ĐỘC LẠ VOCAB

1301 - 1325
Acclivity /əˈklɪv.ə.ti/ - an upward slope; the fact of sloping
upward:
(n)
Dốc ngược, dốc đi lên. ➔ The village was in a vale between two gentle
acclivities.
➔ I left the wooded valley and proceeded to
mount the steep acclivity of Wildfell.

Deponent UK: /dɪˈpəʊnənt/ - (linguistics) (adj) (of a verb, especially in

Latin or Greek) passive or middle in form
(adj/n) US: /dɪˈpoʊnənt/
but active in meaning.
- (n) a deponent verb.
(Ngôn ngữ học) trung
- (law) (n) someone who states in writing or
gian.
by speaking as a witness in a court of law
that something is true:
Động từ trung gian.
➔ The court may order the deponent to attend
for cross-examination.
Người làm chứng.
➔ In some cases it is because the deponents
have not stated what their means of
knowledge are.
Similar: witness, affiant, attestant, attester, attestor,
deposer, testifier.

Contumacy UK: /ˈkɒn.tjʊ.mə.si/ - (law) the act of refusing to obey or respect

the law in a way that shows contempt:
(n) US: /ˌkənˈtuː.mə.si/
➔ He was found guilty of contumacy.
➔ Failure to respond to the summons was
Sự khiếm diện, sự không
regarded as an act of contumacy.
tuân theo luật một cách
Similar: defiance, contempt, disobedience,
có chủ ý.
insubordination, rebelliousness, recalcitrance,
recalcitrancy, refractoriness.

Distension /dɪˈsten.ʃən/ - (medical) the act of swelling and becoming

large by pressure from inside, or the result
(n)
of this:
Sự căng phồng.
➔ Gaseous distension of the bowel causes
considerable discomfort to the patient.
➔ Lactose intolerance causes abdominal
distension, colic, and diarrhea.
Expeditious /ˌek.spəˈdɪʃ.əs/ - done with speed and efficiency:
➔ The bank was expeditious in replying to my
(adj)
Giản tiện. letter.
➔ It is a simple and expeditious way of
requiring the applicant to establish his bona
fides.
Similar: efficient, hasty, punctual, rapid, swift, active,
breakneck, brisk, effective, effectual, fast, fleet,
instant, nimble, prompt, quick, ready.
Opposite: delayed, lazy, slow, pokey.

Darkling /ˈdɑrklɪŋ/ - (literary) growing dark or characterized by

darkness; occurring in the dark or night:
(adj)
➔ A darkling journey.
Tối mò, tối tăm.
➔ The three peaks loomed before them,
darkling in the twilight. (The Fellowship of
the Ring)
- uncannily or threateningly dark or obscure:
Bí ẩn, kín đáo.
➔ A darkling glance.
➔ Secret operatives and darkling conspiracies.
(Archibald MacLeish)

Defunct /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ - no longer existing, living, or working

correctly:
(adj)
➔ Members of a now defunct communist
Chết, đã giải tán, bị hư
organization.
hỏng.
➔ (Humorous) I think this TV is defunct!
Similar: disused, no longer in use, unused,
inoperative, nonfunctioning, unusable, obsolete, no
longer in existence, discontinued, extinct, fossilized.
Opposite: working, extant.
Cornice /ˈkɔːr.nɪs/ - a decorative border found where the
ceiling meets the walls in some rooms and
(n)
also along the top of some walls and
Đường viền trang trí.
buildings:
➔ A gray bird flew above them, above the
electric wires for the streetcar line, and
perched on the metal cornice of a roof. (Go
Tell It on the Mountain)
➔ The figures on the cornice symbolize the
mathematical sciences, with Urania, the
muse of astronomy, in the center. (The
Invention of Science)

Hussar /həˈzɑr/ - (in the 15th century) a Hungarian light

horseman; a soldier in a light cavalry
(n)
regiment that had adopted a dress uniform
Khinh kỵ binh.
modeled on that of the Hungarian hussars:
➔ “Winged Hussars” is my favorite Sabaton
song.
➔ Hussar regiments still exist today and horses
are sometimes used for ceremonial
purposes.
Codicil UK: /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.sɪl/ - (law) an instruction that is added to a will
(= a document stating what should be done
(n) US: /ˈkɑː.də.sɪl/
with a person's possessions after his or her
death):
Khoản bổ sung vào di
➔ If she adds a codicil and leaves some of her
chúc.
assets to our children, will the inheritance
tax liability be reduced?
➔ If a man has written a codicil and not signed
it, how are we to presume what his motives
were?
Similar: addendum, addition, appendix, postscript,
rider, supplement.

Deign /deɪn/ - to agree to do something although you

consider yourself too important to have to
(v)
do it:
Chiếu cố đến, đoái đến.
➔ If she deigns to reply to my letter, I'll be
extremely surprised.
➔ Mr. Clinton did not deign to reply.
Similar: condescend, consent, patronize, stoop,
vouchsafe, deem worthy, see fit, think fit.
Opposite: oppose, refuse, rise above, be proud, hold
head high.

Debauch /dɪˈbɔːtʃ/ - to destroy or damage something so that it

is no longer considered good or moral:
(v)
➔ Lenin said that the best way to destroy the
Làm hư, làm sa đọa.
capitalist system was to debauch the
currency.
➔ But a conspiracy to debauch public
morals—where would that begin and where,
indeed, would it end?
Similar: abuse, bastardize, bestialize, betray, lure,
brutalize, debase, defile, deflower, demoralize,
fornicate, fraternize, intrigue, inveigle, pervert,
pollute, ravish, ruin, seduce, subvert, tempt, violate,
vitiate, warp, go bad.
Opposite: be loyal, clean, defend, disenchant,
disgust, help, honor, obey, praise, protect, purify,
repulse, straighten, value, cleanse, improve,
upgrade.
Bier UK: /bɪər/ - a frame on which a dead body or a coffin is
carried before a funeral:
(n) US: /bɪr/
➔ The chief mourner walks ahead of the bier,
taking fire in a porcelain pot.
Cái dá để hòm.
➔ It contains benefaction boards, a bier, font,
bell and memorials on the walls.

Chattel /ˈtʃæt.əl/ - (old-fashioned/formal) a personal

possession:
(n)
➔ He treated his wife as little more than a
Vật sở hữu.
chattel.
➔ Goods and chattels.
Similar: belongings, capital, effects, gear, goods,
slave, wares, property.
Gourd UK: /ɡʊəd/, /ɡɔːd/ - a large fruit that has a hard shell and
cannot be eaten, or the shell of this fruit
(n) US: /ɡɔːrd/
used as a container:
➔ In the past they used balsas-vessels made of
Quả bầu, bầu đựng
gourds that the salineros themselves
nước.
planted-before clay pots were used.
➔ Product substitutions, including gourds,
wooden bowls, and baskets, might have
filled gaps.
- a climbing or trailing plant which bears
Cây bầu.
gourds.
Bleak /bliːk/ - if a place is bleak, it is empty, and not
welcoming or attractive:
(adj)
➔ The house stands on a bleak, windswept
Trống trãi, hoang vắng.
hilltop.
➔ The hallways are clean, without graffiti, and
violence-free, contrasting with the bleak and
violence-ridden surrounding urban
environment.
Similar: austere, chilly, cold, desolate, dreary, grim,
bare, blank, blighted, bombed, bulldozed, burned,
cleared, deforested, deserted, exposed, flat, gaunt,
scorched, stripped, unpopulated, unsheltered,
weather-beaten, wild, windswept.
Opposite: bright, cheerful, friendly, happy, hot,
sympathetic, warm, appealing, comfortable, nice,
comforting, congenial, encouraging, pleasant,
sunny.
- bleak weather is cold and unpleasant:
Lạnh lẽo.
➔ A bleak midwinter's day.
➔ It was a bleak, unpleasant day in December.
Similar: cold, keen, raw, harsh, wintry, piercing,
penetrating, biting, nipping, stinging, sharp, icy,
freezing, icy-cold, frosty, frigid, chilly, nippy, parky,
Baltic, chill.
Opposite: warm, balmy.
- if a situation is bleak, there is little or no
Ảm đạm.
hope for the future:
➔ The economic outlook is bleak.
➔ With no job, the future looked bleak.
Similar: unpromising, unfavorable, unpropitious,
inauspicious, adverse, disadvantageous, uninviting,
discouraging, disheartening, depressing, cheerless,
joyless, gloomy, somber, dreary, dismal, wretched,
miserable, black, dark, grim, drab, portentous,
foreboding, hopeless, ominous.
Opposite: promising, hopeful.
Eventual /ɪˈven.tʃu.əl/ - happening or existing at a later time or at
the end, especially after a lot of effort,
(adj)
problems, etc.:
Cuối cùng.
➔ The Dukes were the eventual winners of the
competition.
➔ Although the original budget for the project
was $1 billion, the eventual cost is likely to be
50 percent higher.
Similar: conditional, consequent, inevitable, final,
possible, prospective, ultimate, closing, contingent,
dependent, down the pike, down the road, ending,
endmost, ensuing, hindmost, indirect, in the cards,
later, latter, overall, resulting, secondary,
succeeding, terminal, ulterior, vicarious, last.
Opposite: beginning, unlikely, past.
Contingency /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/ - something that might possibly happen in
the future, usually causing problems or
(n)
making further arrangements necessary:
Việc bất ngờ.
➔ You must be able to deal with all possible
contingencies.
➔ Have you made any contingency plans?
Similar: emergency, eventuality, exigency, chance,
probability , accident, break, crisis, crossroads, event,
fortuity, happening, incident, juncture, likelihood,
occasion, odds, opportunity, pass, pinch, strait,
predicament, uncertainty, if it's cool, turning point,
zero hour.
Opposite: improbability, unlikelihood, advantage,
bad luck, certainty, good, fortune, misfortune, plan,
solution, definiteness, reality, surety, truth.

Commemorate /kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/ - to remember officially and give respect to a

great person or event, especially by a
(v)
public ceremony or by making a statue or
Làm lễ kỷ niệm, truy
special building:
niệm.
➔ Gathered all together in this church, we
commemorate those who lost their lives in
the war.
➔ A statue has been built to commemorate
the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday.
Similar: honor, celebrate, memorialize, observe,
remember, salute, admire, immortalize, keep,
monumentalize, perpetuate, solemnize, monument,
pay tribute to.
Opposite: disregard, forget, ignore, overlook,
dishonor, neglect.
Disobedience /ˌdɪs.əˈbiː.di.əns/ - the quality of being disobedient (= refusing
to do what someone in authority tells you
(n)
to do):
Sự không vâng lời, sự
➔ They were taught not to question their
trái lệnh.
leaders, and disobedience was harshly
punished.
➔ Parents should not encourage disobedience
by rewarding bad behavior.
Similar: insubordination, unruliness, waywardness,
indiscipline, bad behavior, misbehavior, misconduct,
delinquency, disruptiveness, troublemaking,
rebellion, defiance, mutiny, revolt, recalcitrance, lack
of cooperation, noncompliance, willfulness,
intractability, awkwardness, perversity,
perverseness, contrariness, naughtiness,
mischievousness, mischief, roguery, impishness,
carryings-on, acting-up, contumacy, infraction.
Opposite: calm, harmony, obedience, observance,
peace, regard, respect, submission, behavior.
Decisive /dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv/ - able to make decisions quickly and
confidently, or showing this quality:
(adj)
➔ You need to be more decisive.
Quả quyết.
➔ A decisive reply.
Similar: resolute, firm, strong-minded, strong-willed,
determined, dogged, purposeful, forceful, emphatic,
dead set, unhesitating, unwavering, unswerving,
unfaltering, unyielding, unbending, inflexible,
unmalleable, unshakeable, unrelenting, obdurate,
obstinate, stubborn, intransigent, rock-ribbed,
indurate.
Opposite: indecisive.
- strongly affecting how a situation will
Mang tính quyết định.
progress or end:
➔ These results could prove decisive in
establishing the criminal's identity.
➔ A decisive role/victory.
Similar: deciding, conclusive, determining, final,
settling, key, pivotal, critical, crucial, momentous,
significant, influential, important, major, chief,
principal, prime, paramount.
Opposite: insignificant.
Encourage UK: /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ - to make someone more likely to do
something, or to make something more
(v) US: /ɪnˈkɝː.ɪdʒ/
likely to happen:
➔ We were encouraged to learn foreign
Khuyến khích, thúc đẩy.
languages at school.
➔ The council is encouraging the development
of the property for both employment and
recreation.
Similar: support, back, endorse, champion, assist,
advocate, recommend, promote, further, advance,
forward, foster, strengthen, enrich, help, aid, abet,
boost, fuel, favor.
Opposite: hinder.
- to talk or behave in a way that gives
Động viên, khích lệ.
someone confidence to do something:
➔ They've always encouraged me in
everything I've wanted to do.
➔ The new teaching methods encourage
children to think for themselves.
Similar: hearten, cheer, buoy up, uplift, inspire,
motivate, egg on, spur on, stir, stir up, whip up, fire
up, stimulate, animate, invigorate, vitalize, revitalize,
embolden, fortify, rally, incite, lift the spirits of, raise
the morale of, stiffen the resolve of, buck up, pep up,
give a shot in the arm to, light a fire under, inspirit,
spirit someone up, fillip, incentivize, welcome.
Opposite: discourage, dissuade.
Foreground /ˈfɔːr.ɡraʊnd/ - (n) the foreground = the people, objects,
countryside, etc. in a picture or photograph
(n/v)
that seem nearest to you and form its main
Cảnh gần, cận cảnh.
part:
➔ In the foreground of the painting is a horse
and cart.
➔ The images show vegetation in the
foreground.
Similar: focal point, focus, center, fore, forepart,
front.
Opposite: back, backdrop, background, mise en
scène, rear.
- (n) the area that is of most importance and
(Nghĩa bóng) địa vị nổi
activity, or that people pay attention to:
bật.
➔ Historically, issues of this kind have not
occupied the foreground of political debate.
➔ Whenever books are chosen for children,
meaning should always be in the
foreground.
Similar: forefront, vanguard, van, spearhead, head,
lead, fore, front, front line, cutting edge, foremost
position, leading position, position of prominence.
- (v) to give the most importance to a
Làm cho cái gì trở thành
particular subject, etc.:
yếu tố quan trọng hay
➔ His speech foregrounded the history of the
nổi bật nhất.
decision.
➔ Sexual relationships are foregrounded and
idealized.
Alliance /əˈlaɪ.əns/ - a group of countries, political parties, or
people who have agreed to work together
(n)
because of shared interests or aims:
Sự liên minh.
➔ A military alliance.
➔ NATO is sometimes called the Atlantic
Alliance.
Similar: association, union, league, treaty, pact,
compact, entente, concordat, bloc, confederation,
federation, confederacy, coalition, consortium,
combine, syndicate, affiliation, partnership, team,
fraternity, brotherhood, sorority, ring, society, club,
guild, group, organization.
- an agreement to work with someone else
Sự hợp tác.
to try to achieve the same thing:
➔ The three smaller parties have
forged/formed an alliance against the
government.
➔ Some of us feel that the union is in alliance
with management against us.
Similar: relationship, affinity, association,
connection, closeness, kinship, propinquity.
Opposite: distance, separation.

Cohesive UK: /kəʊˈhiː.sɪv/ - united and working together effectively:

➔ The cohesive power of shared suffering.
(adj) US: /koʊˈhiː.sɪv/
➔ Well-structured sentences illustrating the
use of cohesive markers such as
Tính gắn kết, tính kết
‘nevertheless’ and ‘however’.
hợp.
Similar: close-knit, united, adhesive, tenacious,
connected.
Opposite: detached, divided, loose, separated,
disjointed, friable, unconnected, breakable,
crumbling.