(13) To protect yourself from ozone exposure, you should be aware of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in your
area every day.

48.Which of the following sentences is irrelevant?

a. Sentence 5.
b. Sentence 7.
c. Sentence 8.
d. Sentence 12.
e. Sentence 13.

49. The paragraph should end with ...

a. These facts show that ozone can be found in different layers of atmosphere.
b. Thus, the position of the ozone decides if it is considered advantageous or disadvantageous to
humans.
c. Since ozone is dangerous, many pharmaceutical companies manufacture a variety of health
products.
d. In conclusion, the composition of ozone can either be beneficial or dangerous to our health
e. It is clear that chemicals produced by human worsen the condition of ozone in the atmosphere

Recent investigations into how children acquire knowledge about the outside world have produced
agreement on one point. Children are not the blank slates imagined by philosophers since Descartes
According to leading cognitive scientists, it appears that children possess some form of innate
understanding about the physical world and its concepts, such as force, heat, matter, and weight. But
while scientists agree that there is some sort of initial framework present in the minds of children
through which observations about the outside world are filtered and then interpreted, there is
considerable disagreement over how to characterize and describe these structures.

Some research suggests that children's innate knowledge consists of a number of abstract
phenomenological principles. These principles provide abstractions of common events which a child can
use to draw conclusions about the outside world. For example, a child might possess an inherent
understanding of the force of gravity, which is represented in the child's mind by a basic principle: if
something is not supported, it falls. From this simple principle, the child can then make a number of
suppositions about how gravity works on objects in the world around him.

Other researchers believe that a child's mind comes equipped with a number of basic theories about
common physical domains. These theories restrict both the type and number of viable inferences a child
makes about the world, although these initial theories may then be amended by culturally acquired
knowledge. Experiments have shown that when asked about the shape of the earth, very young children
visualize it as a flat surface, usually a square or disc, resting on some form of support, with the
inhabitants living on "top" of the surface. Such a perspective would be consistent with a child's basic
experiences of the world. However, older children accurately describe the earth as a sphere floating in
space, a picture that contradicts our intuitions about objects but is in accordance with the culturally and
scientifically accepted views of the earth. Tellingly, none of the children in the experiment pictured the
earth as a pyramid, a point, or any of a number of other possible geometric forms.

50. The author's primary purpose is to …

a. describe a new theory of cognitive development in children
b. present evidence that proves a recent theory correct
c. resolve a contradiction between the competing theories
d. advocate for further research into important scientific field
e. detail two possible ways to define certain theorized traits

51. Which of the following is most similar to the "suppositions" a child might make about the world
around him as detailed in the passage?

a. Because a child knows that an object that is not supported will fall, he infers that a certain stool
will not be strong enough to hold his weight.
b. Because the child knows that she can walk on the floor, she deduces that she will not be able to
walk on the ground.
c. Because a child knows that some objects are heavier than others, he concludes that he will be
able to lift a small stone but not a large rock.
d. Because a child knows that a thrown object will fall back to earth, she realizes that she will break
a window if she throws a baseball.
e. Because a child knows that a hot object is dangerous to touch, he figures out that raw food can
be cooked on a stove.

52. The passage suggests that the "basic theories" possessed by children …

a. are not necessarily immutable

b. are eventually abandoned
c. are soon replaced by cultural lessons
d. are restricted to a few domains
e. are learned responses to the world

53. The author of the passage mentions a pyramid, a point, a line, or any of a number of other possible
geometric forms" most likely in order to ...

a. supports an earlier assertion about the nature of certain mental models.

b. describe several other possible ways to indicate how children who lacked an inherent theory
about the world would respond.
c. Indicate how children who lacked an inherent theory about the world would respond.
d. question the validity of the experiment used by researchers
e. suggest an area of further research into the way children perceive the earth