Name: GICARO, JICA MARIE B.

Date:

WORKSHOP NO. 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Smoking
Cigarette smoking is considered as most common form of tobacco consumption all
across the world. All kinds of tobacco are dangerous to health, and There is no degree
of cigarette exposure that is beneficial and safe. (World Health Organization [WHO],
2022).
According to the World Health Organization (2022), each year, smoking contributes to
the premature deaths of more than 8 million people. Direct cigarette usage is the cause
of more than 7 million of those fatalities. A total of 1.2 million nonsmokers die as a
result of secondhand smoke exposure. The majority of the world's 1.3 billion smokers
—more than 80%—live in low- and middle-income nations, including the Philippines,
where smoking-related avoidable diseases continue to be the most common cause of
death. (PSA, 2020; WHO, 2021).
Annually, smoking kills more lives than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illicit
drug use, excessive alcohol use, car crashes, and incidents involving guns. (Center for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021).
Every year, smoking-related illnesses like cancer, stroke, cardiovascular and
respiratory diseases claim the lives of 87,600 (240 deaths per day) Filipino
(Department of Health [DOH], n.d.). Despite a significant decline in tobacco
consumption among adults in the nation, 17.3 million adults (28% of the population)
still smoke cigarettes today (The Union, 2020). Men (48%) are more likely than
women (9%) to smoke. Home exposure to secondhand smoke affects 40% of adults
and 55% of children (ages 13 to 15).

Body
Schools have a significant impact on how adolescents who are in school behave when it
comes to smoking. According to our findings, tobacco education programs in schools
may have a better impact on reducing cigarette smoking among school-age adolescents
by implementing anti-smoking treatments that include parents and peers in smoking
prevention activities (Zyambo, et.al., 2022).
In 2017, CVS pharmacies interviewed 2880 people on their attitudes against smoking in
collaboration with the Truth Initiative and the American Cancer Society. Based on their
results, they learned that three out of four respondents believed that smoking and tobacco
use in general are a problem for college students (Maryville Univeristy, 2018).
Smoking cigarettes was thought to be addictive and to increase the chance of lung
cancer. However, other risks associated with smoking cigarettes included emphysema,
coronary artery disease, and low birth weight in offspring of smokers. In her study, the
students' level of awareness about the dangers of smoking, tobacco cessation methods,
and their attitudes and behaviors when giving guidance on quitting smoking are all
insufficient (Dania, 2022).
The smoking students' sociodemographic characteristics had a 30.7% impact on their
Fagerstrom nicotine dependence status. Student smokers and smoking addiction levels
were shown to be lower among those with a high degree of healthy lifestyle habits
(Can, M., & Aktürk, U., (2022).
Students were more possibly to smoke than those who were not educated about the
dangerous effects of smoking in school or who were unaware of them. The overall study
shows that there is a relationship between teenage smoking behavior and the school's
tobacco-related curriculum, adding more proof in favor of the value of such a curriculum.
As it must consider relationships with parents, educators, friends, and the laws, the
curriculum alone would not be able to significantly lower the rate of smoking (Zyambo,
et.al., 2022).
There is an association between smoking habit and age of respondents. Age 14-15
School going adolescent smoke more than any other smoking age group. Adolescent
students who attend school often encounter smoking tobacco products due to personal
circumstances, but the impact of social factors is even greater in this age group. The
influence of the place of sale, however, is equally important in getting teenagers to
start smoking. Many adolescents are exposed to their family members' and friends'
tobacco use, which fosters an environment where more tobacco users will grow in the
future. Parents must receive counseling to help them understand how their tobacco
usage affects their children (Dania, M.G., Ozoh, O.B., & Bandele, E.O, 2015).
Numerous studies have noted higher smoking rates among college students. Health
literacy (HL), on the other hand, can enhance healthy habits. In fact, knowing the
characteristics that influence the adoption of HL and other smoking prevention
strategies will help prevent and lower the prevalence of smoking among people Dania
Panahi, R., 2021).

Summary/synthesis
In 2018, a study by the Maryville University indicated that social setting is a significant
factor in cigarette smoking. According to Ilic, et.al., (2022), only the parent's smoking
status and the student's gender were statistically significantly correlated with each other.
Male students who previously resided in urban areas and whose parents were also
smokers were more likely to smoke than female students.
According to Niño, et.al. (2017), peer pressure (34.6%), curiosity (24.7%), and stress
(17.6%) were the most frequently cited causes of starting to smoke. The average age at
which people began smoking was 14.3.
It is clearly evident from the findings of a certain study that friends and family have
the greatest influence over smoking. Smoking behavior and respondents' ages are
related: There is a relationship between smoking behavior and respondents' ages
(Dania, M.G., Ozoh, O.B., & Bandele, E.O, 2015).

Conclusion
Medical students are much more likely to be nonsmokers than smokers. The only
variables statistically connected with students' smoking status are gender and parents'
smoking habits. Male students who previously resided in urban areas and whose parents
both smoke are more likely to be smokers. (Ilic, et.al., 2022).
The data shows that individuals who start drinking more out of curiosity than social
pressure have a tendency to take up the smoking habit without thinking about quitting.
Similar findings on personality have been found by other studies, as it has been found
that a personality characterized by a desire for acceptance over a need for approval is
more conducive to the development of a smoking habit. (Niño, et.al., 2022).
There are gaps in the students' awareness of the dangers of smoking and tobacco
cessation techniques, as well as in their attitudes and behaviors when giving tobacco
cessation advice (Dania, M.G., Ozoh, O.B., & Bandele, E.O, 2015).
References:
Can, M., & Aktürk, U. (2022). The effect of healthy lifestyle behaviours on smoking
among university students. Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14659891.2022.2051623
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Health Effects of Cigarette
Smoking. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/
effects_cig_smoking/index.htm#references
Dania, M.G., Ozoh, O.B., & Bandele, E.O. (2015). Smoking habits, awareness of risks,
and attitude towards tobacco control policies among medical students in Lagos,
Nigeria. Retrieved from https://annalsafrmed.org/article.asp?issn=1596-
3519;year=2015;volume=14;issue=1;spage=1;epage=7;aulast=
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Amini, R., Mehrizi, A.A., Amjadian, M., Anbari, M., & Hosseini, N. (2021). The
Relationship between Different Levels of Health Literacy and Smoking Prevention
Among Medical Sciences Student. Retrieved from
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Department pf Health. (n.d.). Tobacco Control Key Facts and Figures. Retrieved from
https://doh.gov.ph/Tobacco-Control-Key-facts-and-Figures
Ilic, M., Grujičić, M., Novaković, B., Vrkatic, A., & Lozanor-Crvenković, Z. (2022).
Cigarette Smoking among Medical Students from the Western Balkan. MDPI.
19(5). Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/5/3055/htm#
Jochems, S.H.J., Fritz, J., Häggström, C., Järvholme, B., Stattin, P., & Stocks, T.
(2022). Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Death: A
Pooled Study. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2022.03.033
Maryville University. (2018). Smoking Among College Students. Retrieved from
https://online.maryville.edu/healthcare
Niño, A. B., Reyes, P. B., Bonilla, J. C.,Avilez, M.C., Lopera, J.V., & Quitian-Reyes, H.
(2017). Factors Associated with the Initiation of the Smoking Habit in University
Students in Bogotá, Colombia. Retrieved from
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00017.pdf
The Union. (2020). Tobacco Control in Philippines: The Tobacco Epidemic. Retrieved
from https://theunion.org/our-work/tobacco-control/bloomberg-initiative-to-
reduce-tobacco-use-grants-program/tobacco-control-in-philippines
World Health Organization. (2022). Tobacco. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
Zyambo, C., Olowski, P., Mulenga, D., Liamba, F., Syapiila, P., & Siziya, S. (2022).
School tobacco-related curriculum and behavioral factors associated with cigarette
smoking among school-going adolescents in Zambia: Results from the 2011 GYTS
study. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9069453/