INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Data Transmission
THE PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA TRANSMISSION
 INTRODUCTION
The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. It is
responsible for the actual physical transmission of
data over a communication medium, such as cables
or wireless signals. The primary purpose of the Physical
Layer is to transmit raw bits (0s and 1s) from the sender
to the receiver without any concern for the data's
meaning or structure. Here are the key functions and
characteristics of the Physical Layer:
 INTRODUCTION
Data transmission refers to the process of sending and
receiving data between devices, systems, or networks
over a communication medium. It involves the
conversion of digital data (0s and 1s) into electrical
signals, electromagnetic waves, or optical signals to
facilitate its transfer from the sender to the receiver.
Data transmission can occur through various
transmission media, including wired and wireless
channels, and it can be carried out using different
transmission techniques. Here's an overview of data
transmission.
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Data transmission modes refer to the directions in which data
can be transmitted between devices in a communication
system. There are three primary data transmission modes:
Simplex Mode:
In simplex mode, data is transmitted in one direction only, from
the sender to the receiver.
The communication is unidirectional, and the receiver cannot
send data back to the sender.
It is like a one-way street, where data flows in only one
direction.
Example: Television broadcasting, where the TV station sends
signals to the viewers without any feedback channel.
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Simplex
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Half-Duplex Mode:
In half-duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both
directions, but not simultaneously.
The communication is bidirectional, but devices take
turns transmitting and receiving data.
When one device is transmitting, the other device
acts as a receiver, and vice versa.
Example: Walkie-talkies or two-way radios, where
users can speak and listen, but not simultaneously.
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Half-Duplex Mode:
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Full-Duplex Mode:
In full-duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both
directions simultaneously.
The communication is bidirectional, and both devices
can send and receive data at the same time.
It is like a two-way street, allowing data flow in both
directions simultaneously.
Example: Telephone conversations, where both
parties can talk and listen at the same time.
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
Full-Duplex Mode:
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Data transmission techniques refer to the methods
used to send data from one location to another over
a communication channel. These techniques are
designed to ensure efficient and reliable data transfer
while considering factors like data rate, distance, and
susceptibility to interference.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Serial Transmission:
Serial transmission is a method of data transmission
where data is sent one bit at a time sequentially over
a single communication channel. It is commonly used
in various applications, including serial
communication between computers, peripherals,
and embedded systems. In serial transmission, each
bit is sent one after the other, which may result in
slower data rates compared to parallel transmission.
However, it has certain advantages, making it
suitable for specific scenarios:
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Advantages of Serial Transmission:
Simplicity: Serial transmission requires fewer wires and
components, making it simpler to implement and cost-
effective.
Longer Transmission Distances: Serial transmission is better
suited for long-distance communication because it is less
susceptible to interference and signal degradation.
Synchronization: The receiver can synchronize itself with
the incoming serial data stream by using start and stop
bits or by using a clock signal provided by the sender.
Flexibility: Serial communication can support various data
formats and protocols, making it versatile and
compatible with different devices and applications.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Serial Transmission Techniques:
Asynchronous Serial Transmission:
In asynchronous serial transmission, each byte of data is
framed with start and stop bits.
The start bit indicates the beginning of the byte, while the
stop bits indicate the end of the byte.
The sender and receiver do not share a common clock
signal, which allows for more flexibility in data rates.
Asynchronous transmission is commonly used for
communication between computers and peripherals,
such as serial ports (RS-232) and USB (Universal Serial Bus).
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
…
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Synchronous Serial Transmission:
In synchronous serial transmission, data is sent in a
continuous stream without start and stop bits.
Both the sender and receiver share a common clock
signal to synchronize the data transmission.
Synchronous transmission is more efficient and can
achieve higher data rates compared to
asynchronous transmission.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
…
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Parallel transmission is a data transmission technique
where multiple bits of data are sent simultaneously
over multiple communication lines or channels. In
contrast to serial transmission, which sends data one
bit at a time over a single channel, parallel
transmission enables faster data transfer rates and is
commonly used in various computer and
communication systems. Here are the key
characteristics and applications of parallel
transmission.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Key Characteristics of Parallel Transmission:
Simultaneous Data Transfer: In parallel transmission,
multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously, with each bit
occupying a separate communication line or wire.
Parallel Data Lines: Parallel transmission requires multiple
parallel data lines (wires or conductors) equal to the
number of bits being transmitted simultaneously.
Increased Data Rate: Parallel transmission allows for
higher data rates compared to serial transmission since
multiple bits are transferred in parallel.
Synchronization: The transmitter and receiver must be
synchronized to ensure that data is transmitted and
received accurately.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Applications of Parallel Transmission:
Computer Buses: Parallel transmission is commonly
used in computer buses to transfer data between
various components of a computer system, such as
the CPU, memory, and peripherals. For example, the
system bus and memory bus inside a computer use
parallel transmission to quickly exchange data.
Printers: Many printers use parallel transmission to send
data from the computer to the printer. Parallel printer
interfaces, such as the Centronics parallel interface,
were widely used in the past.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
…External Storage Devices: Some external storage
devices, such as parallel ATA (PATA) hard drives and
parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
devices, utilize parallel transmission for data transfer.
Parallel Communication Interfaces: Certain
communication interfaces in embedded systems and
specialized applications may use parallel transmission
for fast data exchange.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Advantages of Parallel Transmission:
High Data Transfer Rates: Parallel transmission enables
faster data transfer rates compared to serial
transmission, making it suitable for applications
requiring quick data exchange.
Simple Implementation: Parallel transmission does not
require complex encoding and decoding
techniques, making it easier to implement.
Real-Time Data Transfer: Parallel transmission is useful
for real-time applications where data needs to be
transferred rapidly without delay.
 DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Disadvantages of Parallel Transmission:
More Complex Wiring: Parallel transmission requires
multiple data lines, leading to more complex wiring
arrangements and increased cost for connectors and
cables.
Signal Skew: The signals traveling through different
parallel data lines may experience slight delays, resulting
in signal skew and potential data synchronization issues.
Limited Distance: Parallel transmission is susceptible to
signal degradation and interference over long distances,
making it less suitable for long-range communication.