ĐỘC LẠ VOCAB

1201 - 1225
Aristocrat UK: /ˈær.ɪ.stə.kræt/ - a person of high social rank who belongs to
the aristocracy (= a class of people who
(n) US: /əˈrɪs.stə.kræt/
hold high social rank):
➔ Many aristocrats were killed in the French
Người quý tộc.
Revolution.
➔ Leopold feels socially inadequate in the
company of aristocrats.
Similar: nobleman, noblewoman, lord, lady, peer,
peeress, peer of the realm, patrician, grandee, titled
man/woman/person, aristo, top person, member of
the upper crust
Opposite: commoner.

Component UK: /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/ - (adj) used to describe one of several parts

of which something is made:
(adj/n) US: /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/
➔ Break the problem down into its component
parts.
Hợp thành, cấu thành.
➔ Light passed through a prism breaks up into
its component colors.
Similar: basic, composing, fundamental, integral,
elemental, inherent, intrinsic, part and parcel of,
part of.
Opposite: additional, extra, secondary.
Thành phần.
- (n) a part that combines with other parts to
form something bigger:
➔ Television/aircraft/computer components.
➔ The control of inflation is a key/essential
component of the government's economic
policy.
Similar: factor, ingredient, item, peripheral, piece,
segment, unit, constituent, fixings, making,
makings, plug-in.
- (n) a component of a vector is one of the
Vectơ thành phần.
things that the vector represents, such as
force or speed:
➔ He resolved the motion into horizontal and
vertical components.
Absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ - to take in a liquid, gas or other substance
from the surface or space around:
(v)
➔ Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
Hút, hấp thụ, tiếp thu.
➔ The cream is easily absorbed into the skin.
Similar: consume, ingest, swallow, take in, blot,
devour, imbibe, ingurgitate, drink in, osmose, soak
up, sop up, sponge up, suck in.
Opposite: abstain, disperse, dissipate, distract, eject,
emit, exude, give out, spew, vomit.
- to take in and keep heat, light, energy,
Hấp thụ.
sound, etc. instead of reflecting it:
➔ Black walls absorb a lot of heat during the
day.
Giảm chấn, làm dịu.
- to reduce the effect of a physical impact or
movement:
➔ This tennis racket absorbs shock on impact.
➔ The bats have graphite shafts that absorb
the vibration.
Similar: deaden, soften, cushion, reduce, decrease,
lessen, soak up.
Opposite: reflect, increase.
- to take something into the mind and learn
Hấp thu.
or understand it:
➔ It's a lot of information to absorb all at once.
➔ They spent a week in Paris just absorbing
the atmosphere.
Similar: assimilate, follow, get, incorporate, learn,
take in, understand, comprehend, digest, grasp,
sense, get into, latch onto, soak up.
- to interest somebody very much so that
Lôi cuốn, thu hút sự chú
they pay no attention to anything else:
ý.
➔ This work had absorbed him for several
years.
➔ His work absorbed him completely.
Similar: preoccupy, engross, captivate, occupy,
engage, rivet, grip, hold, interest, intrigue, immerse,
involve, enthrall, spellbind, fascinate, arrest,
monopolize, distract, divert, entertain, amuse.
 - to make something smaller become part of
Sát nhập, hợp vào. something larger:
➔ The town absorbs an influx of tourists
everyday.
➔ The surrounding small towns have been
absorbed into the city.
Similar: incorporate, assimilate, integrate, include,
appropriate, take in, subsume, co-opt, swallow up.
- to use up a large supply of something,
Tốn, làm ngốn. especially money or time:
➔ The new proposals would absorb $80 billion
of the federal budget.
➔ My work absorbs a great deal of my time.
Similar: use (up), consume, take up, occupy, waste,
squander, go through, deplete, drain, exhaust,
swallow up.
- to deal with changes, effects, costs, etc.:
Đối phó, chi trả. ➔ The company is unable to absorb such huge
losses.
➔ The school has absorbed most of the
expenses so far, but it may have to offer
fewer places next year to reduce costs.
Bomb /bɒm/ - (n) a weapon designed to explode at a
particular time or when it is dropped or
(n/v)
thrown:
Bom.
➔ A bomb goes off/explodes.
➔ Hundreds of bombs were dropped on the
city.
Similar: explosive, incendiary device, missile,
projectile, trajectile, blockbuster, bombshell.
- (n) the bomb = nuclear weapons (atomic or
Bom nguyên tử, vũ khí
hydrogen bombs):
hạt nhân.
➔ The US was the first country to have the
bomb.
➔ Countries that have the bomb.
- (n) (British English, informal) a lot of
Khoản tiền lớn.
money:
➔ That dress must have cost a bomb!
➔ Some company directors make an absolute
bomb.
- (n) (North American English, informal) a
Sự thất bại.
complete failure:
➔ The musical was a complete bomb on
Broadway.
➔ The play was a real bomb.
- (n) in sports such as rugby, a kick where
Bom (bóng bầu dục).
the ball goes very high in the air:
➔ Smith hoisted a dangerous bomb to the far
corner.
➔ The first try came when Jackson made a
mess of dealing with a high bomb.
- (n) in baseball, a home run (= a point scored
Bom (bóng chày).
by hitting the ball so far that you have time
to run all the way around the four corners
of the playing field before it is returned):
➔ Griffey launched a three-run bomb in the
eighth inning.
➔ He hit thirty bombs last season.
- (n) in sports such as American football, a
Bom (bóng bầu dục Mỹ).
very long, high pass:
➔ Smith hoisted a bomb to the ten-yard line.
 - (n) a container in which a liquid such as
Bình xịt. paint or insect poison is kept under
pressure and released as a spray or as foam:
➔ A bug bomb (= used for killing insects).
Bom (núi lửa). - (n) a lump of lava thrown out by a volcano.
- (v) to attack something/somebody by
Ném bom, thả bom. leaving a bomb in a place or by dropping
bombs from a plane:
➔ Warplanes bombed targets in and around
the capital.
➔ They have deliberately bombed civilians.
Similar: bombard, drop bombs on, explode, blast,
blitz, strafe, pound, attack, assault, raid, blow up,
blow to bits, blow sky-high, destroy, wipe out, level,
raze (to the ground), demolish, flatten, topple,
wreck, devastate, pulverize, obliterate, ravage,
smash, cannonade.
Chạy nhanh, đi nhanh. - (v) (British English, informal) to move very
fast, especially in a vehicle, in a particular
direction:
➔ They were bombing down the road at about
80 miles an hour.
➔ He was bombing along on his motorbike.
Similar: speed, hurry, race, run, sprint, dash, bolt,
dart, rush, hasten, hurtle, career, streak, shoot, whiz,
zoom, go like lightning, go hell for leather, spank
along, bowl along, rattle along, whirl, whoosh, buzz,
swoop, flash, blast, charge, stampede, gallop, sweep,
hare, fly, wing, scurry, scud, scutter, scramble, belt,
pelt, tear, hotfoot it, zap, zip, whip, scoot, scorch,
burn rubber, go like a bat out of hell, bucket, shift,
put one's foot down, go like the clappers, leg it,
wheech, clip, boogie, hightail, barrel, lay rubber, get
the lead out, fleet, post, hie, drive.
Opposite: amble, stroll.
Thi trượt. - (v) (North American English, informal) to
fail a test or an exam very badly:
➔ The exam was impossible! I definitely
bombed it.
 - (v) (informal) (of a play, show, etc.) to fail
Thất bại thảm hại. very badly:
➔ His latest musical bombed and lost
thousands of dollars.
➔ A big-budget movie that bombed at the box
office.
Similar: fail, be unsuccessful, not succeed, lack
success, fall through, fall flat, break down, abort,
miscarry, be defeated, suffer, defeat, be in vain, be
frustrated, collapse, founder, misfire, backfire, not
come up to scratch, meet with disaster, come to
grief, come to nothing, come to naught, miss the
mark, run aground, go astray, flop, fizzle out, flatline,
come a cropper, bite the dust, blow up in someone's
face, go down like a lead balloon.
Opposite: succeed.

Amatory UK: /ˈæm.ə.tər.i/ - relating to sexual love:

➔ Amatory adventures.
(adj) US: /ˈæm.ə.tɔːr.i/
➔ His amatory exploits.
Similar: sexual, erotic, amorous, romantic, sexy,
Thuộc về ái tình.
sensual, libidinous, passionate, ardent, hot-blooded,
horny, torrid, randy, steamy, naughty.

Ambush /ˈæm.bʊʃ/ - (n) the act of hiding and waiting for

somebody and then making a surprise
(n/v)
attack on them:
Cuộc phục kích, sự mai
➔ Several passers-by were killed in the
phục.
ambush.
➔ The soldiers lay in ambush, their guns
loaded.
Similar: surprise, attack, trap, snare, pitfall, lure,
ambuscade.
- (v) to make a surprise attack on
Phục kích, mai phục.
somebody/something from a hidden
position:
➔ The guerrillas ambushed them near the
bridge.
➔ She was ambushed by reporters.
Similar: attack by surprise, trap, surprise, pounce on,
lay a trap for, set an ambush for, lie in wait for,
waylay, entrap, ensnare, bushwhack, ambuscade.
 - (v) confront (someone) suddenly and
Gặp mặt để phỏng vấn unexpectedly with unwelcome questions:
một cách bất ngờ. ➔ Representatives were ambushed by camera
crews.

Affirmation /ˌæf.ərˈmeɪ.ʃən/ - a statement or sign that something is true:

➔ We welcome the government's affirmation
(n)
of its intention to act.
Sự khẳng định, sự quả
➔ The reports are an affirmation that the
quyết.
students are learning.
Similar: assertion, declaration, statement, oath,
proclamation, pronouncement, attestation, vow,
assurance, swearing, avowal, guarantee, promise,
certification, pledge, deposition, asseveration,
averment, confirmation, ratification, endorsement,
defense.
Opposite: denial, refutation.
- the act of saying yes or of showing that you
Lời khẳng định, lời xác
mean yes:
nhận, sự đồng ý.
➔ "Sound familiar?" Obama said, rousing a
chorus of affirmations.
➔ She was nodding in affirmation.
- support or approval:
Sự ủng hộ, sự công
➔ He scours the newspapers for slights and
nhận.
affirmation.
➔ A young child relies on its mother for
comfort, affirmation, and encouragement.
Admissible /ədˈmɪs.ə.bəl/ - considered satisfactory and acceptable in a
law court:
(adj)
➔ The judge ruled that new evidence was
Chấp nhận được (khi ra
admissible.
tòa).
➔ The claim was not admissible under the
current policy.
Similar: allowed, justifiable, permissible, pertinent,
relevant, acceptable, applicable, appropriate,
concedable, fair, fitting, just, lawful, legal, legitimate,
licit, likely, logical, not impossible, not unlikely, okay,
passable, permitted, possible, probable, proper,
rational, reasonable, right, suitable, tolerable,
tolerated, warranted, worthy.
Opposite: inappropriate, irrelevant, unsuitable,
illegitimate, inadmissible, inapplicable, unfair,
unjust, wrong.

Dolorous UK: /ˈdɒl.ər.əs/ - sad, or causing sadness or emotional

suffering:
(adj) US: /ˈdoʊ.lɚ.əs/
A dolorous and repetitive tale of atrocity.
And now here she is, with her dark and dolorous
Đầy đau thương, buồn.
music, which has been called many things.
Similar: afflicted, afflictive, calamitous, deplorable,
dire, distressing, doleful, dolent, dolesome, dolorific,
grievous, harrowing, heart-rending, lamentable,
lugubrious, melancholy, mournful, painful, plaintive,
regrettable, rueful, ruthful, sad, sorrowful, woeful,
woebegone, wretched.
Opposite: cheery, happy, hopeful.

Forfeit /ˈfɔːr.fɪt/ - (adj) taken away from someone as a

punishment:
(adj/n/v)
➔ This booking fee will be forfeit should you
Bị mất, bị thiệt (vì có lỗi).
decide not to take up the accommodation.
➔ The lands which he had acquired were
automatically forfeit.
 - (n) something that you have lost the right
Vật bị mất, tiền phạt, to do or have because you have broken a
tiền bồi thường (vì mắc rule:
lỗi). ➔ The team might have avoided the forfeits if
it had handled the situation differently.
➔ The loser must pay a forfeit (= give up
something, especially in a game).
Similar: penalty, financial penalty, fine, fee, charge,
sanction, punitive action, penance, damages, loss,
confiscation, relinquishment, forfeiture, mulct,
sequestration, amercement.
Opposite: award, reward, gain, victory, win.
Sự đóng phạt, sự bồi - (n) the action of losing the right to do or
thường. have something because you have broken
a rule:
➔ The home team could end up winning by
forfeit.
- (v) to lose the right to do or have
Để mất, trả giá. something because you have broken a rule:
➔ If you cancel now, you forfeit your deposit.
➔ These people have forfeited the right to live
in society.
Similar: abandon, lose, relinquish, renounce, drop,
surrender, sacrifice, be deprived of, be stripped of,
give over.
Opposite: keep, win, gain, profit.
- (v) to decide not to play a sports game or
Không tham gia, part of a game, or to let the other side win:
nhường. ➔ England's players forfeited the match
because of safety concerns.
➔ She developed her skill by wrestling boys,
though some forfeited rather than face
losing to a girl.
Compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ - a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness
for the suffering or bad luck of others and a
(n)
wish to help them:
Lòng trắc ẩn, sự thương
➔ I was hoping she might show a little
hại.
compassion.
➔ How can you interview the patient in
teaching rounds with compassion and so as
to avoid disrespect?
Similar: benevolence, empathy, grace, humanity,
kindness, mercy, sorrow, sympathy, tenderness,
charity, clemency, commiseration, compunction,
condolence, consideration, heart, humaneness,
lenity, softheartedness, softness, tenderheartedness,
yearning, fellow feeling.
Opposite: animosity, cruelty, ill will, meanness,
mercilessness, harshness, hatred, indifference,
tyranny.

Geniality /ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.ti/ - the quality of being friendly and pleasant:

➔ His geniality, reliability and ability made him
(n)
a popular figure.
Tính vui vẻ, tính tốt
➔ "Ah, Ms Lee, there you are!" he said with
bụng.
great geniality.
Similar: affability, agreeability, agreeableness, joy,
amenity, amiability, cheerfulness, congenialness,
conviviality, cordiality, enjoyableness, friendliness,
gladness, gratefulness, happiness, heartiness, jollity,
joviality, joyousness, kindliness, kindness, mirth,
pleasance, pleasantness, sunniness, warmth,
warmheartedness, cheeriness, good cheer, good
nature, sweetness and light.
Opposite: aloofness, depression, gloom, sadness,
sorrow, unhappiness, woe, coldness, coolness,
irritation, moodiness, unfriendliness.
Impede /ɪmˈpiːd/ - to make it more difficult for something to
happen or more difficult for someone to do
(v)
something:
Ngăn cản, ngăn chặn.
➔ Although he's shy, it certainly hasn't
impeded his career in any way.
➔ Shortages of medicine were impeding the
effort to control diseases.
Similar: block, curb, cut off, delay, deter, disrupt,
hamper, interfere, retard, slow, stymie, thwart, bar,
brake, check, clog, dam, discomfit, disconcert,
embarrass, faze, freeze, oppose, rattle, restrain,
stonewall, stop, blow whistle on, close off, cramp
one's style, dead-end, flag one, hang up, hold up,
saddle with, shut down, shut off, slow down.
Opposite: advance, aid, allow, assist, encourage,
expedite, forward, help, permit, promote, push,
comfort, continue, free, go, liberate, open, release,
soothe, unblock, unclog, facilitate, support.

Botanical /bəˈtæn.ɪ.kəl/ - (adj) involving or relating to plants or the

study of plants:
(adj/n)
➔ Botanical/botanic gardens.
Thực vật học.
➔ Several new botanical species have been
discovered in the last year.
Similar: agricultural, floral, horticultural, botanic,
concerning plants.
- (n) a plant used as medicine or to give
Thảo dược.
flavor to a drink:
➔ There are over 100 botanicals that can be
used in gin.
➔ A traditional copper pot still is used, which
maximizes the transfer of flavor from the
botanicals to the spirit.
Exaggerate /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/ - to make something seem larger, more
important, better, or worse than it really is:
(v)
➔ The threat of attack has been greatly
Phóng đại.
exaggerated.
➔ Don't exaggerate - it wasn't that expensive.
Similar: overstate, overemphasize, overstress,
overestimate, overvalue, magnify, amplify, color,
aggrandize, inflate, embellish, embroider, elaborate,
overelaborate, oversell, overdraw, overplay,
dramatize, hyperbolize, add color, stretch the truth,
catastrophize, overpitch, pile it on, lay it on thick, lay
it on with a trowel/shovel, make a drama out of a
crisis, make a big thing of, shoot a line, draw the
longbow.
Opposite: compress, contract, decrease, ignore,
lessen, play down, abridge, be modest, deprecate,
lower, reduce, shrink, depreciate, minimize,
understate.

Allusion /əˈluː.ʒən/ - something that is said or written that is

intended to make you think of a particular
(n)
thing or person:
Sự ám chỉ, sự nhắc đến.
➔ The film is full of allusions to Hitchcock.
➔ Her novels are packed with literary allusions.
Similar: reference to, mention of, comment on,
remark about, citation of, quotation of, hint at,
intimation of, suggestion of, implication,
insinuation.
Enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪ.tən/ - to provide someone with information and
understanding, or to explain the true facts
(v)
about something to someone:
Khai sáng, giáo huấn.
➔ Should the function of children's television
be to entertain or to enlighten?
➔ I don't understand this. Could you enlighten
me?
Similar: inform, make aware, notify, tell, advise, let
know, illuminate, open someone's eyes, apprise,
explain the situation to, explain the circumstances
to, brief, update, give details to, give information to,
bring up to date, clue in, fill in, put wise, tip off, put
in the picture, bring up to speed.
Opposite: conceal, deceive, hide, harm, hurt, keep,
learn, listen, misguide, mislead, neglect, obscure,
secrete, suppress, be vague, bewilder, confound,
confuse, delude, puzzle.

Clamorous /ˈklæm.ər.əs/ - making loud demands or complaints:

➔ The clamorous radical wing of the party.
(adj)
➔ He has caved in to demands for higher
Kêu la đòi hỏi.
wages by border guards and doctors; now
the nurses are clamorous.
Similar: noisy, loud, vocal, vociferous, raucous,
rowdy, rackety, tumultuous, shouting, shrieking,
screaming, importunate, demanding, insistent,
vehement.
Opposite: quiet.
- making a lot of noise:
Ồn ào, chói tay.
➔ Clamorous, excited voices.
➔ Like most warblers, clamorous reed warbler
is insectivorous, but will take other small
prey items.
Arrant UK: /ˈær.ənt/ - (old-fashioned) used to emphasize how bad
something /somebody is:
(adj) US: /ˈer.ənt/
➔ He dismissed the rumors as `arrant
nonsense'.
Rất, cực kì (nghĩa xấu).
➔ The whole position is unconstitutional and a
piece of arrant humbug.
Similar: utter, downright, thoroughgoing, absolute,
complete, thorough, through and through, total,
unmitigated, outright, out-and-out, real, perfect,
consummate, surpassing, sheer, rank, pure, overt,
unqualified, inveterate, positive, undiluted, naked,
unalloyed, unadulterated, in every respect, right,
unconditional, blatant, flagrant, barefaced, brazen,
full-bore, deep-dyed, right, fair, right-down.

Gamut /ˈɡæm.ət/ - a range of different things or people:

➔ His work spans the gamut from comedy to
(n)
opera to drama mystery.
Khoảng, dải.
➔ Jonson has run the gamut of (= to
experience or show the whole possible range
of something) hotel work, from porter to
owner of a large chain of hotels.
Similar: range, spectrum, span, sweep, compass,
scope, area, breadth, width, reach, extent, catalog,
scale, sequence, series, variety.

Dolor /ˈdolər/ - (literary) a state of great sorrow or distress:

➔ They squatted, hunched in their habitual
(n)
dolor.
Nỗi đau buồn.
➔ Her sad poems grew out of a deep dolor that
lasted for months.
Similar: sadness, sorrow, unhappiness, dejection,
regret, depression, misery, cheerlessness, gloom,
downheartedness, despondency, despair, woe,
desolation, wretchedness, glumness, gloominess,
heaviness of heart, dolefulness, melancholy, low
spirits, mournfulness, broken-heartedness, grief,
heartache, disconsolateness, disconsolation,
dismalness.
Opposite: joy.
Cajolery /kəˈdʒouləri/ - coaxing or flattery intended to persuade
someone to do something:
(n)
Sự thuyết phục bằng trò ➔ She uses cajolery, deception, and

lừa gạt hoặc nịnh bợ. manipulation to get what she wants.
➔ Bribery, cajolery, legislation, executions: he
did his all to satisfy Henry’s will and whims.
(The Economist)
Similar: persuasion, wheedling, coaxing, blarney,
inveiglement, blandishments, beguilement, guyver,
flattery, honeyed words, flattering, sweet talk,
sweet-talking, soft soap, soft-soaping, arm-twisting,
flannel, glozing, lip salve, cajolement, suasion.
Opposite: bullying.

Cant /kænt/ - (n) statements, especially on religious or

moral subjects, that are not sincerely
(n/v)
believed by the person making them:
Lời giả dối, lời đạo đức
➔ Shelley's friendship with Byron was rooted in
giả.
their shared contempt for cant and
hypocrisy.
➔ His speech was full of political, social and
religious cant.
Similar: deceit, dishonesty, humbug, hypocrisy,
insincerity, pomposity, pretense, pretentiousness,
sanctimoniousness, sanctimony, show, affected,
piety, hypocriticalness, lip service, pecksniffery,
pharisaicalness, pious platitudes, sham holiness.
Opposite: frankness, honesty, openness, reality,
sincerity, truth, truthfulness, standard.
- (n) special words used by a particular group
Tiếng lóng nhà nghề.
of people such as thieves, lawyers, or
priests, often in order to keep things secret.
- (n) a slope or tilt:
Sườn dốc, mặt nghiêng,
➔ The outward cant of the curving walls.
mặt cong.
Similar: slope, slant, tilt, angle, inclination.
- (n) a wedge-shaped block of wood,
Miếng gỗ thừa hình cái
especially one remaining after the
nêm.
better-quality pieces have been cut off:
➔ A squared-off cant remains, containing the
knottiest wood.
 - (v) talk hypocritically and sanctimoniously
(= in a way that suggests you are morally
Nói giả dối, nói sáo rỗng. better than others) about something:
➔ If they'd stop canting about “honest work,”
they might get somewhere.
- (v) to be in a sloping position; to put
something into a sloping position:
Nghiêng, làm cho dốc. ➔ He canted his head to look at the screen.
➔ Mismatched slate roofs canted at all angles.
Similar: tilt, lean, slant, slope, incline, angle, be at an
angle, tip, list, bank, heel.

Chary UK: /ˈtʃeə.ri/ - uncertain and frightened to take risks, or

unwilling to take action:
(adj) US: /ˈtʃer.i/
➔ I'm a bit chary of using a travel agency that
doesn't have official registration.
Hà tiện, thận trọng.
➔ Most people are chary of allowing
themselves to be photographed.
Similar: wary, cautious, circumspect, heedful,
careful, on one's guard, guarded, mindful, watchful,
distrustful, mistrustful, doubtful, skeptical, shy,
suspicious, dubious, hesitant, reluctant, disinclined,
loath, averse, nervous, apprehensive uneasy, afraid,
leery, cagey, iffy, on one's toes.
Opposite: heedless.

Apostasy /əˈpɒs.tə.si/ - the act of giving up your religious or

political beliefs and leaving a religion or a
(n)
political party:
Sự từ bỏ tôn giáo, sự ra
➔ In those days apostasy was punishable by
khỏi đảng chính trị.
death.
➔ Apostasy was punishable by death under
the country's strict religious laws.
Similar: renunciation of belief, abandonment of
belief, recantation, treachery, perfidy, faithlessness,
disloyalty, betrayal, defection, desertion, heresy,
tergiversation, recreancy.
Opposite: loyalty.