LAS625

LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

LAR. RAFIUDDIN ROSLAN
”Each nation, in short, has its own way of
building, according to the materials
afforded and the habits of the country.”

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura, Book II,

Chapter 1
 THE VERNACULAR
TRADITION AND GLOBALIZATION

TREE2TIMBER HARDROCK MULTI-USAGE MIX & MATCH CONSERVE

Traditionally, Next, stone was Such as slate, Unique features; Understanding

building quarried or clay which could be beautiful of
materials were was dug to used for walls, craftsmanship the vernacular
those found make bricks or paving, roofs both in the tradition is also
locally in forest earth was used and, stone paving a key to
areas – known to make in crushed form, and sustainable
as timber. dried mud as roadstone. the carpentry in forms of
structures. structure. construction.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

The nineteenth century saw

the introduction of new
materials such as wrought
iron (used in the Eiffel
Tower).

Then came in steel in

structures, while railroads
and cheaper shipping costs
made long-distance
transportation of bricks and
stone affordable.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

Examples of drystone walls,

limewash, slate-slab paving,
slate roofs, a loose gravel
road, a cattle grid of old
railroad lines, and mid-
twentieth-century
corrugated iron at
Cefnmaesmawr, Wales.
 NEW MATERIALS:
HIGH TECH AND LOW TECH

METAL ALLOY LUMBER COMPOSITES ECOCONCRETE POLYMER

Stainless steel Laminated GRP is glass- The new-old Polymers or

and of structures and reinforced materials - plastics, a
aluminium, the use of plastic, GRC is using waste or twentieth-
polymers, and green forest glass-reinforced residual century
new ways of roundwood concrete, while materials from development
using glass. thinnings as a CFRP is carbon- different materials.
structural fiber-reinforced industries.
material. polymer.
 CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES AND GLOBALIZATION

Stainless-steel pool at the

Plaza Tower and Town
Center, Costa Mesa,
California, designed by Peter
Walker
 CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES AND GLOBALIZATION

Laminated wood at the

Kourion Amphitheatre
Visitor Centre, near Episkopi,
Cyprus.
 CONSTRUCTION AND
SUSTAINABILITY

Use resources efficiently and Aware and beware on finite

economically resources of the earth’s crust

SUSTAIN Beware of using man-made

Use renewable resources
ABILITY materials (non biodegrade)

Maintain natural supplies of

Maintain natural diversity
materials
 CONSTRUCTION
EMBODIED ENERGY

Construction Embodied Energy

18 Embodied energy is all the energy needed
to transform the raw material,
16

14

12
i.e. to extract it from the ground, process
10 and manufacture it, and transport and
8
assemble it on the ground.
6

4
Generally, the more stages of manufacture
2 the greater the embodied energy will be; for
0 example, tongued and grooved lumber
Aggregate Cement Brick and Wood Glass Steel Plastics board has a higher embodied energy than
Clay rough-sawn lumber
 Roles of Landscape
Architect in Construction
Prepare the project Works with related Creates detailed drawings
definitions, needs and professionals on technical and testing the project
requirements. issues and the structural feasibility.
integrity of a project.

Cost estimation at different Contract analysis reports, Execute the construction

stages of the project allows and results are compared works and dealing with and
better control over the with the client’s expectations resolving any problems that
budget. and budget. may occur.
 Structure in the
Landscape

Architecture and the

landscape drives the shape
and form of our world.
 Structure in the
Landscape

Combining these entities

produces either a seamless
bond of harmony, or a
forced existence of clashing
intentions.
 Structure in the
Landscape

Successfully bridging the

chasm between man-made
structures and nature is an
essential achievement of
landscape design and build.
 Structure in the
Landscape

The appearance of these

structures are often
impacted by the selection of
materials.
A stained finish will profess a
different aesthetic than
painted wood or powder
coated steel.
 STYLES AND
COMBINATIONS

FINEST HYBRID
THE RAW TOUCH LESS IS MORE HI-TENSILE BUILD

Knotty grades of Clean, treated Steel and Steel posts can Combination of
wood can be wood can be aluminium be used for both give the
stained to painted to structures will structural appearance of
preserve a match or to last longer than integrity. all-wood
rustic, more compliment the wood and structure while
natural style. approach of a require less maintaining
modern design. maintenance. strength and
longevity.
 MATERIALS
PROPERTIES

Density Strength Thermal

Material’s
Gravity Acoustic
Properties

Size Deformation Lifespan

PRINCIPLES OF
ASSEMBLY

Fundamental to structural
design is the study of
mechanics: the action of a
force on a mass.

The study of statics is that

branch of mechanics which
studies the forces that hold
a mass in a state of
equilibrium.
PRINCIPLES OF
ASSEMBLY

A force is an “agency,” which

tends to change the
condition of rest of a rigid
body; such agencies can be
considered as push or pull
forces, which do not
produce motion.

In short, statics is the

structural design of
motionless objects.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis of 1687) is the law of action and
reaction:

“Whenever a particle A exerts a force on another

particle B, B simultaneously exerts a force on A
with the same magnitude in the opposite
direction.”

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

 LOADS AND
REACTIONS
Live load is the load of the book on the table, and may be removed or
replaced. In landscape construction, illustrations of such live loads on a
structure include wind, water, and earth pressure, snow, and people or
vehicles on a sidewalk or road;

Dead load is an immovable load, such as paint or varnish on a table. Being

permanent, these are not removable—hence the term “dead.” Examples of
dead loads include finishes and fittings, or fixed planters on a deck or patio;

Superimposed load is the live load and the dead load together: book and
table (or car and road, for instance);

Self-weight is the weight of the structure itself, i.e. the weight of the table or
the structure—e.g. a wall or roadway;
LOADS AND
REACTIONS
 LOADS AND
REACTIONS
Aggressive forces are the live load, dead load, and self-weight all together, i.e.
the book, varnish, and table together;

Reactions are the opposing forces of a structure and its foundations. These
are caused by the aggressive forces and adjust themselves constantly to the
tendency to motion of those aggressive forces;

Free body is an abstraction of the structure—e.g. the table with all loads, self-
weight, and reactions is called a “free body,” and this concept allows the
subdivision of large composite structures into smaller free bodies, which
permit structural calculation;
 LOADS AND
REACTIONS
Properties of force are magnitude (measured in lbs) and direction towards or
away from a fixed reference point following a line of action.

Force is measured by weight/area e.g. pounds per square inch (lbs/in2).

Thus:

f = P/A

where: f = unit of force

P = magnitude of forces in units of
weight
A = area over which force is
distributed.
 BEAMS

Horizontal structural members also known

as joists, girders, stringers or plates.

These diagrams show the basic categories

of beam and also how beams and columns
fail.

Such simple construction is obvious when

applied to a beam and column structure
such as Stonehenge or a lumber pergola,
but the principles can also be applied more
generally in landscape structure.
BEAMS
Good construction designers develop a feel for
how structures perform, so they are well
equipped to discuss alternatives with a
structural or civil engineer.
Thank You