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Business Statistics 3rd Edition Sharpe Test Bank
2.1.3 Create and use frequency and relative frequency distributions and their displays.
2. Find each of the following percentages.
2-1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Does the chart indicate that brand preference is independent of gender? Explain.
6.8% (47/688)
13.4% (41/305)
51.0% (49/96)
132 for Cannon Power Shot, 96 for Nikon Cool Pix, 91 for Sony Cyber Shot, 65 for
Panasonic Lumix, 73 for Fujifilm Finepix, 78 for Olympus S/V and 153 for other brands.
D G
The Belgian Expedition was well supported by patriotic subscribers.
Captain de Gerlache was chosen to command it, and in February, 1896,
there were sufficient funds to enable him to buy a suitable ship in
Norway—the Patria of 241 tons, built at Svelvig near Drammen in 1884.
She was very thoroughly refitted and strengthened at Sandefjord, and on
June 19th I spent the day there and was very favourably impressed by the
efficiency and ability of the Belgian Commander and above all by his
modesty. Lieutenant Lecointe was his second in command, Arçtowski
went as geologist, Racovitza as naturalist, Danco as magnetic observer,
and Dr Cook, who had been with Peary in Whale Sound, as surgeon.
Roald Amundsen was 2nd Lieutenant. The Patria was renamed the
Belgica.
The expedition of de Gerlache approached the South Shetlands at
the western end of the group by Smith and Low Islands to the Gulf of
Hughes, which is an expansion of the Orleans Channel discovered by
Dumont d’Urville. The Belgica then proceeded down a channel with the
north-west coast of Graham Land on one side, and four large islands on
the other which de Gerlache named Liège, Brabant, Gand, and Anvers.
The channel, which was named after de Gerlache, led into the Pacific
Ocean. The scenery on both sides was magnificent.
Captain de Gerlache gave as many opportunities of landing as
possible, and M. Arçtowski, the geologist, was specially eager to
examine the rocks and the glaciation. At his first landing he found
eruptive rocks of great density, of a deep green colour. He next landed on
Trinity or Palmer Island. The rocks were erratic, from a moraine, and
consisted of granite, and also of numerous ancient eruptive rocks. The
latitude was 63° 57′ S. The landings of Arçtowski and his messmates
were, in fact, very numerous as the Belgica steamed down Gerlache
Channel, with interesting glacial and geological results; the officers
meanwhile making surveys of the coast. Arçtowski thought that the
channel and the islands were once covered with a vast glacier. He found
some evidence that the glaciers were now receding.
On leaving the channel the Belgica ran south along the western coast
of Graham Land, passing many flat-topped icebergs. The Circle was
crossed and the Antarctic regions entered on the 14th February, 1898. De
Gerlache tried to approach the Alexander Island of Bellingshausen, but
was stopped by the pack. It was, however, sighted. The coast beyond
seemed to turn to the east. The Alexander Island glaciers were found not
to reach the sea, coalescing in a gigantic ice-foot or terrace.
De Gerlache then left the coast of Graham Land and the Belgica was
steered westward into the Pacific on February 24th, being in 69° 30′ S.
Working through the closely-packed ice the ship had reached a latitude
of 71° 31′ S. on the 20th March, in longitude 85° 16′ W. The young ice
was forming fast, and it became evident that they would have to winter
in the pack. During that dreary winter the ship drifted from 85° to 90°
W., the Peter Island of Bellingshausen being in 92°. As summer
approached it was necessary to cut a canal to the open water, but at
length the Belgica was clear of the ice on March 14th, 1899.
Over the area that the vessel drifted during the winter the depth
averaged about 270 fathoms. This was a continental shelf, showing that
the land was at no great distance to the south. At the edge of the shelf to
the north there was an abrupt descent to 800 fathoms.
This discovery of the edge of the continental shelf in the Pacific
Ocean is important, combined with the discoveries of Bellingshausen.
But all the work done by this expedition was well done and has increased
our knowledge of the geology and glaciation of Graham Land. Captain
de Gerlache conducted the expedition with ability and success. He has
since done very useful Arctic work in the same ship, with the Duc
d’Orléans. M. Arçtowski’s excellent paper on the exploration of
Antarctic lands during the voyage of the Belgica was included in the
199
Royal Geographical Society’s Antarctic Manual .
The expedition under Mr Bruce was for a very short time south of
the Antarctic circle, most of its two years and a half duration being
devoted to scientific investigations in two islands of the South Orkneys.
Mr Bruce was a natural history student. In that capacity, in 1893, he
made a voyage to the south in one of the whalers, the Balaena, Captain
Robertson. From 1894–96 he was at the meteorological station on the
summit of Ben Nevis, and in 1896–97 he served under Jackson during
his last winter in Franz Josef Land. Having received a promise of support
from Mr James and Major Andrew Coats, wealthy manufacturers at
Paisley, he went to Norway and bought an old vessel of 400 tons called
the Hecla, which required much repair. Captain Robertson was master of
the ship, which was renamed the Scotia, and there was a scientific staff.
The main object appears to have been deep sea sounding. The Scotia
sailed on the 2nd November 1902, and in the first year she crossed the
Antarctic Circle, went south as far as 70° 25′, and then returned to winter
at the South Orkneys.
The two islands of the South Orkneys, called Laurie and Coronation,
were discovered by a sealing captain named Powell in the Dove in 1821.
They had been visited by Weddell, who named them, by Dumont
d’Urville in 1838, and by Larsen in 1893. Bruce and his staff took
meteorological, magnetic, and tidal observations, and made biological
and geological researches and collections. Silurian fossils were found,
and some evidence was obtained to show that the Patagonian coast once
extended to these islands and beyond them.
In the second season the Scotia crossed the Antarctic Circle in 32°
W. on February 27th, 1904, finding a depth of 2630 fathoms. The ship
was now in King George’s Sea of Weddell. Icebergs of immense size
were met with, far too large to have come off the mountain slopes. They
pointed to a vast glacial formation analogous to Ross’s ice barrier. On the
3rd March, when in 72° 18′ S. and 17° 59′ W. with a depth of 1131
fathoms, a line of ice cliffs 100 to 180 feet high was sighted, but could
not be approached nearer than two miles. These cliffs were probably
resting on land which is a continuation of the coast of Antarctica from
Enderby Land. The line of cliffs was traced for 150 miles, and a
sounding on the continental shelf gave 159 fathoms. Mr Bruce named the
ice cliffs Coats Land. On the 9th March, the Scotia was in 74° 1′ S. and
22° W. and on the 14th she was headed north. The soundings obtained
were from 2000 to 2600 fathoms. On the 27th the Antarctic Circle was
again crossed, the Scotia having been 28 days south of it. After a second
winter at the South Orkneys the expedition returned.