BASICS OF NETWORK

&
NETWORKING

What is Data?
What is Communication?

Janwale A P
Dept of Computer Science
 NETWORK DEFINITION

 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links.

 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other

device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.

 A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any

medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
 Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable.
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING

 Connectivity and Communication

 Data Sharing

 Hardware Sharing

 Internet Access

 Internet Access Sharing

 Data Security and Management

 Entertainment
THE DISADVANTAGES (COSTS) OF
NETWORKING

 Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs

 Hardware and Software Management and

Administration Costs

 Undesirable Sharing

 Illegal or Undesirable Behavior

 Data Security Concerns

COMPONENTS IN
COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
NETWORK CATEGORIES
 Local Area Network ( LAN )

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN )

 A local area network (LAN) is a computer network

covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or
group of buildings.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
 Network extended over an entire city
 It is created by connecting two or more LANs located at

different locations of city

WIDE AREA NETWORKS
 Network providing long-distance communication
over a country, a continent, or the whole world
 Two or more LANs connected together

 The Internet is an example

 ANALOG VS DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

 Signal:- Electric signal is represented as a change in voltage

over time. The change occurs when the voltage begins at zero
and increases until it peaks. The signal then drops back down
its lowest level. In computer networks, we send information
from one computer to another. This information may be in
form of data, voice, pictures and so on. In order to transmit
this information across the network, it needs to be into
electromagnetic signals. Therefore in computer networks
information flows from one system to another in the form of
signal via transmission media. This signal can be in analog or
digital form.
ANALOG SIGNAL:-
 An analog signal is continuous wave from that
changes smoothly over time.
 Analog signal can have infinite number of values
and varies continuously with time.
 Analog signal is usually represented by sine
wave.
DIGITAL SIGNAL:-
 A digital signal is a discrete form.
 It can have only a limited number of defined values such as 1 and 0.
 The transmission of a digital signal from one value to other value is
instantaneous.
 Digital signals are represented by square wave.
 In digital signals 1 is represented by having a positive voltage and 0 is
represented by having no voltage or zero voltage.
 All the signals generated by computers and other
digital devices are digital in nature.
TRANSMISSION MODE

 A given transmission on a communications

channel between two machines can occur in
several different ways.
 The transmission is characterized by:

 the direction of the exchanges.

 the transmission mode: the number of bits sent

simultaneously.
 synchronization between the transmitter and
receiver
DATA TRANSMISSION

 The number of bits sent simultaneously

 When we talk about transmission of data from
one device to another the important issue is
wiring.
 When we consider wiring the important thing is

how a data stream is sent.

 Parallel Transmission

 Serial Transmission
PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
 Binary data, consisting of 1’s and 0’s,may be
organized in to groups of n bits each.
 Computers produce and consume data in groups
of bits.
 By grouping we can send data n bits at one time.

 Each bit has its own wire.

 N bits of one group can be transmitted with each

clock tick from one device to another.

SERIAL TRANSMISSION
 In serial transmission one bit follows another, so we
need only one communication channel instead of n to
send n bits.
 The advantage of serial over parallel transmission is

that with only one communication channel.

 Serial transmission reduces the cost of transmission

over parallel roughly by a factor of n.

 Communication within devices is parallel, conversion

devices are required at the interface between the

sender(parallel-to-serial) and receiver (serial-to parallel
SERIAL TRANSMISSION

 Serial transmission can occur in one of two

ways.
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
ASYNCHRONOUS
 In this type of transmission , the one character is sent at a time.
 The transfer of data is controlled by starts and stop bits.
 Asynchronous transmission sends data one byte a time .
 The start and stop bits alert the receiver of incoming data and give
time to perform certain functions .
 Limitation: Slow transmission, usually ranging from 2400 to 19200
bits per second.
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
 In this type of transmission blocks of characters are transmitted in timed
sequences.
 Each block is then framed by header and trailer information.
 The header consist of information to identify the sender and receiver.
 Following the header is a block of characters, which contains actual
message to be transmitted.
 The message terminated by trailer, used for error detection.
 Speed of transmission is fast.
TRANSMISSION MODE

 A given transmission on a communications channel

between two machines can occur in several different
ways.
 The transmission is characterized by: the direction of
the exchanges.
 There are 3 different transmission modes

characterized according to the direction of the

exchanges.
 Simplex

 Half Duplex

 Full Duplex
SIMPLEX MODE

 In simplex mode the communication is uni-directional

as on a one-way street.
 Only one of the two stations on a link can transmit,
the other can only receive.
 Examples: Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse
HALF DUPLEX
 In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive but not at the same time.
 When one device is sending, the other can only receive.
 The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with two-
directional traffic.
 The entire capacity of the communication channel is taken
over by
 whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time.
 e.g. walkie-talkie
FULL DUPLEX

 In full-duplex mode both stations can transmit and receive

simultaneously.
 The full duplex mode is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both
directions at the same time.
 In full duplex mode signals going in either direction share the capacity of
the link.
 This sharing can occur in two ways either the link must contain two
physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and the other for
receiving or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals
traveling in opposite directions.