GC Manual

GASCalc 4.
0
™
User's Manual
Bradley B. Bean, PE
419 East Columbia Street
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80907 USA
Telephone: 1-800-391-9391 ! (719) 578-9391
Fax: (719) 578-9394
www.b3pe.com
© 1993 - 1999, 2008, 2009 Bradley B. Bean, PE - All rights reserved.
GASCalc 4.0 ™ Introduction
License Agreement
GASCalc, its options, and supplements are licensed for installation on only one computer per authorized
copy. That is, only one copy of the program is intended to be installed per license. Each purchased copy of
the program represents one license. We are relying on your honesty and integrity to ensure that multiply
copies of the program are not created.
In reference to this section, the following definitions shall apply: Software shall mean the GASCalc program,
documentation, and any associated options, enhancements, or supplements; User shall mean the individual
or organization purchasing the Software, the individual or organization employing the persons to be using
the Software, the individual or organization otherwise responsible for the administration of the use of the
Software, or any affiliate thereof; Developer shall mean Bradley B. Bean, PE. By use of the Software, the
User consents to accept full responsibility for the use of the Software including: Interpretations or decisions
based on any results derived from the Software; Any claims or consequences resulting from the use,
accidental misuse, or intentional misuse of the Software by the User; And for reimbursement of the original
purchase price to the Developer for each unauthorized copy of the Software generated from the User's
authorized copy.
It is the User's obligation to immediately return the Software if they do not concur and consent to these
Licensing requirements.
Trademark Notice
GASCalc and the "B-Cubed" logo are trademarks of Bradley B. Bean, PE. Windows, Windows 95, Windows
98, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Copyright Warning
The GASCalc software and User's Manual are protected under the United States and International copyright
laws and treaties. Making unauthorized copies of either the software or the associated documentation is a
violation of United States and international law. Please don't be a criminal - don't copy.
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Guarantee
If you are not fully satisfied with the performance of GASCalc, return the original distribution diskette(s)
and documentation within thirty days of the date of receipt. We will promptly refund the original purchase
price.
If during the useful lifetime of the software, GASCalc or its options do not perform as claimed, notify us of
the deficiency and we will promptly address and correct your concern.
Application Limit
The number of Users that can simultaneously run the GASCalc software is dependent on the license style
purchased. This number is referred to as the application limit. A single User license allows only one User
at a time. A limited network license allows a fixed number of Users (depending on the purchase agreement).
An unlimited network license has no User limit.
GASCalc keeps track of how many Users are using it. When it is executed, it checks the number of Users
currently using the software. If the application limit is not exceeded, the software will be started. If the
application limit is exceeded, a warning message will appear and the software will not start. If GASCalc is
abnormally terminated, the User count will become corrupt and GASCalc may erroneously report the number
of current Users – preventing additional Users from beginning execution. If this occurs, use the following
procedure to start GASCalc.
Select the Windows Start button. The program menu list will appear. Select the Run item from the program
list. At the Open prompt type “\Program Files\GASCalc 4\GC40.exe” /-1. Include the quotation marks. Note
that there is a space between Program and Files, between GASCalc and 4, and between the closing quote (“)
and the forward slash (/).
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Release Notes
GASCalc 4.0 represents a continued evolution of the GASCalc software. As with all evolutionary processes,
things change. In this revision the most noticeable change will be the new Windows 95 look, and the addition
of numerous new calculation methods. As a result of these changes GASCalc 4.0 will only run under the
Microsoft Windows 95 or NT 4.0 or newer operating systems.
It seems that a price must be paid for every beneficial gain. In this case the price is that the installed size of
GASCalc and its accompanying support programs has grown significantly (due to the tremendous overhead
associated with the newer Windows operating systems). The overall installation now requires about 5 Mbytes
of free disk space for installation.
GASCalc 4.0 can read calculation files created by previous versions, however it does not write them. Once
a file has been read and saved by GASCalc 4.0 it can no longer be used with the previous version that created
it. You may wish to create back-up copies of your calculation files before using them with the new version
of GASCalc.
Some of the new features added to the software are described in the following paragraphs. We hope that you
will be pleased with the many improvements and enhancements we have made to GASCalc. Please let us
know if you have any comments, concerns, or questions regarding our new product.
General User Interface Features…

' All of the screens and dialog boxes have been revised to achieve the look and feel of the Windows
95 environment.
' A group of settings has been added which allows the User to set various preferences such as the
default location of the calculation and initialization files, to indicate whether the tooltips should be
shown, and to indicate whether data values should be shared between the calculation screens.
' The User may now specify the default location of the various initialization files used by the
software and the default location of the calculation files.
' Pop-up “tooltips” have been added to the controls on each of the screens. The tooltips provide a
quick reference to the control’s function.
' Online help is provided to assist the User navigate and use the software. The help feature includes
various examples explaining the steps required to complete a task.
New Calculation Features…

' Bending Stress – Calculates bending stress values for pipe spans. Allows selection of various end
conditions, span lengths, and loading conditions.
' Compressibility Factor – The display of base and actual density values were added.
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' Energy Conversions – Calculates equivalent energy usage values for User selected energy types.
' External Loading – The API 1102 Recommended Practice calculation method was added.
' Fitting Values - Calculates flow and pressure values associated with flow through assorted pipe
fittings.
' Lost Gas From Damage – Estimates volume of gas lost from a punctured or severed pipe segment.
' Pipe Flow – The ability to attach fittings and to estimate the downstream flowing temperature
based on heating or cooling from the surrounding environment were added. Several new flow
equations – AGA Fully and Partially Turbulent (with pipe roughness), Cox, IGE 3 Low and Medium
Pressure, and the IMC Low and Medium Pressure equations are now included.
' Orifice Meter – The display of the orifice velocity was added.
' Regulator Values – Calculates various sizing, flow, pressure, and temperature values associated
with flow through a regulator. Finds models matching User specified criteria.
' Regulator and Monitor System – Calculates flow and pressure values associated with flow
through a monitor and controlling regulator set.
' Regulator and Relief System – Calculates flow and pressure values associated with flow through
a regulator and relief valve regulator set.
' Relief Valve Values - Calculates sizing, flow, pressure, and temperature values associated with
flow through a relief valve. Finds models matching User specified criteria.
' Relief Valve Piping System - Calculates flow and pressure values associated with flow through
a relief valve and associated stack piping.
' Thermal Expansion – Calculates stress and change values due to thermal expansion and
contraction for spans subject to material temperature changes.
' Unit Conversions – A variety of new dimensional units were added.
' Valve Values - Calculates sizing, flow, pressure, and temperature values associated with flow
through a valve. Finds models matching User specified criteria.
Miscellaneous …
' A User specified Title can be included with most calculations.
' User defined calculation notes can be included with most calculations.
' A set of User defined check limits have been added to allow the User to control the selection of
matching regulator, relief, and valve models, and to control the display of various warnings.
' A sophisticated editor has been included for allowing the User to modify the fitting, pipe,
regulator, relief, and valve property files.
We hope that you will be pleased with the many improvements and enhancements we have made to
GASCalc. Please contact us if you have comments, concerns, or questions regarding our new product.
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Table of Contents
Table Of Contents
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General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hardware Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Software Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Installing The Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Removing The Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Executing GASCalc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Example Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Using Online Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Using The Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Negotiating Calculation Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Executing Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Setting The Number Of Displayed Decimals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Getting Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Notes For International Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Notes On Dimensional Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Performing Your First Calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Menu Items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Gas Properties Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Meters Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pipe Menu List.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Valves & Fittings Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Utilities Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Applications Menu List.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Window Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Help Menu List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exit Menu Item. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Calculation Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Application Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Base Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Blowdown Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Buoyancy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Check & Match Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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Compressibility Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Delete An Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Energy Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
External Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
File Selection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fitting Values.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fitting Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Gas Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Gas Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Hoop Stress.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Message Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Notes Editor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Number Of Decimals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Orifice Meter Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Path Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Piping Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Pipe Flow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Pipe Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Plastic Pipe Design Formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Pressure Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Pressure, Volume, Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Print Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Regulator & Monitor System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Regulator & Relief System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Regulator, Relief & Valve Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Regulator Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Regulator Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Relief Valve & Piping System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Relief Valve Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Relief Valve Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Steel Pipe Design Formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Thermal Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Unit Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Valve Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Valve Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
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Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Index Of Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Notes For Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Application - Adding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Atmospheric Pressure - Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Atmospheric Pressure - Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Base Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Buoyancy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Compressibility - NX19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Energy Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
External Loading - API 1102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
External Loading – GPTC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
File Handling - Default Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
File Handling - Retrieving A Calculation File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
File Handling - Saving A Calculation File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Fitting Values - Pressure Drop.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Gas Loss From Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Gas Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Hoop Stress - Outside Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Hoop Stress – Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Hoop Stress - Stress Value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Hoop Stress – Wall Thickness.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Initialization Files - Setting Path.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Orifice Meter - Flow Rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Orifice Meter - Orifice Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Orifice Meter - Pressure Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Orifice Meter - Using AGA3-1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Orifice Meter - Using ISO-5167. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Pipe Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Pipe Blowdown - Choke Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Pipe Blowdown - Elapsed Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Pipe Blowdown - Initial Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Pipe Blowdown - Stack Diameter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Pipe Flow - Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Pipe Flow - Downstream Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Pipe Flow – Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
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Pipe Flow - End Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Pipe Flow - Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Pipe Flow – Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Pipe Flow - Multiple Segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Pipe Flow – Roughness.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Pipe Flow - With Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Plastic Pipe Design – Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Plastic Pipe Design - Hydrostatic Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Plastic Pipe Design – Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Plastic Pipe Design - Wall Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Pressure Factor – Adjusted Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Pressure Factor - Metered Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Pressure, Volume & Temperature Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Printing Calculation Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Property Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Regulator - With Relief Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Regulator - Sizing Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Regulator - With Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Relief Valve – Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Relief Valve - Pressures For A System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Relief Valve - Sizing Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Setting Decimal Places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Steel Pipe Design - Design Pressure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Steel Pipe Design – SMYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Steel Pipe Design - Wall Thickness.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Thermal Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Unit Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Valve Values - Pressure Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Valve Values - Sizing Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Equation Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Compressibility Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Gas Property Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Meter Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Miscellaneous Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Orifice Meter Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
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Pipe Flow Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Regulator Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Relief Valve Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Support Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Valve Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Supported Dimensional Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Predefined Property Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ General Information
General Information
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Before you attempt to install GASCalc, ensure that your computer meets the following hardware and
software requirements.
Hardware Requirements
GASCalc will operate on any personal computer configured to run Windows 95 or higher. The following
table summarizes the hardware requirements of GASCalc:
Item Minimum Requirements Recommended Options

Processor Windows 95 Compatible None
Installed RAM Windows Requirements None
Available Hard Disk Program Only - 5.1 Mbytes 6 Mbytes or higher
Capacity Data - minimal
Monitor 640x480 VGA 800x600 SVGA or better
Mouse Microsoft compatible two button None
mouse
Printer None Any Windows compatible laser
printer 300 dpi or better
Software Requirements
GASCalc requires the Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0 or newer to operate.
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Installing The Software
To facilitate installation of the GASCalc software on your hard disk, a setup program is included on the
distribution diskettes or CD. To install the GASCalc software.
' Windows must be running to install GASCalc, if it is not, start Windows now.
' Place the first distribution diskette in the appropriate floppy disk drive (A: or B:), or the
distribution CD in compact disk drive (D:).
' Select the Windows Start button. The program menu list will appear. Select the Run item from
the program menu list.
' At the Open prompt type the appropriate drive letter followed by the word SETUP. For example,
type D:SETUP, then press the Enter (5) key.
' The setup welcome screen will appear. Select the Next command button to proceed with the
installation.
' Indicate the location to install GASCalc to. Enter a drive and folder, or accept the default location.
Select the Next command button to continue.
' Select the program group to contain the GASCalc icon. Select a new group or accept the default
location. Select the Finish command button to complete the installation. A message will appear when
the installation is complete, select the OK command button to clear the message.
Removing The Software
To remove (uninstall) the GASCalc software.
' Windows 95 or NT must be running before GASCalc may be uninstalled. If Windows is not
running, begin its execution now.
' Click on the Uninstall item in the GASCalc 4 program group. When prompted whether to really
remove the program, select the Yes command button.
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' During the removal process you may be prompted to remove some shared files. If this prompt
appears, select the No To All command button.
' A message will appear when the removal is complete.
The removal routine will not be able to remove any directory or file that has been created directly by the User
after the initial installation. If this occurs, the directory or file may be manually removed using the Windows
Explorer program. A few of the files and directories that might not be removed are listed below.
' In the course of using GASCalc, several initialization files may be created when a calculation
screen is opened. These files are kept in a specified initialization directory (“\Program
Files\GASCalc 4\ini\us"). If any of these files have been created or changed, the removal routine will
not be able to remove the directory containing the files.
' When GASCalc is installed, it creates a directory called (“Files”) directly subordinate to the main
GASCalc program directory. This is the default directory for storing the calculation files. If new files
were added to the directory (for example if a calculation has been saved) the removal routine will
not be able to remove the directory.
' GASCalc creates several status files that are kept in the main GASCalc program directory
(“\Program Files\GASCalc 4"). If any of these files have been created or changed, the removal
routine will not be able to remove the main directory.
Executing GASCalc
To execute GASCalc.
' Windows must be running before GASCalc may be executed. If Windows is not running, begin
its execution now.
' Select the Windows Start button. The program menu list will appear. Select the GASCalc 4.0 item
from the GASCalc menu list.
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' The GASCalc Copyright Notice will appear - click the

Continue button or press the Enter (5) key to continue.
' To perform a calculation, choose the associated calculation

method from the appropriate pull-down menu. Click on the Exit
menu heading to exit and terminate GASCalc.
Once installed and executed, the use of GASCalc is virtually self explanatory. To perform a calculation - just
choose the appropriate calculation method from the menu lists, fill in blanks on the calculation screen,
underline the item to be calculated, and select the Calculate command button.
Example Calculations
The online help associated with GASCalc contains a large number of example calculations. Select the
Contents item from the Help menu to access the examples. Some of the examples are quit extensive, it may
be helpful to print an extended topic before working the associated example. Select the Using Help item from
the Help menu list for instructions on using the online help features.
Using Online Help
GASCalc provides a comprehensive online help system. The help topics can be accessed using several
different methods. The easiest of these, is to set focus on the desired data item by clicking on it with the
mouse pointer (or highlighting a menu item using the arrow keys), then pressing the F1 function key. The
help topic for the selected item will then be displayed. The Using Help item found in the Help menu list,
contains further instructions on using the GASCalc help system.
The help system can also be accessed by selecting the GASCalc Help item from the GASCalc program group
found in the Windows program list.
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Using The Menu
The various calculation routines and features associated with the GASCalc software are accessed through
pull-down menus. The menus are grouped under headings by functionality. The menu headings are displayed
near the top of the main GASCalc screen.
Menu items are accessed by selecting an item from a menu list. The menu lists are activated by selecting the
appropriate menu heading. Menu headings and menu items may be selected by one of the following methods:
' Click on the menu heading or menu item by using the mouse to position the cursor on the desired
heading or item, then press the left most button on the mouse.
' Use the Tab or Arrow keys to highlight the desired menu heading or menu item. When the menu
item is highlighted, press the Enter key.
' Or, hold down the Alt key while pressing the key corresponding to the underlined letter of the
desired heading or item.
A menu list may be deactivated by pressing the Escape key or selecting another menu heading. The items
found in the GASCalc menu lists are described and summarized in the Menus section of the manual.
Negotiating Calculation Screens
GASCalc provides numerous data screens for entering, editing, viewing, and managing the data it requires.
A data screen will contain various controls including data fields for entering individual data values, data lists
for selecting predefined data, option buttons and check boxes for selecting options, data tabs for displaying
specific data groups, and command buttons for executing various functions. The Tab or Enter keys, or the
mouse may be used to move between the controls contained on all screens.
Data Fields – Data fields are provided for entering data items that must be entered by typing a value. To
enter a value in a data field, position the cursor in the appropriate data field, then type the desired value.
Data Lists - Some items are supported by data lists. For example, dimensional units are generally associated
with a list of available data values – these are data lists. To activate a data list, click on the arrow symbol next
to the right side of the data field. Select an item from the list by clicking or double-clicking on the item. Or,
press an Arrow key while the cursor is in the desired field, to change the selected value.
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Option Button – On some screens “either-or” options are presented using an option button. Where option
buttons are used, a dot inside the option circle indicates that the option is selected. Option buttons are usually
found in groups. Only one option may be chosen at a time. To change the status of an option button, click
on the desired button, or use the Arrow keys to move between options.
Check Boxes – On some screens options are presented using check boxes. Where a check box is used, a
check mark will appear in the box when the option is selected. The status of a check box may be changed
by clicking on the box, or by pressing the Space Bar while the cursor is in the box.
Data Tabs – On some screens data is grouped and displayed on data tabs. To access the data contained on
a tab, click on the tab’s heading. Or, holding the Alt key while pressing the key associated with the
underlined letter displayed in the tab’s heading.
Executing Commands
Many dialog boxes and data screens contain Command Buttons. These buttons may be used to quickly access
a specific function. The Continue button on the Copyright notice is an example of a command button. When
a button is selected, the function associated with a button is executed. Command buttons may be selected by
one of the following methods:
' Click on the command button by using the mouse to position the cursor on the desired button,
then press the left most button on the mouse.
' Use the Tab or Arrow keys to position the cursor on the desired command button, then press the
Enter key.
' Or, hold down the Alt key while pressing the key corresponding to the underlined letter of the
desired command button.
Setting The Number Of Displayed Decimals
The number of digits displayed to the right of the decimal place, can be specified by the User. The number
of displayed decimal places may be set by double clicking on the data field associated with the desired item.
See the Setting Decimal Places example for instructions on setting the decimal places.
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Getting Help
Hours - Our normal work hours are 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Mountain Time, Monday through Friday.
However if you have a problem, please try at any time, we may be in.
By Telephone - If you need to reach us to get help using GASCalc, you may reach us at the following
telephone numbers:
Toll Free (US Only): 1-800-391-9391
Telephone: (719) 578-9391
If you receive our answering machine, please leave a message including your name, your company's name,
your telephone number, and a brief description of the information that you require. We will promptly respond
to your request.
By Mail - You may write to us at:

Bradley B. Bean, PE
419 East Columbia Street
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
USA
By Fax – You may fax us at (719) 578-9394
By Email – You may email us at help@b3pe.com.
When contacting us by other than telephone, please include your contact information so that we may reach
you.
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Notes For International Users
GASCalc attempts to accommodate the needs of International Users by providing a robust set of dimensional
units. These units can be selected as appropriate for the User’s particular needs. However, GASCalc does
have a particular weakness when it comes to the various property tables that contain predefined fitting, pipe,
regulator, relief, and valve data. Although two separate sets of property tables are created when GASCalc
is installed - one set contains properties in US units, the other contains properties in “metric” units. These
lists are primarily oriented towards US manufacturers and sizes.
When GASCalc is first executed it uses the US tables. To cause the metric tables to be used, set the
Initialization Path to “\Program Files\GASCalc 4\metric”. See the Setting Initialization Path example for
instructions on setting the preferred path.
These tables can be easily modified by the User to more specifically meet the particular needs of each User.
The tables provided with the software, are intended to be provide a starting point to allow the User to create
their own custom tables. See the Adding A Pipe To The Pipe Properties Table example for an introduction
to working with property tables. If you do modify the property tables, or would like us to add specific items
to the tables, please forward your modifications or suggestions to us for inclusion in the standard tables.
Notes On Dimensional Units
When GASCalc first starts its default dimensional units are set to standard US values (feet, inches, psi,
Fahrenheit). However, you will notice that the software supports a variety of dimensional units. Once a unit
has been selected on a calculation screen, and the screen has been closed, that unit will be saved as the
default value the next time the screen is opened.
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Performing Your First Calculation
Summary...
The following example will guide you through the general steps involved with performing a
GASCalc calculation. Although the example guides you through a pipe diameter calculation, the
steps involved with the calculation can be applied to performing other calculations. Because of the
length of this topic, you might find it beneficial to print the topic before proceeding with the
example.
For this example let’s see what size of service is required to supply a customer with 10000 Cfh (283
M3/hr) at a pressure of no less than 10 Psig (69 kPa) at the inlet to the meter set. The service will
be attached to a 20 Psig (138 kPa) main line. The length from the main line tap to the customer is
1000 feet (305 Meters). The geographic elevation of the customer is 300 feet (91 Meters) above sea
level, and the gas flowing temperature is 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius). We will neglect the effect of
fittings for this first calculation. And we will use the IGT-Improved flow equation to perform the
calculations. Use the following steps to calculate the required pipe size.
Steps...
1) Setting Base Conditions…

Before performing any pressure or flow related calculations, the base conditions for the calculation
must be established. This involves setting the base pressure, temperature, and gas properties. To set
the base conditions.
Note - In this documentation, two values are listed where a data value is given. The first value
represents the value in English/US dimensional units. The second value (enclosed in parenthesis)
represents the value in metric units. Use the appropriate values.
' Select the Set Base Conditions item from the Gas Properties menu list. The Base Conditions
screen will appear.
' On the screen, set (if they are not already set) the following values.
Base Pressure = 14.73 Psi (102 kPa)
Base Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Gas Properties File = None
Specific Gravity = .6
Viscosity = .000007 Lbm/ft-sec (.0104 Centipoise)
Specific Heat Ratio = 1.3
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' When the values are entered, select the Close command button to save the settings.
Note – The Base Conditions data screen can also be accessed by clicking on the Base Conditions
command button on any of the calculation screens that use the base data values. The gas property
values are the “standard” values generally associated with a “standard” natural gas composition. The
actual property values for other compositions can be calculated and saved in a gas properties file by
selecting the Calculate Properties item from the Gas Properties menu list.
2) Performing The Calculation...

' Open the Pipe Flow calculation screen by selecting the Pipe Flow item from the Pipe menu list.
The Pipe Flow calculation screen will appear.
Note – You will notice various data items, dimensional units, and calculated values listed on the
screen. Data values are entered by typing the desired value in the associated data box, or for some
items like pipe diameter, by selecting them from the associated data list. Dimensional units are set
by selecting the desired item from the associated data list. Several of the data values have a red
colored label next to them. For example, the pipe diameter, length, flow rate, etc are colored red on
the pipe flow screen. These represent the individual data items that can be “unknown” during the
calculation. The unknown value will be underlined – to change the unknown value, click on the
associated red label. Only one of the red colored items can be unknown per calculation.
' Enter the following data values.

Diameter Units = Inches (Millimeter)
Length = 1000 Feet (305 Meters)
Efficiency = .95 Decimal
Flow Rate = 10 Mcfh (283 M3/hr)
Equation = IGT-Improved
Compressibility = None
In Pressure = 20 Psi (138 kPa)
Out Pressure = 10 Psi (69 kPa)
In Elevation = 300 Feet (91 Meters)
Out Elevation = 300 Feet (91 Meters)
In Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Out Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Velocity Units = Feet/sec (Meters/sec)
' Indicate that the diameter value is to be calculated by clicking on the red diameter label until it
is underlined. A value will be shown in the data, just ignore it for now – we will calculate a new
value in the next step.
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' Calculate the required size by clicking on the Calculate command button. The results should look
similar to one of the following.
or
Note - The required size is approximately the same as a 2 Inch (51Millimeter) pipe. Let’s see if a 2
Inch (51Millimeter) plastic (polyethylene) pipe will work. To do that we will set the pipe size as 2
Inch and calculate the downstream (outlet) pressure.
' Set the pipe size to 2 Inch (type in 51Millimeter) plastic by selecting the item 2P-S11 from the
diameter data list. (The S11 stands for SDR 11).
' Indicate that the downstream pressure is to be calculated (unknown) by clicking on the Out
Pressure label until it is underlined.
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' Calculate the required size by clicking on the Calculate command button. The results should look
similar to one of the following.
or
Note - The downstream (outlet) pressure is greater than the 10 Psig (69 kPa) required so it appears
that the 2 Inch (51Millimeter) plastic line would work. However, you might remember that we
ignored the effect of fittings along the line in our initial calculation. Now let’s add an elbow, a valve,
and a tapping tee to the line and see if the line size still works.
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' Before we can attach the fittings we first need to get the fitting data tab to be displayed by
clicking on the Fitting Data tab. The fitting tab contents will be displayed.
' To actually attach the fittings, scroll through the Available Fittings list until a desired item is
displayed, then click on the item. When selected, the item will be displayed in the Attached Fitting
list. Add the following fittings.
2P Tap 1.25
2 L-90
2 V-Plug
or..
' Now recalculate the downstream (outlet) pressure by clicking on the Calculate command button.
' To view the new pressure value, click on the Pipe Data tab. The outlet pressure is still greater
than the 10 psi (69 kPa) required, so it looks like the 2 inch (51Millimeter) line would be adequate
for this application.
Note –To remove an item from the Attached Fitting list, double click on the item to be removed.
' To close the Pipe Data screen, click the Close command button.
Conclusion...
That concludes this example. The skills that you used in this example – entering data, setting
dimensional units, selecting the unknown item, moving between tabs, attaching fittings, and
performing the calculations can be applied to performing and using other calculations and
calculating other pipe flow items.
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Menu Items
Menu Items
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The previous section described GASCalc's basic features and general instructions on using the program. This
section provides a reference for the GASCalc menu items. The item descriptions are grouped by menu
heading and include a brief description of the routines associated with each of the items. Complete
descriptions of the data screens and the dialog boxes are provided in the following sections of this manual.
The Examples section, found later in this manual, also provides additional information on using the menu
items to access GASCalc's various routines.
Gas Properties Menu List
The routines associated with calculating gas property related values are accessed through the Gas Properties
menu list. The various menu items and their functions are listed below:
Calculate Properties – Calculates heating value, specific gravity, specific heat ratio, and viscosity
values associated with a User defined gas composition.
P, V, T – Calculates pressure, volume, and temperature values between two conditions.
Set Base Conditions – Sets the base pressure and temperature values, as well as the specific gravity,
viscosity, and heating values.
Compressibility – Calculates the compressibility, supercompressibility, and density of a gas

composition at a specific pressure and temperature. The compressibility factor is automatically
calculated by routines that require its use.
Atmospheric Pressure – Calculates the atmospheric pressure value for a specified elevation.
See Also…
Atmospheric Pressure Screen Description
Base Conditions Screen Description
Gas Properties Screen Description
PVT Screen Description
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Meters Menu List
The routines associated with calculating metering related values are accessed through the Meters menu list.
The various menu items and their functions are listed below:
Pressure Factor – Calculates adjustment factor for gas measured at non-base conditions.
Orifice Flow – Calculates various values associated with measurement by an orifice meter. Includes
calculation of orifice diameter, pressure differential, and flow rate values.
See Also…
Pressure Factor Screen Description
Orifice Meter Screen Description
Pipe Menu List
The routines associated with calculating pipe segment related values are accessed through the Pipe menu list.
The various menu items and their functions are listed below:
Pipe Flow – Calculates various values associated with flow through a pipe segment. Includes
calculation of diameter, length, efficiency, roughness, flow rate, pressure drop, velocity, and
temperature values.
Blowdown Time – Calculates the time required to blow a pipe segment down to atmospheric
pressure. Includes calculation of contained volume.
Steel Pipe Design – Calculates values associated with the ASME B31.8 steel pipe design formula.
Calculates design pressure, minimum wall thickness, maximum diameter, or required yield strength.
Plastic Pipe Design – Calculates values associated with the ASME B31.8 plastic pipe design
formula. Calculates design pressure, minimum wall thickness, maximum diameter, or required
hydrostatic strength.
Bending Stress – Calculates stress values associated with a pipe span.
Hoop Stress – Calculates hoop stress value and specified minimum yield strength ratio.
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External Loading – Calculates stress values associated with buried roadway and railway crossings.
Buoyancy – Calculates buoyancy values and weight requirements for wet environment crossings.
Thermal Expansion – Calculates various values associated with a pipe segment subject to thermal
change.
Edit Pipe Properties – Allows the pipe properties table to be modified by the User.
See Also…
Bending Stress Screen Description
Blowdown Time Screen Description
Buoyancy Screen Description
External Loading Screen Description
Hoop Stress Screen Description
Pipe Flow Screen Description
Pipe Properties Editor Screen Description
Plastic Pipe Design Screen Description
Steel Pipe Design Screen Description
Thermal Expansion Screen Description
Valves & Fittings Menu List
The routines associated with calculating fitting, regulator, relief valve, and line valve related values are
accessed through the Valves & Fittings menu list. The various menu items and their functions are listed
below:
Regulator Values – Calculates various values associated with flow through a regulator. Includes
calculation of valve sizing factor, inlet and outlet pressure, flow rate, and temperature values. Also
includes a routine for selecting models that match specified User requirements.
Regulator & Monitor System – Calculates various values associated with flow through a regulator
and monitor set. Includes calculation of pressure drop across station piping and equipment, and
required valve sizing factors.
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Regulator & Relief Valve System – Calculates various values associated with flow through a
regulator and relief valve set. Includes calculation of pressure drop across station piping and
equipment, and required valve sizing factors.
Edit Regulator Properties - Allows the regulator properties table to be modified by the User.
Fitting Values - Calculates various values associated with flow through a fitting.
Edit Fitting Properties - Allows the fitting properties table to be modified by the User.
Valve Values – Calculates various values associated with flow through a line valve. Includes
calculation of valve sizing factor, inlet and outlet pressure, and flow rate. Also includes a routine for
selecting models that match specified User requirements.
Edit Valve Properties - Allows the valve properties table to be modified by the User.
Relief Valve Values - Calculates various values associated with flow through a relief valve. Includes
calculation of valve sizing factor, inlet and outlet pressure, and flow rate. Also includes a routine for
selecting models that match specified User requirements.
Relief Valve & Piping System - Calculates various values associated with flow through a relief
valve system. Includes calculation of pressure drop across station piping and equipment, and
required valve sizing factors.
Edit Relief Valve Properties - Allows the relief valve properties table to be modified by the User.
See Also…
Regulator Values Screen Description
Regulator & Monitor Screen Description
Regulator & Relief Screen Description
Regulator Properties Editor Screen Description
Fitting Values Screen Description
Fitting Properties Editor Screen Description
Valve Values Screen Description
Valve Properties Editor Screen Description
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Relief Values Screen Description

Relief Valve & Pipe System Screen Description
Relief Valve Properties Editor Screen Description
Utilities Menu List
The Utilities menu contains the conversion routines, and various User preferences and settings. The various
menu items and their functions are listed below:
Unit Conversions – Calculates dimensional equivalent for a User specified value.
Energy Conversions – Calculates equivalent energy value for a User specified usage value.
Gas Loss From Damage – Calculates volume of gas lost through a punctured or severed pipe
segment.
Paths…
Data Files – Allows the User to set the default location for storing Calculation files.
Initialization Files - Allows the User to set the default location for storing the Initialization
files used to start up the various calculation screens.
Preferences…
Check & Match Limits – Allows the User to specify the high and low limits used during
the various valve matching (selection) routines, and the high velocity check limit.
Share Data Between Screens – When selected (checked), similar data values are shared
between the calculation screens. For example, if the Hoop Stress screen were opened while
the Pipe Flow screen was displayed - the pipe size, wall thickness, pressure values, and
dimensional units would be used to populate the Hoop Stress screen.
Show Tooltips - When selected (checked), brief “pop-up” descriptions will be displayed
when the mouse pointer is paused over a program control.
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See Also…
Unit Conversion Screen Description
Energy Conversion Screen Description
Gas Loss Screen Description
Path Specification Screen Description
Check & Match Limits Screen Description
Applications Menu List
GASCalc includes a feature which allows other applications to be started from its menu interface. The
Applications menu contains routines for adding, deleting, and accessing these applications. The various menu
items and their functions are listed below:
Add An Application – Allows an application to be added to the application list.
Delete An Application – Allows an application to be removed from the application list.
Application List – If applications have been added, they will be listed at the bottom of the menu list.
An application may be started by clicking on the application’s name in the list.
See Also…
Application Properties Screen Description
Delete Application Screen Description
Window Menu List
The Window menu list contains routines for automatically arranging displayed screen icons and opened
calculation screens. Currently opened calculation screens are listed at the end of the menu list. The various
menu items and their functions are listed below:
Arrange Icons – When selected, any displayed screen icons will be automatically arranged along
the bottom of the main GASCalc screen.
Arrange Windows – When selected, any displayed calculation screens will be automatically
arranged on the main GASCalc screen.
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Screen List – When calculation screens are open, they will be listed at the bottom of the menu list.
When a screen name is selected from the list, that screen is brought to the top (front) of the screen
stack.
Help Menu List
The help menu list contains routines for accessing the GASCalc help system, and program information. The
various menu items and their functions are listed below:
Contents – Displays the contents and index of the GASCalc help system.
Using Help – Displays instructions for using the GASCalc help system.
Technical Support – Displays contact information for reaching us.
About GASCalc – Displays various information about the GASCalc program.
Exit Menu Item
Selecting this item will terminate and close the GASCalc program.
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Calculation Screens
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Calculation Screens
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Bradley B. Bean, PE
The previous section described the function of the GASCalc menu items. In that section, numerous
calculation screens and dialog boxes were referenced. This section provides a detailed description of those
calculation screens and dialog boxes. The following pages present a description for each of the screens, listed
in alphabetical order based on the screen name.
Application Properties
Screen Description...
GASCalc allows other applications to be executed from its menu interface. For an application to be
available for execution, it must first be added to the application list. This is accomplished using the
Application Properties screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Description - A data field used to enter an identifying name for the application to be added. Enter
the value by typing it into the field.
Path & Name - A data field used to enter the location and name of the program file associated with
the application. Enter the value by typing it into the field, click the Select Path & Name command
button to use the File Selection dialog box to select the file and location.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without adding the application.
Close - A command button used to close the screen and add the application to the available
application list.
Select Path & Name - A command button used to display the File Selection dialog box. The dialog
box can be used to set the Path & Name value.
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Usage Notes...
' Only files that can be directly executed from the DOS command prompt or the Windows
Command Line can be included in the application list. These type of files usually end in the “.bat”,
“.com”, or “.exe” extension.
' Up to ten applications may be added to the application list.
' To include an “access key” in the application description, place the ampersand symbol (&)
immediately before the letter that you want to use as the key. The letter preceded by the ampersand
will be underlined when the item is displayed in the Application menu list. The access key can be
used by holding down the Alt key while pressing the letter key corresponding to the underlined
letter.
Examples...
Add An Application
See Also...
Delete An Application
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Atmospheric Pressure
Several of the calculation methods automatically compute the atmospheric pressure when they are
used. The atmospheric pressure may be computed at other times using the Atmospheric Pressure
calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level. Enter the value by
typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Pressure - A data field used to enter the atmospheric pressure value. Enter the value by typing it into
the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Dimensional Units - A group of drop-down list boxes used to display and specify the dimensional
units for the associated data value. The unknown value should be recalculated anytime a dimensional
unit is changed.
Command Buttons...
Calculate - A command button used to execute the calculation of the unknown parameter.
Close - A command button used to close the calculation screen.
Usage Notes...
' In general, pressure values used by GASCalc are expressed in gauge or relative pressure.
However, most of the pressure related calculation routines actually require the use of absolute
values. The absolute pressure is obtained by adding the local atmospheric pressure to the gauge
pressure. In these cases the atmospheric pressure value is automatically calculated as required to
satisfy the specific calculation requirements.
' The Notes Editor allows the User to add a specific title or notes to the current calculation.
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' An underlined label indicates it as the item being calculated. Only one item may be selected to
be calculated, the remaining items must be known. To identify the item to be calculated, click on the
label associated with the desired item. The label will be underlined when it has been selected.
Examples...
Calculating Pressure Value
Calculating Elevation From Pressure Value
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Base Conditions
Several of the calculation methods require that certain "base conditions" be set before performing
the calculation. A common set of base conditions is used by all of the calculation methods. These
base conditions are set using the Base Conditions data screen. The features associated with the
screen are described below.
Data Items...
Pressure - A data field used to enter the base pressure value. The value represents the basis of any
reported volume values. Generally the value is the same as the associated billing or contract pressure.
Enter the appropriate value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit, and as an absolute pressure value.
Temperature - A data field used to enter the base temperature value. The value represents the basis
of any reported volume values. Generally the value is the same as the associated billing or contract
temperature. Enter the appropriate value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in
terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Viscosity - A data field used to enter or display the viscosity of the "base" gas composition. If a Gas
Properties file is assigned, the value corresponds to the value stored in the file. If a Gas Properties
file is not assigned, the value must be entered by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed
in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
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Specific Gravity - A data field used to enter or display the specific gravity of the "base" gas
composition. If a Gas Properties file is assigned, the value corresponds to the value stored in the file.
If a Gas Properties file is not assigned, the value must be entered by typing it into the field. The
value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Specific Heat Ratio - A data field used to enter or display the specific heat ratio of the "base" gas
composition. If a Gas Properties file is assigned, the value corresponds to the value stored in the file.
If a Gas Properties file is not assigned, the value must be entered by typing it into the field. The
value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Use Gas Properties File - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the Gas Properties file
associated with the "base" gas composition. The list contains all previously saved Gas Properties
files. A Gas Properties file is not necessarily required, this item should be set to "None" if a gas
properties file is not used. The unknown value should be recalculated if the Gas Properties file is
changed.
unit is changed.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving changes.
Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current contents.
Usage Notes...
' When a Gas Properties file is selected, the Viscosity, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat Ratio
values are set to the values reflected in the selected file. If a Gas Properties file is assigned, these
values cannot be manually set. To allow manual entry of these values, set the Gas Properties file to
"None".
' A Gas Properties file is created by saving the contents of a Properties Calculation. If you will be
working with varying gas compositions, it is a good idea to create a Gas Properties file for each
composition. Then when needed, the required properties can be quickly set just by selecting the
associated Gas Properties file.
' Because of the compressible nature of gas compositions, anytime a gas volume is cited, a
reference pressure and temperature must also be given. The base pressure and temperature represent
the reference pressure and temperature for all calculations performed in GASCalc.
Examples…
Setting Base Conditions
Using A Gas Properties File
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Bending Stress
Various stress and load values associated with a pipe span may be calculated using the Bending
Stress calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Bending Stress - A data field used to enter or display the maximum bending stress associated with
the pipe span. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Outside Diameter - A data field used to enter or display the outside diameter value of the pipe.
Enter the value by typing it into the field, or by selecting it from the list. If the value is typed, it must
be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
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Length - A data field used to enter or display the length of the pipe span between supporting ends.
If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms
of the assigned dimensional unit.
Location - A data field used to enter or display the distance of the point load from end “A”. If a
point load is present, enter the appropriate location by typing the value into the field. If no point load
is present, enter a zero (0) for the location value. The value must be expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit.
Percent SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the ratio of the bending stress to the specified
minimum yield strength. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in a percentage.
Point Load - A data field used to enter or display a point load located along the pipe span. The
distance of the point load from end “A” is specified by the value of the Location item. Note that the
weight of the pipe itself is automatically applied during the calculation. If the value is known, enter
the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned
dimensional unit. If no point load is present, enter a zero (0) for the value.
Modulus of Elasticity – A drop-down list box that specifies the modulus of elasticity of the pipe
material. Enter the appropriate value by typing it in the box, or select a value from the list. If the
value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
SMYS – A drop-down list box that specifies the yield strength of the pipe material. Enter the
appropriate value by typing it in the box, or select a value from the list. If the value is typed, it must
Support Style – A pair of drop-down list boxes that specify the style of end support. The different
ends are referred to as “A” and “B”, you can think of end “A” as the left end, and end “B” as the
right end. The location of the point load is the distance from end “A”. Select the appropriate end
conditions from the list.
Uniform Load - A data field used to enter or display the uniform load along the pipe span, in excess
of the weight of the pipe material. Note that the weight of the pipe itself is automatically applied
during the calculation. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. If no additional uniform load is present,
enter a zero (0) for the value.
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness of the pipe. Enter the value
by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
If the outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the pipe list, the wall thickness value will
automatically be set.
unit is changed.
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Calculated Values...
Deflection - A panel used to display the calculated maximum deflection along the span.
Moment - A panel used to display the calculated reactionary moment at the span ends.
Moment (Maximum) - A panel used to display the calculated maximum moment along the span.
Reaction - A panel used to display the calculated reactionary force at the span ends.
Command Buttons...
Notes - A command button used to display the Notes Editor for the current calculation.
Open - A command button used to retrieve a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the
File Selection dialog box will appear. Select the name of the desired file, then select the OK button
on the File dialog box to continue.
Print - A command button used to print the current contents of the calculation screen. When
selected, the Print Control dialog box will appear. Enter the desired settings, then select the Print
button on the Print Control dialog box to continue.
Save - A command button used to save the current values to a calculation file. When selected, the
File Selection dialog box will appear. Enter the desired name for the calculation file, then select the
OK button on the File dialog box to continue.
Usage Notes...
' The color of the labels next to the data fields indicates whether the item may be calculated or
must be known. Two value groups are present on this screen. The red labels are one group and the
blue labels are another group. An underlined label indicates it as the item being calculated. Only one
item may be selected to be calculated per group, the remaining items must be known. To identify
which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item. The label will be
underlined when it has been selected.
' The values calculated by this method are only valid for circular steel pipe.
' The weight of the pipe material is automatically included when the calculation is performed. The
pipe weight is calculated by multiplying the pipe’s material volume by the weight of common carbon
steel 490 Lbm/cf (7849 kg/m3).
' If the outside diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate outside
diameter value will be read from the pipe properties table as required by the calculation.
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' The supported end conditions are described below.

' Fixed – This condition assumes that the end is completely fixed. The end is not allowed
to move or rotate.
' Pinned - This condition assumes that the end is allowed to rotate but not move
horizontally or vertically.
' None – This condition assumes that there is no end support. The end is completely free
to move or rotate. This condition may only be used when the other end is fixed. When the
fixed and none conditions are specified, the span represents a cantilever span.
Examples...
Calculating Stress For A Span
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Blowdown Time
Various values associated with the blowdown of a pipe segment may be calculated using the
Blowdown calculation screen. The calculation is only valid for pipelines being vented to the
atmosphere. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Diameter - A drop-down list box used to enter the inside diameter of the pipe segment. If the value
is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or select the appropriate size/type from the list.
If the value is typed, the value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Length - A data field used to enter or display the length of the segment. If the value is known, enter
dimensional unit.
Initial Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the initial pressure of the pipe segment. If the
value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
the assigned dimensional unit.
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Diameter (Stack) - A drop-down list box used to enter the inside diameter of the blowdown stack.
If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or select the appropriate size/type
from the list. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Choke Factor - A drop-down list box used to enter the choke factor of the blowdown valve. If the
value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or select the appropriate factor from the
list.
Time To Blowdown - A data field used to enter or display the time required to vent the segment.
unit is changed.
Initial Volume - A panel used to display an estimate of the amount of gas initially contained in the
pipeline. The volume is based on a gas temperature value of 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius)
and an elevation of 0 feet (0 meters) above mean sea level. Compressibility is not accounted for
when calculating the initial volume value.
Command Buttons...
Base Conditions - A command button used to access the Base Conditions data screen. When the
button is selected, the Base Conditions screen will appear. Make any desired changes to its settings,
then select the Close command button on the Base Conditions screen to continue.
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Usage Notes...
' The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined label indicates it
as the item being calculated. Only one item may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items
must be known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired
item. The label will be underlined when it has been selected.
' If the pipe or stack diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate inside
' The calculation assumes that the size of the blow off stack and valve are the same.
Examples...
Calculating Initial Pressure
Calculating Minimum Stack Diameter
Calculating Time Required To Vent
Calculating Minimum Valve Choke Factor
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Buoyancy
Various values associated with the buoyancy of a submerged pipe segment may be calculated using
the Buoyancy calculation screen. This calculation is only valid for steel pipelines containing a gas
composition. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Outside Diameter - A data field used to enter or display the outside diameter value of the pipe.
Enter the value by typing it into the field, or by selecting it from the list. If the value is typed, it must
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness of the pipe. Enter the value
If the outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the pipe list, the wall thickness value will
automatically be set.
Specific Gravity of Fluid - A drop-down list box used to enter the specific gravity of the fluid
surrounding the pipe. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or by selecting
the appropriate value from the associated list of fluids.
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unit is changed.
10% Negative - A panel used to display the required amount of weight that must be added to the
pipe to reach a 10% negative net buoyancy. The value represents the weight in the fluid. The air
equivalent weight must be determined depending on the weight application method.
20% Negative - A panel used to display the required amount of weight that must be added to the
pipe to reach a 20% negative net buoyancy. The value represents the weight in the fluid. The air
equivalent weight must be determined depending on the weight application method.
Net Buoyancy - A panel used to display the calculated net buoyancy of the submerged pipe. If the
value is positive, the pipe will float. If the value is negative, the pipe will sink.
No Buoyancy - A panel used to display the required amount of weight that must be added to the pipe
to reach a null (zero) net buoyancy. The value represents the weight in the fluid. The air equivalent
weight must be determined depending on the weight application method.
Pipe Weight In Air - A panel used to display the per length weight of the pipe as measured in air
(normal weight). The value is based on a steel weight of 491 lbf/cf (7866 kg/m3).
Command Buttons...
Calculate - A command button used to execute the calculation of the weight and buoyancy values.
Usage Notes...
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Examples...
Calculating Weight Requirements For Crossing
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Check & Match Limits
The regulator, relief valve, and line valve screens provide matching routines. These routines are
controlled by upper and lower sizing limits. In addition, several of the calculation routines compute
and display velocity values. When the computed value exceeds a set limit it is displayed in red.
These match and check limits are set using the Check & Match Limits screen. The features
associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Regulator Sizing - A pair of data fields used to enter or display the upper and lower limits used
when finding “matching” regulator models. Enter a value by typing it into the data field.
Relief Valve Sizing - A pair of data fields used to enter or display the upper and lower limits used
when finding “matching” relief valve models. Enter a value by typing it into the data field.
Valve Sizing - A pair of data fields used to enter or display the upper and lower limits used when
finding “matching” line valve models. Enter a value by typing it into the data field.
Velocity - A data field used to enter or display the upper acceptable velocity limits. Enter a value
by typing it into the data field.
unit is changed.
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Command Buttons...
Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current settings.
Usage Notes...
' Generally, it is not recommended to use under or over sized valves. Most manufacturer’s specify
an applicable range for valve sizing. When searching for models to add to a match list, models are
only added where the required value falls between the lower and upper percentage of the valve’s
maximum flow value.
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Compressibility Factor
Several of the calculation methods automatically compute the compressibility factor when they are
used. The compressibility factor may also be calculated at other times using the Compressibility
Factor calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Average Pressure - A data field used to enter the average gauge pressure value. Enter the value by
Average Temp - A data field used to enter the average temperature value. Enter the value by typing
it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level. The value is used to
calculate the atmospheric pressure. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Method - A drop-down list box used to specify the method to be used to calculate the
compressibility factor. The unknown value should be recalculated if the method is changed.
unit is changed.
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Compressibility Factor - A panel used to display the calculated compressibility factor associated
with the specified conditions.
Density At Base Conditions - A panel used to display the calculated density at the specified base
conditions.
Density At Specified Conditions - A panel used to display the calculated density at the specified
average conditions.
Supercompressibility Factor - A panel used to display the calculated supercompressibility value
associated with the specified conditions.
Command Buttons...
Calculate - A command button used to execute the calculation.
Close - A command button used to close the calculation screen. The current contents of the screen
will be saved to the screen's initialization file. The next time the screen is opened, the screen will be
populated with these default values.
Usage Notes...
Examples...
Calculating Using AGA NX19
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GASCalc allows other applications to be executed from its menu interface. The applications that can
be executed are displayed in the application list. When an application is no longer needed or desired,
it can be removed from the list using the Delete Application screen. The features associated with the
screen are described below.
Data Items...
Application List - A box used to specify which application to delete. Select the appropriate item
from the list.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without deleting the application.
Close & Delete - A command button used to close the screen and delete the selected application
from the list.
See Also...
Examples...
Deleting An Application
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Energy Conversion
GASCalc provides a routine for converting values between various energy types and dimensional
units. This feature is accessed through the Energy Conversions screen. The features associated with
the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Converted Value - A panel and group of list boxes used to display the converted value, and to set
the desired conversion units and energy type. Set the conversion dimensional unit and energy type
by selecting them from the appropriate list. The converted value will automatically be recalculated
if the dimensional unit or energy type are changed.
Known Value - A data field and group of list boxes used to enter the known parameter's value,
dimensional unit, energy type. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. Set the dimensional unit and energy type by
selecting them from the appropriate list. The converted value will automatically be calculated when
the dimensional unit value or numeric value is changed.
Command Buttons...
Close - A command button used to close the conversion screen.
Usage Notes...
' The dimensional unit lists contain all of the units associated with the selected energy type. When
a particular energy type is selected, the contents of the dimensional unit lists will change to reflect
only those values that can be used with the selected energy type.
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' The number of digits displayed to the right of the decimal position for the calculated value, is
automatically set equal to the number of decimal places included in the original known value. To
increase or decrease the number of decimals displayed for the calculated value, increase or decrease
the number of decimal places included in the known value.
Examples...
Converting Natural Gas Volume To Propane Volume
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External Loading
Various values associated with traffic loading on a buried pipe segment may be calculated using the
External Loading calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Pipe Data Items...

Grade - A drop-down list box used to specify the pipe material grade. Select one from the list. (API
1102 method only)
Maximum Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating pressure of the pipe. If the
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Outside Diameter - A data field used to enter or display the outside diameter value of the pipe. If
the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or by selecting one from the list. If the
SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe
material. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or by selecting a value from
the list. If the value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Specification - A drop-down list box used to specify the manufacturing specification of the pipe.
Select one from the list. (API 1102 method only)
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness of the pipe. If the value is
known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit. If the outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the pipe list, the wall
thickness value will automatically be set.
Trench/Bore Data Items...

Backfill Type - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the type of backfill material. Select
the appropriate fill type from the list.
Class Location – A drop-down list box used to display and specify the class location rating for the
crossing. Select the appropriate rating from the list. (API 1102 method only)
Depth Below Grade - A data field used to enter or display the depth (to the top of the pipe) below
the finished grade. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must
Excavation Type – A pair of option buttons used to specify the excavation type. Use the mouse or
arrow keys to select the appropriate type. (API 1102 method only)
Support Width - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the support width of the trench
bottom on the pipe. The value is expressed in degrees of contact. Select the appropriate width from
the list. (GPTC method only)
Trench/Bore Width - A data field used to enter or display the width of the trench or diameter of the
bore. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed
Crossing Data Items...

Crossing Type – A pair of option buttons used to specify the crossing type. Use the mouse or arrow
keys to select the appropriate type. (API 1102 method only)
Distance To Nearest Girth Weld – A data field used to enter the distance from the center of the
track to the nearest girth weld on the carrier pipe. The value must be expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit. (API 1102 method only)
Impact Factor - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the impact factor associated with
the finished surface type. Select the appropriate factor from the list.
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Loading Types - A drop-down list box used to automatically set the Wheel Load value. The Wheel
Load value may be set by selecting the loading type from this list, or by entering it into the Wheel
Load data field. Select the appropriate file type from the list, or select “Other” to manually enter a
load.
Vehicular Load - A data field used to enter or display the vehicle load value for railway crossings.
The value represents the vehicular load uniformly applied over a 160 square foot (14.86 square
meter) area. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (API 1102 railway crossing)
Wheel Load - A data field used to enter or display the wheel load value for highway crossings. The
value represents one-half of the axle load, for the axle carrying the largest load. If the value is
assigned dimensional unit. (GPTC and API 1102 highway crossing)
unit is changed.
Stress Values...
Combined Stress - A data field used to enter or display the combined (total) hoop stress imposed
on the pipe. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Percent SMYS - A panel used to display the ratio of the combined stress to the SMYS value.
Other Values - A scrollable list used to display individual stress values. The contents of the list
varies depending on the calculation method. Adjust the scroll bar to browse the list.
Command Buttons...
Calculate - A command button used to execute the calculation of the unknown parameter and stress
values.
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Usage Notes...
' The content of the calculation screen and several of the data lists, vary depending on the selected
calculation method and crossing style. The meaning of some items also change depending on the
selected calculation method. Ensure that the context of each term is fully understood before
performing the calculation.
' When using the GPTC method the wheel loading represents the load per wheel set (one-half the
axle load).
' When using the API 1102 method the wheel loading represents the load per wheel set (one-half
the axle load).
' The supported calculation methods are described below:
' GPTC – This method is applicable to uncased steel pipe crossings of highways.
' API 1102 – This method is applicable to uncased steel pipe crossings of highways and
railways.
Examples...
Calculating Stress From Railway Crossing Using API 1102
Calculating Stress From Roadway Crossing Using GPTC
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File Selection
GASCalc uses the standard Windows file selection dialog box to allow the entry or selection of the
file names required for its various routines. The following provides a brief description of the screen.
Refer to the Windows documentation for further description of the screen.
Usage Notes...
' Depending on the routine invoking the dialog box, its response to various file selection errors will
vary. If the routine requires a new file name and an existing file name is selected, the dialog will
prompt whether the file is to be over-written. If the routine requires the name of an existing file, and
the name of a non-existent file is specified, the dialog will respond with either a warning that the file
does not exist or will prompt whether the file should be created. When these messages appear,
respond appropriately.
' Wild card characters may be entered in the File name data field to alter the contents of the files
list. Valid characters are "*" for multi-character replacement, and "?" for single character
replacement.
' When manually entering a value in the File name data field, include the appropriate path,
filename, and extension values.
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Examples...
Printing Calculation Data
Retrieving Calculation Data
Saving Calculation Data
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Fitting Values
Various values associated with flow through a fitting may be calculated using the Fitting Values
Data Items...
Average Temp - A data field used to enter the gas flowing temperature. Enter the value by typing
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level of the fitting. The
value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value must be known, enter the value by
Equivalent Length - A data field used to display the equivalent length value associated with the
selected fitting. The value is automatically assigned when a fitting is selected.
Equation - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the flow equation to use during the
calculation. Select the appropriate equation from the list. The unknown value should be recalculated
if the flow equation is changed.
Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the fitting. If the value is
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Inlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the
fitting. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed
Outlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the outlet (downstream) end
of the fitting. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to enter the fitting size and type. Select the appropriate value
from the list.
unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Average Velocity - A panel used to display the calculated average velocity in the segment. The
value is computed based on the average pressure and temperature values.
Pressure Drop - A panel used to display the calculated linear pressure drop for the fitting.
Command Buttons...
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Usage Notes...
' The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined label identifies it
' The inside diameter and inner wall roughness are taken from the fitting list as required by the
selected flow equation.
' The efficiency is assumed to be one (1.0).
Examples...
Calculating Pressure Drop
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Fitting Properties Editor
Several calculation screens allow selection of a fitting type from a list of sizes and types. The items
found in these lists are taken from the fitting properties table. The content of the properties table may
be modified by the User through the Fitting Properties Editor. The features associated with the editor
are described below.
Data Items...
The content of the table is displayed using a spreadsheet style format. To modify an individual data
item, click on the cell corresponding to the item value to be changed. When clicked, the item’s
current value is displayed in a data or list box at the bottom of the screen. To change the value, type
or select a new value, then press the Enter key or click the Enter command button to save the change.
D&R Units – Specifies the dimensional units for the diameter and roughness values.
Equivalent Diameter – Equivalent inside diameter value. The value must correspond to the
specified dimensional units (D&R Units).
Equivalent Length – Equivalent length value. The value must correspond to the specified
dimensional units.
Equivalent Roughness – Equivalent inner wall roughness. The value must correspond to the
specified dimensional units (D&R Units).
No – Record number. Automatically assigned.
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Outside Diameter – Pipe outside diameter value. If manufacturing tolerances are available, use the
smallest size for conservative flow and pressure drop calculations. The value must correspond to the
specified dimensional units.
Size/Type – Fitting size and type description. The description may contain up to 15 alphanumeric
characters.
Command Buttons...
Add - A command button used to add a new record to the list. The new record will be added to the
end of the list.
Cancel - A command button used to close the editor without saving the current changes.
Close - A command button used to close the editor and save the current changes.
Delete - A command button used to delete the current record from the list.
Enter - A command button used to save a value change to the current data item.
Insert - A command button used to insert a new record immediately before the current record.
Print - A command button used to print the current contents of the list. When selected, the Print
Control dialog box will appear. Enter the desired settings, then select the Print button on the Print
Control dialog box to continue.
Usage Notes...
' The number of the current record is displayed in the edit area at the bottom of the editor. To make
a record current, click on any cell associated with the record.
' In the fitting table, the dimensional units can be set to any supported value. When a particular
size/type is selected for use in a calculation, the appropriate values are automatically converted to
the currently selected calculation unit.
' The equivalent diameter, roughness, and length values represent the values that produce an
equivalent calculated pressure drop across the fitting at a specified flow rate.
' The standard table contains numerous predefined fitting types. The types are generally defined
by a nominal size (for example 2, for 2 inch), followed by a type (for example L, for an elbow),
followed by any options or further identifying data (for example 90, for 90 degree). Some of the
abbreviations are listed below:
' L = Elbow
' P = Polyethylene Plastic
' R = Concentric reducer
' SR = Short radius elbow
' T = Header (straight through) leg of a line tee
' Tap = Punch or tapping tee
' TB = Branch leg of a line tee
' Thd = Threaded fitting
' V = Valve
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' Unless otherwise noted, all fittings listed in the standard table are for butt weld steel pipe fittings,
or butt or socket fused plastic fittings.
Examples…
Adding A Pipe To The Pipe Properties Table
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Gas Loss
The gas lost through a damaged line may be calculated using the Gas Loss calculation screen. The
features associated with the screen are described below.
Supply 1 Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with one of the pipes
supplying the break. The component list can contain pipes and fittings. Use the command buttons
directly below the list to modify the contents. The list must contain at least one component.
Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value for the supply piping. Enter
dimensional unit.
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Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level for the supply end of the
piping. The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. Enter the value by typing it into the
field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Flow Equation - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the flow equation to use for the
supply piping. Select the appropriate equation from the list.
Pressure - A data field used to enter the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the supply piping.
Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned
dimensional unit.
Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature of the gas entering the supply end
of the piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
unit is changed.
Break Data Items...

Damage Type – A pair of option buttons used to indicate whether the damage was a puncture (hole
in the pipe) or whether the pipe was completely severed (cut in two). Click on the appropriate option.
Duration – A pair of data fields used to enter the time elapsed between when the damage occurred
and when the source or sources were turned off. Enter the appropriate values in the data fields.
Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the break. The value is used
to calculate the atmospheric pressure. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Puncture Size – A group of option buttons and data fields used to enter the dimensions and shape
of the break. Click on the appropriate shape option and then enter the appropriate dimension values
in the data fields.
Circular Hole (Diameter) – Specifies the average diameter of the puncture.
Irregular Area (Total) – Specifies the total area of an irregularly shape puncture.
Rectangular Hole (Dimensions) – Specifies the width and length of a generally rectangular
puncture.
Two-way Supply – A check box used to indicate whether there are two sources of supply to the
break.
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Supply 2 Data Items... Note - These items are only enabled when the Two-way Supply item is checked.
Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with one of the pipes
supplying the break. The component list can contain pipes and fittings. Use the command buttons
directly below the list to modify the contents. The list must contain at least one component.
Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level for the supply end of the
Pressure - A data field used to enter the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the supply piping.
dimensional unit.
Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature of the gas entering the supply end
of the piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Calculated Supply 1 Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the supply piping.
Calculated Break Items...

Lost Volume - A panel used to display the amount of gas lost through the break over the specified
time duration.
Pressure - A panel used to display the estimated pressure at the break.
Calculated Supply 2 Items...

Command Buttons...
Add - A command button used to add an item to a component list. When selected, the Piping
Component screen will appear. Enter the desired pipe or fitting data and select the Close command
button to add the item to the list. The new item will be added to the end of the list.
Clear - A command button used to remove all items from a component list.
Delete - A command button used to delete an item from a component list. When selected, the
currently highlighted item will be deleted from the list.
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Insert - A command button used to insert an item into a component list. When selected, the Piping
button to insert the item to the list. The new item will be added to the list immediately before the
currently highlighted item.
Usage Notes...
' The schematic at the top of the screen depicts the general piping arrangement. A specific data
group can be accessed by clicking on the associated label or icon on the schematic.
' The supply piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings between a stable supply source and the
break location. If flow to the break can be fed from two different directions, check the Two-way
Supply option.
' The supply pressure values should represent a stable supply pressure. Remember to account for
the lower pressure which will occur because of the flow of gas from the break.
' It is assumed that the break is venting directly to the atmosphere.
' The values calculated by this method represent an estimate of the maximum gas lost through a
punctured or severed line. There are often other factors which are not accounted for in these
calculations – such as, resistance at the break due to soil or other blockage, resistance due to the
irregular shape and rough edges of the break, pressure loss across the system due normal system
flow. Always try to verify the calculated volume with recorded meter values. Where practical, look
at gate station or town border station meter records that might have been affected by the break.
' When performing the pressure and flow calculations, the diameter and roughness values for pipe
components are taken from the data contained in the pipe property table. For fitting components the
equivalent diameter, length, and roughness are taken from the fitting property table.
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' The estimated gas volume is calculated by computing the flow rate across the supply 1 and 2
components. The rate across these sections is proportional to the difference in pressure between the
supply pressures and break pressures. This method assumes the pressure loss due to “normal” flow
in the system is negligible, and tends to overestimate the lost gas volume. In most summertime or
other low system flow conditions, this assumption is probably correct and the overestimated volume
is negligible. However under high flow conditions, this assumption is probably not correct and the
estimated volume should be reduced accordingly. This tendency to over estimate the lost volume can
be reduced by reducing the pipe efficiency value, and by ensuring the component list is appropriate.
' The component list should be limited in scope to only include the portions of the system most
directly supplying the break. A good rule of thumb is to work back along the supply route until a
pipe of at least two larger sizes, or a regulator or supply point is encountered. Include only the
sections downstream from the larger pipe or supply point.
' To edit an item in a component list, double click on the item. When double clicked, the Piping
Component screen will appear. Make the desired changes and select the Close command button to
save the changes. The changes will be made to the currently highlighted item.
Examples...
Calculating Lost Volume From Damage
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Gas Properties
The gas properties for a specific gas composition are calculated using the Gas Properties calculation
screen. The unique features associated with the screen are presented below.
Data Items...
Composition - A group of data fields used to enter the composition values of the gas. The values
are expressed as mole percentages. The sum of all of the percentages must equal 100. Use the tab
keys or mouse to position the cursor in the desired fields. If a component does not exist in the gas,
leave its field empty, or set its value to zero.
Heating Value Method - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the method to use to
calculate the heating value. Select the appropriate method from the list. The properties will need to
be recalculated if the method is changed.
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unit is changed.
Heating - A panel used to display the calculated (gross) heating value associated with the
composition. The value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Specific Gravity - A panel used to display the calculated specific gravity value associated with the
composition. Specific Gravity is a dimensionless value which represents the ratio of the weight of
the gas composition, compared to dry air.
Specific Heat Ratio - A panel used to display the calculated ratio of specific heat values associated
with the composition. The value represents the ratio of the constant pressure specific heat to the
constant volume specific heat.
Viscosity - A panel used to display the calculated (absolute or dynamic) viscosity value associated
with the composition. The value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional units.
Command Buttons...
Calculate - A command button used to execute the calculation of the property values. The various
gas property values will be recalculated each time this button is selected.
Clear - A command button used to reset the composition values to zero (empty values). This
function is useful when entering a completely new or different composition.
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Usage Notes...
' The composition values are expressed in mole percentage. The sum of all of the values must equal
100. A warning will appear if the component values do not sum to 100.
' If a component is missing from the list of available gases, combine its value with a similar
component, or enter it in the "Other" data field. If the missing component is a significant part of the
composition, the Gas Properties calculation method is not recommended for calculating the
associated properties. The properties may be manually computed using the methods described in the
Appendix of the User’s manual.
' The "Other" component does not contribute to the property values. It is only provided to allow
the composition to be balanced (sum to 100). Its value may be either positive or negative.
' The properties computed using this method are referenced to a base pressure of 14.696 Psi
(101.35 kPa) and a base temperature of 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius). They must be appropriately
adjusted when they are used for other base conditions. However, slight deviations from the base
conditions do not normally warrant adjustment of the property values.
Examples...
Calculating Heating Value, Specific Gravity, Specific Heat Ratio, And Viscosity
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Hoop Stress
The hoop stress values for a pipe segment may be computed using the Hoop Stress calculation
screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Hoop Stress - A data field used to enter or display the hoop stress value for the segment. If the value
is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Operating Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the gauge (relative) pressure value for
the segment. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Outside Diameter - A drop-down list used to enter or display the outside diameter value for the
segment. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or by selecting it from the
list. If the value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Percent SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the ratio of the hoop stress to the specified
minimum yield strength. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in terms of a percentage.
Specified Minimum Yield Strength - A drop-down list used to enter or display the yield strength
of the pipe material. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or select it from
the list. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness value for the segment. If
the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms
of the assigned dimensional unit. If the outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the pipe list,
the wall thickness value will automatically be set.
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unit is changed.
Command Buttons...
Usage Notes...
' If the outside diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate inside
Examples...
Calculating Maximum Outside Diameter
Calculating Maximum Pressure
Calculating Stress Value
Calculating Minimum Wall Thickness
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Message Boxes
GASCalc makes extensive use of message boxes to provide the User with warnings, error messages,
and status messages. The About GASCalc screen is an example of a message box. The format of
each message box varies with its content and function. Most boxes possess a single command button,
similar to the OK button on the About GASCalc screen.
Single button message boxes merely require the User to acknowledge the message. A single button
message box may be cleared by clicking the OK button, or by pressing the Escape or Enter keys.
Multi-button message boxes require the User to make a decision or choose an option before
proceeding. These boxes generally contain Yes and No command buttons, however other buttons
may be present. To clear these type of message boxes, click the command button corresponding to
the desired action.
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Notes Editor
GASCalc allows the User to assign a title and to attach descriptive notes to most of its calculation
methods. The title and notes are accessed using the Notes Editor. The features associated with the
editor are described below.
Data Items...
Notes - A data box used to enter and display the User defined calculation notes. Enter a value by
typing it into the box. The box supports use of “standard” Windows based text editing functions –
cut, paste, and copy functions, and the delete, backspace, arrow and enter keys all function as would
be expected in a text edit or word processor application. Use the scroll bar or arrow keys to browse
out-of-display text.
Title - A data box used to enter and display the User defined calculation title. Enter a value by typing
it into the box.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the editor without saving the current contents or changes.
Close - A command button used to close the editor and save the current contents or changes.
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Number Of Decimals
GASCalc allows the number of decimal places displayed for calculated items to be set by the User.
These settings are made by first double clicking in the data box or display panel associated with the
desired item. After double clicking, the Decimals dialog box will appear. The features associated
with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Number Of Decimals - A data field used to enter the number of decimal places to be displayed.
Enter the value by typing it into the field.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without changing the number of displayed
decimals.
Close - A command button used to close the screen and change the number of displayed decimals.
Usage Notes...
' The number of decimals refers to the number of numeric characters displayed to the right of the
decimal separator. The number of displayed decimals can range from zero (0) to eight (8).
Example…
Setting Number Of Displayed Decimal Places
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Orifice Meter Values
Values associated with the flow though an orifice meter may be calculated using the Orifice Meter
Data Items...
Compressibility Method - A drop-down list box used to indicate which method is to be used to
calculate the compressibility factor. Select the appropriate method from the list. The unknown value
should be recalculated if the method is changed.
Differential - A data field used to enter or display the pressure differential across the orifice plate.
Dimensional Reference Temperature - A data field used to enter the reference temperature for the
plate and tube dimensional values. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (AGA3-1992 method only)
calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value must be known, enter the value by typing it into the
Equation - A drop-down list box used to indicate which method is to be used to perform the
if the equation is changed.
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Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the volumetric flow rate through the orifice plate.
Flowing Temperature - A data field used to enter the temperature of the gas flowing through the
meter plate. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Orifice Size - A data field used to enter or display the orifice size value. If the value is known, enter
dimensional unit.
Run Size - A drop-down list box used to enter the inside diameter of the meter tubes on both sides
of the meter plate. Either enter the value by typing it into the field, or select the appropriate size from
the associated list. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Static Pressure - A data field used to enter the static pressure at the meter plate. Enter the value by
Tap Location - A group of option buttons used to specify the location of the pressure differential
taps. Use the mouse or arrow keys to select the appropriate location.
unit is changed.
Compressibility - A panel used to display the calculated compressibility value.
Orifice Velocity - A panel used to display the calculated velocity of the flow stream through the
orifice.
Command Buttons...
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Usage Notes...
' The AGA 3 - 1992 method assumes upstream measurement of the static pressure. The results are
not valid for downstream measurement.
' The ISO 5167 method assumes upstream measurement of the static pressure. The results are not
valid for downstream measurement.
' If the run size is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate inside diameter value
will be read from the pipe properties table as required by the calculation.
Examples...
Calculating A Flow Rate Through A Meter
Calculating An Orifice Size
Calculating A Pressure Differential
Calculating Flow Rate Using AGA3-1992
Calculating Flow Rate Using ISO-5167
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Path Specification
The User may select the default location (path – folder or directory) for saving the calculation data
files, and for storing the initialization files used when a calculation screen is opened. These locations
are identified and set using the Path Specification screen. The features associated with the screen
Data Items...
Drive - A drop-down list box used to identify the disk drive containing the directory (folder). Select
the appropriate drive from the list.
Directories - A list used to identify the desired directory (folder). Select the appropriate directory
from the list. Double click on a folder to access a subfolder.
Command Buttons...
Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current settings.
Usage Notes...
' When specifying a drive and directory use permanent locations. Do not specify a floppy drive as
the disk drive, it may not always exist when GASCalc is started.
' The title of the screen will change depending on which type of path is being set.
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Piping Components
Several of the calculation routines use a pipe component list to described the pipe and fittings needed
to perform the calculation. The components are added to the list using the Piping Component screen.
The features associated with the screen are described below.
Pipe Data Items...

Diameter - A drop-down list box used to specify a pipe size and type. Select the appropriate value
from the list.
Length - A data field used to enter the length associated with the pipe segment. Enter the value by
Dimensional Units - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the dimensional units for the
length value. The unknown value should be recalculated anytime the dimensional unit is changed.
Fitting Data Items...

Available Fittings - A list box used to specify a fitting size and type. Select the appropriate value
from the list.
Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without adding the component.
Close - A command button used to close the screen and add the selected component to the list.
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Usage Notes...
' The Piping Component screen is also used to insert or change a component.
' The appropriate inside diameter is taken from the pipe or fitting properties table when required
by the calculation. Only pipes or fittings contained in the pipe or fitting property table can be used
as a component.
' The pipe or fitting values are converted to the appropriate dimensional units when they are
required by the calculation.
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Pipe Flow
Various values associated with flow in a pipe segment may be calculated using the Pipe Flow
Pipe Data Items...

Compressibility - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the method to be used to
calculate compressibility. Select the appropriate method from the list. The unknown value should
be recalculated if the compressibility method is changed.
Diameter - A drop-down list box used to enter the inside diameter of the pipe segment. If the value
is known, enter the value by typing it into the field, or select the appropriate size/type from the
associated pipe list. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value of the segment. If the value is
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Equation - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the flow equation to use during the
if the flow equation is changed.
Flow - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the segment. If the value is known,
enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned
dimensional unit.
In Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the inlet (upstream) end
of the segment. The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value must be known,
dimensional unit.
In Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the
segment. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
In Temp - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the inlet (upstream) end of
the segment. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Length - A data field used to enter or display the length value of the segment. If the value is known,
dimensional unit.
Out Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the outlet
(downstream) end of the segment. The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value
must be known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
Out Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the outlet (downstream) end of
the segment. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Out Temp - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the outlet (downstream) end
of the segment. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
Roughness - A data field used to enter or display the internal wall roughness of the segment. If the
the assigned dimensional unit. This item is only enabled for certain flow equations.
unit is changed.
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Fitting Data Items...

Additional Length - A panel used to display the total equivalent length of the fittings listed in the
Attached Fittings list. This value is added to the pipe length as required by the calculation.
Attached Fittings - A list box used to display the attached fittings. To add a fitting to the list, double
click on the desired item in the Available Fittings list. To remove a fitting from the list, double click
on the desired item in the Attached Fitting list.
Available Fittings - A drop-down list box used to add fittings to the Attached Fittings list. To add
a fitting, double click on the desired item in the list.
Heat Loss/Gain Data Items...

Burial Depth - A data field used to enter the centerline burial depth of the pipe. The value must be
expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (Jacobs method only)
Calculation Method - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the method to be used to
calculate the downstream temperature value. Select the appropriate method from the list. The
unknown value should be recalculated if the method is changed.
Frozen Conductivity - A data field used to enter the thermal conductivity of the frozen soil
material. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (Jacobs method
only)
Include Joule-Thomson - A check box used to indicate whether Joule-Thomson cooling is included
in the temperature calculation. To select the method, click in the box until it is checked.
Surface Temperature - A data field used to enter the temperature of the surface. In most cases it
can be assumed to be the same as the air temperature at the surface. The value must be expressed in
terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (Jacobs method only)
Unfrozen Conductivity - A data field used to enter the thermal conductivity of the Unfrozen soil
material. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (Jacobs method
only)
Wall Temperature - A data field used to enter the inner wall temperature of the pipe. In most cases
it can be assumed to be the same as the temperature of the surrounding environment. The value must
be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. (Inner Wall Convection method only)
Calculated Items...
Average Pressure - A panel used to display the calculated average pressure along the segment.
Compressibility - A panel used to display the calculated compressibility value. The value is
computed based on the average pressure and temperature values.
Inside Diameter - A panel used to display the inside diameter of the segment. This value is provided
to verify the inside diameter value when a size/type code has been selected from the pipe list.
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Line Volume - A panel used to display the calculated volume of the segment. The volume is
expressed with reference to the specified base conditions, and is computed based on the average
pressure and temperature values.
Pressure Drop - A panel used to display the calculated linear pressure drop for the segment.
Velocity - A panel used to display the calculated average velocity in the segment. The value is
computed based on the average pressure and temperature values.
Command Buttons...
Clear Attached Fittings List - A command button used to delete all (if any) attached fittings.
Swap Pressures - A command button used to swap the inlet and outlet conditions (pressure,
elevation, and temperature). This command is useful when calculating conditions along several
contiguous pipe sections.
Usage Notes...
' The roughness value is not used by all of the flow equations. Depending on the selected flow
equation, its data field may be enabled or disabled.
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' If the pipe diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate inside diameter
value will be read from the pipe properties table as required by the calculation.
' The downstream temperature calculation routines are described below
' Joule-Thomson Affect – This method accounts for the cooling that occurs when the pressure of
a gas is lowered.
' Inner Wall Convection – This method accounts for heat exchange by convection between the
inner pipe wall and the flowing gas stream. The wall temperature is assumed to be constant. This
assumption is applicable in cases were the pipe is surrounded by a large heat sink, for example where
the pipe is buried in the earth or submerged in a large body of fluid.
' Jacobs Two Phase – This method accounts for convection from the gas stream and conduction
through partially frozen and Unfrozen soil. The pipe wall temperature is calculated using the surface
temperature and the conductivities of the various soil phases.
Examples...
Calculating Pipe Diameter
Calculating Outlet (Downstream) Temperature
Calculating Pipe Efficiency
Calculating End Pressures
Calculating Pipe Flow Rate
Calculating Maximum Pipe Length
Calculating Pressures For Multiple Pipes
Calculating Pipe Roughness
Calculating With Attached Fittings
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Pipe Properties Editor
Several calculation screens allow selection of a pipe inside or outside diameter from a list of sizes
and types. The items found in these lists are taken from the pipe properties table. The content of the
properties table may be modified by the User through the Pipe Properties Editor. The features
associated with the editor are described below.
Data Items...
Dimensional Units – Specifies the dimensional units for the diameter, thickness, and roughness
values.
No – Record number. This value is automatically assigned.
Inside Diameter – Pipe inside diameter value. This value is automatically calculated from the
outside diameter and wall thickness values.
Outside Diameter – Pipe outside diameter value. If manufacturing tolerances are available use the
smallest size for conservative flow and pressure drop calculations. The value must correspond to the
specified dimensional units.
Size/Type – Pipe size and type description. The description can contain up to 15 alphanumeric
characters.
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Wall Roughness – Pipe inner wall roughness. The value must correspond to the specified
dimensional units.
Wall Thickness – Pipe wall thickness. If manufacturing tolerances are available use the largest size
for conservative flow and pressure drop calculations. The value must correspond to the specified
dimensional units.
Command Buttons...
end of the list.
Usage Notes...
' In the pipe table, the dimensional units can be set to any supported value. When a particular
' The standard table contains numerous predefined pipe types. The types are generally defined by
a nominal size (for example 2, for 2 inch), followed by a material type (for example S, for steel),
followed by any further identifying data (for example S11, for SDR 11). Some of the abbreviations
are listed below:
' CTS = Copper tubing size
' P = Polyethylene plastic material
' S = Steel material
' STD = Standard schedule wall thickness
' Sxx = SDR rating where xx equals the rating value
' XS = Extra strong wall thickness
' Unless otherwise noted, all pipes sizes are listed in iron pipe size (IPS).
Examples...
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Plastic Pipe Design Formula
The various values associated with the plastic pipe design formula may be calculated using the
Plastic Pipe Design calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Design Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating (gauge) pressure for the pipe
segment. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Outside Diameter - A drop-down list box used to enter or display the outside diameter value for the
pipe. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or select it from the list. If the
Hydrostatic Strength - A data field used to enter or display the long term hydrostatic strength of
the pipe material. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness for the pipe. If the value
unit is changed.
Command Buttons...
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Usage Notes...
' If the outside diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate diameter value
' The plastic pipe design formula used by GASCalc follows the guidelines of the ASME B31.8
section 842.31, this method is similar to the calculations described in the DOT 192.121.
Examples...
Calculating Maximum Pipe Diameter
Calculating Hydrostatic Strength
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Pressure Factor
The pressure factor corresponding to elevated meter pressures may be calculated using the Pressure
Factor calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Adjusted Volume - A data field used to enter or display the adjusted volume value. This value
represents the "standard" volume corresponding to the specified conditions. If the value is known,
dimensional unit.
calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value must be known, enter the value by typing it into the
Flowing Temperature - A data field used to enter the temperature of the gas flowing through the
meter. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Metering Pressure - A data field used to enter the metering pressure value (the pressure in the
meter). Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Metered Volume - A data field used to enter or display the metered volume value. If the value is
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unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Atmospheric Pressure - A panel used to display the calculated atmospheric pressure corresponding
to the specified elevation value.
Pressure Factor - A panel used to display the calculated meter pressure factor. The adjusted volume
is determined by multiplying the measured (metered) volume by this factor.
Command Buttons...
Usage Notes...
Examples...
Calculating An Adjusted Volume
Calculating A Metered Volume
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Pressure, Volume, Temperature
The relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature values for varying conditions may be
computed using the Pressure, Volume, Temperature calculation screen. The features associated with
Data Items...
Elevation 1 - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level for the first
condition set. The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure for the condition set. The value
Elevation 2 - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level for the second
condition set. The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure for the condition set. The value
Pressure 1 - A data field used to enter or display the gauge pressure value for the first condition set.
Pressure 2 - A data field used to enter or display the gauge pressure value for the second condition
set. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in
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Temperature 1 - A data field used to enter or display the temperature value for the first condition
Temperature 2 - A data field used to enter or display the temperature value for the second condition
Volume 1 - A data field used to enter or display the volume value for the first condition set. If the
Volume 2 - A data field used to enter or display the volume value for the second condition set. If
the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms
unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Volume at Base Conditions - A panel used to display the calculated volume at the set base
conditions associated with the first condition set (Condition 1 values).
Command Buttons...
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Usage Notes...
Examples...
Calculating PVT Values
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Print Control
When the Print command button is selected from one of the calculation screens, the Print Control
box will appear. The Print Control box allows various printer format specifications to be set by the
User. A description of the features associated with the Print Control box, are described below.
Data Items...
Bottom Margin - A data field used to display and set the "bottom-of-page" margin. The value must
Copies - A data field used to display and set the number of copies to be printed.
(Font) Name - A panel used to display and set the font style to be used when printing a report. To
change the value, double click in the box to open the Font properties dialog box.
(Font) Size - A panel used to display and set the font size to be used when printing a report. To
change the value, double click in the box to open the Font properties dialog box.
Left Margin - A data field used to display and set the left page margin. The value must be expressed
Print Border - A check box used to indicate whether a border is to be included on the printed sheet.
Right Margin - A data field used to display and set the right page margin. The value must be
Top Margin - A data field used to display and set the "top-of-page" margin. The value must be
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Command Buttons...
Cancel - A command button used to cancel the print routine.
Print - A command button used to proceed with the print routine.
Printer Setup - Opens the Printer Setup dialog box.
Usage Notes...
' The Cancel button may be used to abort the print process. However, depending on the current
activity of the print process, the termination may not occur immediately.
' The currently selected system printer is used to print the current report. The report will be printed
using the currently selected page size and page orientation. To change the printer, page size, or
orientation select the Printer Setup command button.
' The margin dimensional units may be changed by double clicking on the unit label. For example,
to change the dimensional units from inches to millimeters, double click the “in” label – the units
will change to mm.
Examples...
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Regulator & Monitor System
Various values associated with flow through a regulator station consisting of a monitor and control
regulator may be calculated using the Regulator & Monitor calculation screen. The features
Supply Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the supply piping.
The component list can contain pipes and fittings. Use the command buttons directly below the list
to modify the contents. The list must contain at least one component.
Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value for all of the piping associated
with the station. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
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Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level for the station piping.
The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. Enter the value by typing it into the field.
The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
upstream and intermediate piping. Select the appropriate equation from the list.
supply piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the station piping. Enter
dimensional unit.
unit is changed.
Upstream Regulator Data Items...

Operating Mode - A drop-down list box used to indicate the station configuration. Select the
appropriate configuration from the list.
Rated Valve Factor - A panel used to display the rated sizing factor for the selected regulator. The
value is automatically set when a regulator is selected.
Set Pressure – If the upstream regulator is the control regulator, this data field is used to enter the
set control pressure for the regulator. Otherwise this field is disabled. Enter the value by typing it
into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to select the upstream regulator. Select the desired item from
the list.
Intermediate Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the intermediate
piping. The component list can contain pipes and fittings. Use the command buttons directly below
the list to modify the contents. The list must contain at least one component.
Downstream Regulator Data Items...

Rated Valve Factor - A panel used to display the rated valve (sizing) factor for the selected
regulator. The value is automatically set when a regulator is selected.
Set Pressure – If the downstream regulator is the controlling regulator, this data field is used to
enter the control pressure for the regulator. Otherwise this field is disabled. Enter the value by typing
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Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to select the downstream regulator. Select the desired item
from the list.
System Configuration - A panel used to display the current station configuration. The configuration
is set using the options found on the Upstream Reg tab.
Outlet Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the outlet piping.
Flow - A data field used to enter the flow rate through the station. Enter the value by typing it into
the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
downstream piping. Select the appropriate equation from the list.
Calculated Supply Piping Items...

Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the supply
piping.
Calculated Upstream Regulator Items...

Factor Ratio - A panel used to display the ratio of the rated valve factor to the required valve factor.
Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the upstream regulator.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) side of the upstream
regulator.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) side of the
upstream regulator.
Required Valve Factor - A panel used to display the required valve factor, based on the calculated
flow and pressure conditions.
Calculated Intermediate Piping Items...

Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) end of the intermediate
piping.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the
intermediate piping.
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Calculated Downstream Regulator Items...

Factor Ratio - A panel used to display the ratio of the rated valve factor to the required valve factor.
Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the downstream regulator.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) side of the downstream
regulator.
downstream regulator.
Required Valve Factor - A panel used to display the required valve factor, based on the calculated
flow and pressure conditions.
Calculated Outlet Piping Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the outlet piping.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) end of the outlet piping.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the outlet
piping.
Command Buttons...
Delete - A command button used to delete an item to a component list. When selected the currently
highlighted item will be deleted from the list.
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Usage Notes...
' The schematic at the top of the screen depicts the general station arrangement. A specific data
' The supply piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings between the tap and the upstream
regulator, however it may also include other piping associated with supplying the station. The
intermediate piping refers to the pipe and fittings between the outlet of the upstream regulator and
the inlet of the downstream regulator. The downstream piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings
between the outlet of the downstream regulator and the connection to the downstream system,
however it may also include other piping associated with supplying the station.
' The set pressure is assumed to be controlled immediately downstream of the downstream
regulator, regardless of the station configuration setting.
' When performing the pressure and flow calculations, the diameter and roughness values for the
pipe components are taken from the data contained in the pipe property table, and for fitting
components the equivalent diameter, length, and roughness are taken from the fitting property table.
Examples...
Calculating Values For A Monitor System
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Regulator & Relief System
Various values associated with flow through a regulator station consisting of a failed (wide-open)
regulator and a relief valve may be calculated using the Regulator & Relief calculation screen. The
features associated with the screen are described below.
Supply Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the supply piping.
Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value for the piping associated with
the station. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
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Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level for the station piping.
The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. Enter the value by typing it into the field.
station piping. Select the appropriate equation from the list.
Inlet Pressure - A data field used to enter the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the supply
piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature of the station piping. Enter the
value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional
unit.
unit is changed.
Regulator Data Items...

Set Pressure - A data field used to enter the regulator set pressure. Enter the value by typing it into
the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This is an
informational item only, it is not used during the calculation - its entry is optional.
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to select the regulator. Select the desired model from the list.
Wide-open Valve Factor - A panel used to display the wide-open sizing factor for the selected
regulator. The value is automatically set when a regulator is selected.
Intermediate Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the intermediate
Flow (Downstream System) – A data field used to enter the value of the minimum downstream
flow rate. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit. If the minimum downstream flow is not known, enter zero for this value.
associated data value. The unknown value should be recalculated anytime a dimensional unit is
changed.
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Relief Valve Data Items...

Number of Valves - A data field used to enter the number of installed relief valves. Enter the value
by typing it into the field.
Set Pressure – A data field used to display and enter the relief valve set pressure. Enter the value
Sizing Factor - A panel used to display the rated sizing factor orifice area for the selected relief
valve. The value is automatically set when a relief valve is selected.
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to select the relief valve. Select the desired model from the
list.
associated data value. The unknown value should be recalculated anytime a dimensional unit is
changed.
Stack Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the stack piping.
Compliance Data Items...

MAOP (Upstream) - A data field used to enter the maximum allowable operating pressure of the
upstream piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
the assigned dimensional unit. This is an informational item only, it is not used during the calculation
- its entry is optional.
MAOP (Intermediate) - A data field used to enter the maximum allowable operating pressure of
the intermediate piping. The intermediate piping is considered to be the piping downstream of the
regulator and up to the inlet to the relief valve. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This is an informational item only, it
is not used during the calculation - its entry is optional.
MAOP (Downstream) - A data field used to enter the maximum allowable operating pressure of
the downstream piping. The downstream piping is considered to be the piping immediately following
the branch to the relief valve. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed
in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This is an informational item only, it is not used during
the calculation - its entry is optional.
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General Data Items...

All of the items in this section are informational only, they are not used during the calculation - their
entry is optional.
District Identification - A data field used to enter the identification number or name of the district
associated with the station. Enter the value by typing it into the field.
Legal Description - A data field used to enter the legal location of the station. Enter the value by
typing it into the field.
Location - A data field used to enter location information associated with the station. Enter the value
by typing it into the field.
Previous Check Date - A data field used to enter the date of the last previous check or inspection
of the station. Enter the value by typing it into the field.
Next Check Date - A data field used to enter the date of the next required check or inspection of the
station. Enter the value by typing it into the field.
Station Identification - A data field used to enter the station’s identification number or name. Enter
the value by typing it into the field.
Station Description - A data field used to enter a description of the station. Enter the value by
typing it into the field.
Calculated Supply Piping Items...

Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the supply
piping.
Calculated Regulator Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the upstream regulator.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) side of the regulator.
regulator.
Calculated Intermediate Piping Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the intermediate piping.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) end of the intermediate
piping.
intermediate piping.
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Calculated Relief Valve Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the relief valve.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) side of the relief valve.
Operating Status - A panel used to display the operating status of the relief valve.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) side of the relief
valve.
Calculated Stack Piping Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the stack piping.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) end of the stack piping.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the stack
piping.
Calculated Compliance Items...

% MAOP - A group of panels used to display the ratio of the maximum calculated pressure to the
MAOP of the associated piping.
Difference - A group of panels used to display the difference between the maximum calculated
pressure and the MAOP of the associated piping.
Maximum Calculated Value - A group of panels used to display the maximum calculated pressure
that the associated piping would be subjected to.
Regulator Capacity - A panel used to display the capacity of the regulator under the calculated inlet
and outlet conditions.
Relief Valve Capacity - A panel used to display the capacity of the relief valve using the maximum
allowable downstream pressure (downstream MAOP plus allowable build-up) as the inlet pressure.
Or if the downstream MAOP is not entered or zero the panel displays the capacity of the relief valve
using the relief valve set pressure as the inlet pressure.
Command Buttons...
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Delete - A command button used to delete an item in a component list. When selected the currently
Usage Notes...
' The schematic at the top of the screen depicts the general station arrangement. A specific data
' The supply piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings between the tap and the regulator,
however it may also include other piping associated with supplying the station. The intermediate
piping refers to the pipe and fittings between the outlet of the regulator and the inlet of the relief
valve. The stack piping refers to the pipe and fittings between the outlet of the relief valve and the
open end of the stack.
' The set pressure is assumed to be controlled immediately upstream of the relief valve.
components are taken from the data contained in the pipe property table. For the fitting components
the equivalent diameter, length, and roughness are taken from the fitting property table.
' These calculations are only valid when the stack piping vents directly to the atmosphere.
' The items found in the Compliance sections are not required to perform the calculations.
However, if the values are included, they will be used to calculate the comparison values. The
comparison fields will be colored red, if the values are over the allowable limits. The allowable
limits are calculated depending on the selected Regulatory Code. This setting can be changed using
the Regulatory Code item found in the Preferences sub-menu of the Utilities menu list.
' The General sections are not used in the calculations. They are included to allow additional
information to be associated with the station. These additional items may be useful for calculations
performed for code compliance reasons.
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Examples...
Regulator - With Relief Valve
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Regulator, Relief & Valve Specifications
When the “match’ command button is selected on the Regulator, Relief Valve, or Valve screens, a
list of matching models will be displayed in the “match list”. To view the data associated with a
specific model shown in the list, double click on the model – the valve specification screen will
appear. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Specification List - A scrolling list used to display the various item descriptions associated with the
selected model. If the list extends beyond the display, a vertical scroll bar will appear. Use the scroll
bar to browse the list.
Command Buttons...
Close - A command button used to close the specification screen.
Print - A command button used to print the current contents of the specification screen. When
Usage Notes...
' The specification list displays values extracted from the appropriate valve list, and various
calculated values. Refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s literature before selecting a valve for a
particular application.
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Regulator Values
Various values associated with flow through a regulator may be calculated using the Regulator
Values calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level of the regulator. The
Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the regulator. If the value is
Inlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the inlet (upstream) side of the
regulator. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
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Inlet Temperature - A data field used to enter or display the temperature for the inlet (upstream)
side of the regulator. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must
of the regulator. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to enter the regulator size and type. Select the appropriate
value from the list.
Rated Valve Factor - A data field used to display the rated (published) valve sizing factor
associated with the selected regulator. The value is automatically assigned when a regulator is
selected.
Required Valve Factor - A data field used to enter or display the required valve sizing factor for
the regulator. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field.
unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Flow Mode - A panel used to display the flowing mode for the regulator. The value is based on the
inlet and outlet pressure ratios and is model dependent.
Match List - A list of models matching the current pressure and flow requirements. Select the List
Matching Regulators command button to list the matches.
Outlet Temperature - A panel used to display the estimated temperature for the outlet of the
regulator. The value represents the cooling associated with the pressure loss across the regulator.
Differential Pressure - A panel used to display the calculated linear pressure difference across the
regulator. If the value is less than the required minimum value, the calculated value will be displayed
in red.
Valve Ratio Factor - A panel used to display the ratio of the required valve factor to the rated valve
factor.
Command Buttons...
List Matching Regulators - A command button used to find regulator models that “match” the
current pressure and flow requirements. When selected the matching models will be listed in the
adjacent match list.
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Usage Notes...
' The Rated Valve Factor is automatically set when a regulator model is selected.
' A regulator is added to the match list when:
' The maximum inlet pressure is greater than the current inlet pressure.
' The outlet pressure is less than the maximum outlet pressure and greater than the
minimum outlet pressure.
' The flow rate is less then the maximum flow rate times the upper regulator check limit
and greater than the lower regulator check limit times the maximum flow rate.
' Adjacent to each model in the match list is a number displayed as a percentage. This number
represents the match rating. The rating is calculated by multiplying the ratio of required flow to the
maximum flow, times the ratio of the inlet pressure to the maximum inlet pressure.
' When matching, the maximum flow for each model is calculated using the current inlet and outlet
pressure and the model’s rated valve factor.
' The data for a specific model shown in the list, may be displayed by double clicking on the
desired model.
' The check limits are set by selecting the Check & Limit Values item from the Preferences
submenu of the Utilities menu list.
' The models listed in the match list are selected based on nominal properties. Refer to the
appropriate manufacturer’s literature before selecting a valve for a particular application.
' If the regulator type is set by selecting an item from the regulator list, the appropriate valve sizing
values will be read from the regulator properties table as required by the calculation.
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Examples...
Calculating Sizing Factor
Finding Specific Models
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Regulator Properties Editor
Several calculation screens allow selection of a regulator from a list of sizes and types. The items
found in these lists are taken from the regulator properties table. The content of the table may be
modified by the User through the Regulator Properties Editor. The features associated with the editor
Data Items...
Equation – Specifies the flow-pressure equation for the regulator.

Controlling Factor – Specifies the valve sizing factor when the regulator is operating in normal
control mode.
No – Record number. The value is automatically assigned.
Max Inlet – Specifies the value of the maximum inlet operating pressure for the regulator.
Max Outlet – Specifies the value of the maximum controlling outlet pressure for the regulator.
Min Differential – Specifies the value of the minimum difference in inlet and outlet pressure
required to fully operate the regulator.
Min Outlet – Specifies the value of the minimum controlling outlet pressure for the regulator.
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Parameter 1 – Some models require the definition of an additional sizing parameter. The value
varies according to the model type. The definition of this item for various models is described in the
Usage Notes.
Parameter 2 – Some models require the definition of a second additional sizing parameter. The
value varies according to the model type. The definition of this item for various models is described
in the Usage Notes.
Pressure Units – Specifies the dimensional units for the various pressure values.
Size/Type – Regulator size and type description. The description can contain up to 20 alphanumeric
characters.
Wide-open Factor – Specifies the valve sizing factor when the regulator is in the wide open
position.
Command Buttons...
end of the list.
Usage Notes...
' In the regulator list, the pressure units can be set to any supported value. When a particular
' The regulator equation is make and model specific, refer to the manufacturer’s literature for
equation requirements. The supported equations apply to certain manufacturer’s models as listed
below:
' American = American Meter non-rubber element regulators.
' American AFV = American Meter Axial Flow Valve regulators.
' Equimeter = All Equimeter regulators (Same as Rockwell equation).
' Fisher = All Fisher Control regulators and control valves.
' Grove 80 = Grove model 80 regulators.
' Grove 900 = Grove model 83 and 900 regulators.
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' ISA-S75.01 = All regulators and control valves adhering to the ISA-S75.01 standard
including American Meter Radial Flow Valve regulators.
' Mooney = All Mooney Controls regulators.
' Rockwell = All Rockwell regulators.
' The Controlling and Wide-open Factors are defined as follows:

' American AFV = The Cv factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Equimeter = The K factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Fisher = The Cg factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Grove 80 = The Cp factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Grove 900 = The Cv factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature. See note below for
model 900 valves.
' ISA-S75.01 = The Cv factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Mooney = The Cg factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Rockwell = The K factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' The Parameter 1 data item is defined as follows:

' American AFV = The critical flow factor (Xt) as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Equimeter = Not used.
' Fisher = The C1 factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Grove 80 = The critical flow factor (Xt) as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Grove 900 = The critical flow factor (Xt) as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' ISA-S75.01 = The critical flow factor (Xt) as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Mooney = The C1 factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Rockwell = Not used.

' Grove 80 = The tube expansion factor (E) as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' All other models = Not used.
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' The standard table contains numerous predefined regulator types. The types are generally defined
by a make abbreviation (for example RW, for Rockwell), followed by a model designation (for
example 44157S, for a model 441-57S), followed by the size designation (for example 2, for 2 inch),
followed by any further identifying data. Some of the abbreviations are listed below:
' AM = American Meter
' AFV = When used with AM – Axial Flow Valve
' DP = Dual port
' FC = Fisher Controls
' FGSP = When used with MN – flow grid single port
' MN = Mooney
' R = Reduced valve
' RFV = When used with AM - Radial Flow Valve
' RW = Rockwell
' SP = Single Port
' Unless otherwise noted, all sizing factors and parameters are for models using standard valves,
trim, actuators, and pilots.
' The listed pressure ranges represent the maximum range for the model, for all options.
' When using Grove model 900 regulators the affect of partial valve opening can be included in the
sizing calculations by including a special code in the Size/Type description. The required code
sequence is the size (for example 2 for 2 inch) , followed by a code for ribbed (R) or non-ribbed (N)
boot type, followed by the boot pressure designation (for example VLD for very low differential).
The code must contain these items in sequence with no spaces. Example codes are listed below.
' 2RVLD = 2 inch valve with very low differential ribbed boot
' 3N150 = 3 inch valve with Class 150 non-ribbed boot
' 4R300 = 4 inch valve with Class 300 ribbed boot
Refer to the manufacturer’s literature for additional combinations. If the code is omitted, the valve
is assumed to be 100% open.
Examples...
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Relief Valve & Piping System
Various values associated with flow through a relief valve and its associated piping may be
calculated using the Relief Valve & Piping System calculation screen. The features associated with
Upstream Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the upstream
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Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value for the piping associated with
the relief system. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level for the relief system
relief system piping. Select the appropriate equation from the list.
upstream piping. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of
Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the relief system piping.
dimensional unit.
unit is changed.
Relief Valve Data Items...

Sizing Factor - A panel used to display the rated sizing factor or orifice area for the selected relief
valve. The value is automatically set when a valve is selected.
Set Pressure – A data field used to display and enter the relief valve set pressure. Enter the value
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to select the relief valve. Select the desired item from the list.
Stack Data Items...

Components - A list box used to display and edit the components associated with the stack piping.
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Calculated Upstream Piping Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the upstream piping.
upstream piping.
Calculated Relief Valve Items...

Inlet (Build-up) Pressure - A panel used to display the build-up pressure on the inlet (upstream)
side of the relief valve.
Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the relief valve.
Operating Status - A panel used to display the operating status of the relief valve.
Outlet (Back) Pressure - A panel used to display the back pressure on the outlet (downstream) side
of the relief valve.
Calculated Stack Piping Items...

Flow - A panel used to display the flow rate through the stack piping.
Inlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the inlet (upstream) end of the stack piping.
Outlet Pressure - A panel used to display the pressure on the outlet (downstream) end of the stack
piping.
Command Buttons...
Delete - A command button used to delete an item in a component list. When selected the currently
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Usage Notes...
' The schematic at the top of the screen depicts the general system arrangement. A specific data
' The upstream piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings between the pipe or vessel
connection and the relief valve inlet. The stack piping refers to the pipe and fittings between the
outlet of the relief valve and the open end of the stack.
' The set pressure is assumed to be controlled immediately upstream of the relief valve.
components are taken from the data contained in the pipe property table. For the fitting components,
' These calculations are only valid when the stack piping vents directly to the atmosphere.
Examples...
Calculating Pressures For A Relief System
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Relief Valve Values
Various values associated with flow through a relief valve may be calculated using the Relief Valve
Values calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level of the relief valve.
The value is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure. The value must be known, enter the value
Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the relief valve. If the value
relief valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
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side of the relief valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
of the relief valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to enter the relief valve size and type. Select the appropriate
value from the list.
Rated Area - A data field used to display the rated (published) orifice area associated with the
selected relief valve. The value is automatically assigned when a relief valve is selected. (Displayed
only for models using the API equation)
Required Area - A data field used to enter or display the required orifice area for the relief valve.
of the assigned dimensional unit. (Displayed only for models using the API equation)
Rated Valve Factor - A data field used to display the rated (published) valve sizing factor
associated with the selected relief valve. The value is automatically assigned when a relief valve is
selected.
Required Valve Factor - A data field used to enter or display the required valve sizing factor for
the relief valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field.
unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Area Ratio Factor - A panel used to display the ratio of the required orifice area to the rated orifice
area. (Displayed only for models using the API equation)
Flow Mode - A panel used to display the operational mode for the relief valve. The value is based
on the inlet and outlet pressure ratios and is model dependent.
Matching Relief Valves command button used to list the matches.
Pressure Drop - A panel used to display the calculated linear pressure drop across the relief valve.
factor.
Velocity - A panel used to display the estimated velocity through the valve orifice.
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Command Buttons...
List Matching Relief Valves - A command button used to find relief valve models that “match” the
current pressure and flow requirements. When selected, the matching models will be listed in the
adjacent match list.
Usage Notes...
' The Rated Valve Factor or Area is automatically set when a relief valve model is selected.
' A relief valve is added to the match list when:
' The flow rate is less then the maximum flow rate times the upper relief valve check limit
and greater than the lower relief valve check limit times the maximum flow.
pressure and the model’s rated valve factor or orifice area.
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desired model.
' If the relief valve type is set by selecting an item from the relief valve list, the appropriate valve
and sizing values will be read from the relief valve properties table as required by the calculation.
Examples...
Calculating Valve Flow Rate (Capacity)
Finding Models For Specific Conditions
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Relief Valve Properties Editor
Several calculation screens allow selection of a relief valve from a list of sizes and types. The items
found in these lists are taken from the relief valve properties table. The content of the table may be
modified by the User through the Relief Valve Properties Editor. The features associated with the
editor are described below.
Data Items...
A Units – Specifies the dimensional units for the area value.

Equation – Specifies the flow equation for the relief valve.
Max Inlet Pressure – Specifies the value of the maximum inlet operating pressure for the relief
valve.
Max Set Pressure – Specifies the value of the maximum set pressure for the relief valve.
Min Set Pressure – Specifies the value of the minimum set pressure for the relief valve.
Orifice Area – Specifies the area of the valve’s orifice. This item is only required for the API sizing
equation. If the area is not known but the diameter value is known, enter “D=X.XXX” where
X.XXX equals the diameter of the orifice.
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varies according to the model type. The definition of this item for the various models and equations
is described in the Usage Notes.
Size/Type – Relief valve size and type description. The description can contain up to 20
alphanumeric characters.
Valve Factor – Specifies the sizing factor for the relief valve. Used for all except the API sizing
equation.
Command Buttons...
end of the list.
Usage Notes...
' In the table, the pressure units can be set to any supported value. When a particular size/type is
selected for use in a calculation, the appropriate values are automatically converted to the currently
selected calculation unit.
' The relief valve equation is make and model specific, refer to the manufacturer’s literature for
the equation requirements. In general the supported equations apply to certain manufacturer’s valves
as listed below:
' API 520 = All relief valves adhering to the API 520 standard including many Anderson
Greenwood models.
' Equimeter = All Equimeter relief valves (Same as Rockwell equation).
' Fisher = All Fisher Controls relief valves.
' Mooney = All Mooney Controls relief valves.
' Rockwell = All Rockwell relief valves.
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' The Orifice Area is used for sizing with the API 520 equation. The Valve Factor is used for sizing
with the remaining equations. For the API 520 equation, the orifice area refers to the open area of
the inside of the valve’s orifice. The Valve Factor is defined as follows:
' Equimeter = The K factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Fisher = The Cg factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Mooney = The Cg factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Rockwell = The K factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.

' API 520 = The effective coefficient of discharge (Kd) as defined in the API publication
520.
' Equimeter = Not used.
' Fisher = The C1 factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Mooney = The C1 factor as listed in the manufacturer’s literature.
' Rockwell = Not used.
' The standard table contains numerous predefined relief valve types. The types are generally
defined by a make abbreviation (for example RW, for Rockwell), followed by a model designation
(for example 257S, for a model 257S), followed by the size designation (for example 2, for 2 inch),
followed by any further identifying data. Some of the abbreviations are listed below.
' AG = Anderson Greenwood
' FC = Fisher Controls
' RW = Rockwell
' Unless otherwise noted, all factors are for models using standard valves, trim, actuators,
and pilots.
' The listed pressure ranges represent the maximum range for the model, for all options.
' The generic valve type refers to standard “API” valves. The letter designation following the
generic valve size represents the orifice size designation.
Examples...
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Steel Pipe Design Formula
The various values associated with the steel pipe design formula may be calculated using the Steel
Pipe Design calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are described below.
Data Items...
Class Location - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the class location of the pipe
segment. Select the appropriate location from the list.
Location Exceptions - A drop-down list box used to display and specify any exceptions to the
standard class location of the pipe segment. Select the appropriate exception from the list. The
appropriate derating factor will be displayed in the adjacent “Value” box.
Longitudinal Joint - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the type of longitudinal joint
of the pipe segment. Select the appropriate joint type from the list. The appropriate derating factor
will be displayed in the adjacent “Value” box.
Operating Temperature - A drop-down list box used to display and specify the operating
temperature range of the pipe segment. This temperature refers to the temperature of the pipe
material not the temperature of the gas. Select the appropriate range from the list. The appropriate
derating factor will be displayed in the adjacent “Value” box.
Outside Diameter - A drop-down list box used to enter or display the outside diameter value for the
pipe. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or by selecting it from the list.
If the value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
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Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating (gauge) pressure for the pipe segment.
SMYS - A drop-down list used to enter or display the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe
material. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field or by selecting it from the
list. If the value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness for the pipe. If the value
unit is changed.
Command Buttons...
Usage Notes...
' If the outside diameter is set by selecting an item from the pipe list, the appropriate diameter value
' The steel pipe design formula used by GASCalc follows the guidelines of the ASME B31.8
section 841.11, this method is similar to the calculations described in the DOT 192.105.
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Examples...
Calculating Maximum Diameter
Calculating SMYS
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Thermal Expansion
Various values associated with the thermal expansion and contraction of a pipe may be calculated
using the Thermal Expansion calculation screen. The features associated with the screen are
described below.
Data Items...
Change In Length - A data field used to enter or display the difference in the pipe length at the
installation temperature, and the length at the check condition temperature. If the value is known,
dimensional unit.
Expansion Coefficient - A data field used to enter or display the thermal expansion coefficient for
the pipe material. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms
Original Length - A data field used to enter or display the length of the pipe span at the installation
temperature. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Percent SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the ratio of the restrained stress to the
specified minimum yield strength. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field.
The value must be expressed in a percentage.
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Modulus of Elasticity – A drop-down list box that specifies the modulus of elasticity of the pipe
material. Enter the appropriate value by typing it in the box, or by selecting a value from the list. If
the value is typed, it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
SMYS – A drop-down list box that specifies the yield strength of the pipe material. Enter the
appropriate value by typing it in the box, or by selecting a value from the list. If the value is typed,
it must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Temperature At Check Condition - A data field used to enter or display the pipe material
temperature at the check condition. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field.
Temperature At Installation - A data field used to enter or display the pipe material temperature
at the time of installation. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value
must be expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
unit is changed.
Restrained Stress - A panel used to display the compressive or tensile stress that would be present
in the pipe if it were not allowed to expand or contract.
Command Buttons...
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Usage Notes...
' The values calculated by this method are only valid for non-buckling conditions.
' Representative thermal expansion coefficients for plastic and steel are:
' Carbon Steel - .0000065 In/In-F (.0000117 mm/mm-C)
' Polyethylene Plastic - .00011 In/In-F (.0002 mm/mm-C)
Examples...
Calculating Stress Caused By Temperature Change
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Unit Conversions
GASCalc provides a utility routine for converting values between various industry related
dimensional units. This feature is accessed through the Unit Conversions screen. The features
Data Items...
Converted Value - A panel and list box used to display the converted value, and to set the desired
conversion units. Set the conversion unit by selecting it from the list. The converted value will
automatically be recalculated if the dimensional unit is changed.
Known Value - A data field and list box used to enter the known parameter's value and dimensional
unit. Enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed in terms of the assigned
dimensional unit. Set the dimensional unit by selecting it from the list. The converted value will
automatically be calculated when the dimensional unit or numeric value is changed.
Command Buttons...
Close - A command button used to close the conversion screen.
Usage Notes...
' The dimensional unit list associated with the “Known” value contains all of the units available
for conversion. When a particular unit is selected from the list, the contents of the converted unit list
is changed to reflect only those values of the same type as the selected known unit.
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increase or decrease the number of decimals displayed for the converted value, increase or decrease
Examples...
Converting Length Between Feet And Meters
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Valve Values
Various values associated with flow through a line valve may be calculated using the Valve Values
Data Items...
Elevation - A data field used to enter the average height above mean sea level of the valve. The
Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the valve. If the value is
valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be expressed
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side of the valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
of the valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field. The value must be
Size/Type - A drop-down list box used to enter the valve size and type. Select the appropriate value
from the list.
Rated Valve Factor - A data field used to display the rated (published) sizing factor associated with
the selected valve. The value is automatically assigned when a valve is selected.
Required Valve Factor - A data field used to enter or display the required sizing factor for the
valve. If the value is known, enter the value by typing it into the field.
unit is changed.
Calculated Items...
Matching Valves command button to list the matches.
Pressure Drop - A panel used to display the calculated linear pressure drop across the valve.
factor.
Velocity - A panel used to display the estimated velocity through the valve’s port.
Command Buttons...
List Matching Valves - A command button used to find valve models that “match” the current
pressure and flow requirements. When selected the matching models will be listed in the adjacent
match list.
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Usage Notes...
' The rated valve factor is automatically set when a valve model is selected.
' A valve is added to the match list when:
' The flow rate is less then the maximum flow rate times the upper relief valve check limit
and greater than the lower relief valve check limit times the maximum flow rate.
pressure and the model’s rated valve factor.
desired model.
' If the valve type is set by selecting an item from the valve list, the appropriate sizing values will
be read from the valve properties table as required by the calculation.
Examples...
Calculating Size Factor
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Valve Properties Editor
Several calculation screens allow selection of a valve from a list of sizes and types. The items found
in these lists are taken from the valve properties table. The content of the table may be modified by
the User through the Valve Properties Editor. The features associated with the editor are described
below.
Data Items...
Diameter Units – Specifies the dimensional units for the diameter value.
Equation – Specifies the flow equation for the valve.
Equivalent Diameter – Specifies the equivalent diameter of the valve’s port.
Max Inlet Pressure – Specifies the value of the maximum inlet operating pressure for the valve.
varies according to the model type. The definition of this item for the various models and equations
is described in the Usage Notes.
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Size/Type – Valve size and type description. The description can contain up to 15 alphanumeric
characters.
Sizing Factor – Specifies the sizing factor for the valve.
Command Buttons...
end of the list.
Usage Notes...
' In the valve table, the pressure units can be set to any supported value. When a particular size is
selected for use in a calculation, the appropriate values are automatically converted to the currently
selected calculation unit.
' The valve equation is generally make and model specific, refer to the manufacturer’s literature
for equation requirements.
' The Equivalent Diameter data item generally represents the inside diameter of an equivalent
standard wall pipe of the same nominal size.
' The Sizing Factor data item is defined as follows:
' Crane = The Cv factor as defined in the Crane Technical Publication 410.
' Rockwell = The F factor as defined in the Rockwell Publication V-117-R3.
' Crane = Not Used
' Rockwell = Not Used
' The standard table contains numerous predefined valve types. The types are generally defined by
a size (for example 2, for 2 inch), followed by a make abbreviation if non-generic (for example RW,
for Rockwell), followed by a model designation (for example 4185, for a model 4185), followed by
the size designation (for example 6, for 6 inch), followed by any further identifying data. Some of
the abbreviations are listed below:
' RW = Rockwell
' The listed pressure ranges represent the maximum range for the model.
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Examples
Examples
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The previous sections basically describe the features associated with the GASCalc software but provided no
detailed instruction on its use. This section provides comprehensive instructions on the using the software
through the presentation of various examples.
Index Of Examples
The examples and sample calculations contained in this section of the manual are listed below.
Applications…
Adding An Application
Deleting An Application
Atmospheric Pressure…
Calculating Pressure Value
Calculating Elevation From Pressure Value
Base Conditions…
Setting Base Conditions
Using A Gas Properties File
Buoyancy…
Calculating Weight Requirement For Crossing
Compressibility…
Calculating Using AGA NX19
Energy Conversions…
Converting Natural Gas Volume To Propane Volume
External Loading…
Calculating Stress From Railway Crossing Using API 1102
Calculating Stress From Roadway Crossing Using GPTC
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File Handling…
Retrieving Calculation Data
Saving Calculation Data
Setting Default File Location
Fitting Values…
Gas Loss…
Calculating Lost Volume From Damage
Gas Properties…
Calculating Heating Value, Specific Gravity, Specific Heat, And Viscosity
Hoop Stress…
Calculating Maximum Outside Diameter
Calculating Stress Value
Orifice Meter…
Calculating A Flow Rate Through A Meter
Calculating An Orifice Size
Calculating A Pressure Differential
Calculating Flow Rate Using AGA3-1992
Calculating Flow Rate Using ISO-5167
Pipe Bending Stress…

Calculating Stress For A Span
Pipe Blowdown…
Calculating Initial Pressure
Calculating Minimum Stack Diameter
Calculating Time Required To Vent A Line
Calculating Minimum Valve Choke Factor
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Pipe Flow…
Calculating Pipe Diameter
Calculating Outlet (Downstream) Temperature
Calculating Pipe Efficiency
Calculating End Pressures
Calculating Pipe Flow Rate
Calculating Maximum Pipe Length
Calculating Pressures For Multiple Pipes
Calculating Pipe Roughness
Calculating With Attached Fittings
Plastic Pipe Design…

Calculating Maximum Pipe Diameter
Calculating Hydrostatic Strength
Pressure Factor…
Calculating An Adjusted Volume
Calculating A Metered Volume
Pressure, Volume, Temperature…

Calculating PVT Values
Property Tables…
Setting The Initialization Path
Regulator Values…
Calculating Build-up Pressure For A Relief Valve System
Calculating Values For A Monitor System
Checking Compliance Capacity With A Relief Valve
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Relief Valve Values…

Calculating Pressures For A Relief System
Calculating Valve Flow Rate (Capacity)
Steel Pipe Design Formula…

Calculating Maximum Diameter
Calculating SMYS
Thermal Expansion…
Calculating Stress Caused By Temperature Change
Unit Conversions…
Converting Length Between Feet And Meters
Valve Values…
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Notes For Examples
The following notes apply to all of the examples.
' Each of the examples assume that the base conditions have not been previously set. If the base
conditions have already been set, the steps describing how to set the base conditions may be ignored.
' The primary data values used in the examples are expressed in US units. However, values
expressed in common metric units are also shown in parentheses (adjacent to the US value) where
applicable. The values contained in the various property tables are generally expressed in US units.
However, when these values are used by a calculation they are automatically converted to whatever
unit is required by the calculation. Values can be entered into the property tables in any one of the
supported unit values.
' In the examples, the dot ( . ) symbol is used as decimal separator - no thousand indicator is used.
' The number of digits displayed after the decimal separator may vary from those shown in the
example text and those displayed on the calculation screen. However, the rounded values should be
similar. If you wish to set the decimal display the same as the example, you can change the number
of displayed decimal digits by following the instructions outlined in the Setting Decimal Places
example.
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Application - Adding
GASCalc features a routine for executing outside applications from its main menu. An application can be
executed by selecting it from the GASCalc application list. The User can add or remove items from the list
as desired. An example describing how to add an item to the list is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will add the Notepad program to the GASCalc application list.
Steps…
1) Open The Application Properties Screen - Open the Application Properties screen by selecting
the Add An Application item from the Applications menu list.
2) Enter The Data - On the screen:

' Enter an identifying name for the application, perhaps My Notepad. Enter the name by typing
the name in the Description data field.
' Set the path and name of the executable (program) file by selecting the Select Path & Name
command button. The standard File Selection dialog box will appear.
' For this example, the program file is located in the “\Windows” directory. Navigate to the
\Windows directory, then find and select the file named Notepad.exe. Then select the Open
command button to assign the path and file name.
3) Save The Settings – To save the settings and add the application to the list, select the Close
command button.
4) Check Your Work – Click on the Applications menu heading. Is the My Notepad item listed in
the application list at the bottom of the menu list?
Notes…
' The application list can contain any program file that can be directly executed by typing its name
from the DOS command prompt or the Windows Run command line. Generally these files will end
with a “.bat”, “.com”, or “.exe” extension.
' Up to ten applications may be added to the list.
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' After an application has been added, you can review the associated path and file name by using
the Delete An Application routine to list the current applications and their associated paths. Select
the Cancel command button to leave the dialog box without deleting any applications. See the
Application – Deleting example on instructions for opening the dialog box.
' To include an “access key” in the application description, place the ampersand symbol (&)
immediately before the letter that you want to use as the key. The letter preceded by the ampersand
will be underlined when the item is displayed in the Application menu list. The access key can be
used by holding down the Alt key while pressing the letter key corresponding to the underlined
letter.
See Also…
Application Properties Screen Description
File Selection Screen Description
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Application - Deleting
GASCalc features a routine for executing outside applications from its main menu. An application can be
executed by selecting it from the GASCalc application list. The User can add or remove items from the list
as desired. An example describing how to delete an item from the list is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will delete an application from the GASCalc application list.
Steps…
1) Open The Application Delete Dialog Box - Open the Application Delete dialog box by selecting
the Delete An Application item from the Applications menu list.
2) Select The Application – Select an item from the application list. If you added the My Notepad
application using the Application – Adding example, select it from the list.
3) Delete The Application – To close the dialog box and delete the application from the list, select
the Close & Delete command button. Select the Yes command button when prompted whether to
really delete the file.
4) Check Your Work – Click on the Applications menu heading. Is the deleted item still listed in
the application list at the bottom of the menu list?
See Also…
Delete Application Screen Description
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Atmospheric Pressure - Elevation
Most times the elevation of a facility is known and the atmospheric pressure is calculated for that elevation,
but occasionally it is desired to calculate the elevation associated with a given atmospheric pressure value.
An example associated with this type of calculation is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate an elevation corresponding to a given atmospheric pressure value.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Atmospheric Pressure calculation screen by selecting
the Atmospheric Pressure item from the Gas Properties menu list.
2) Enter The Data - On the calculation screen:

' Enter an atmospheric pressure value of 11.76 Psi (81.1 kPa). Set the numeric value by typing it
in the Pressure data field. Set the dimensional unit by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the
Pressure unit list, then click on the desired unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the
cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
' Set the elevation units to Feet (Meters) by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the Pressure unit
list, then click on the desired unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the list
box.
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the elevation is unknown and must be calculated,
click on the Elevation label until it is underlined.
4) Calculate - To perform the calculation, select the Calculate command button. The computed
atmospheric pressure value should be 6289 Feet (1917 Meters).
See Also…
Example Notes
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Atmospheric Pressure - Pressure
Several of the calculation methods automatically calculate the atmospheric pressure as part of their
calculation routines. A routine is also provided for calculating the atmospheric pressure value at other times.
An example associated with this routine is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the atmospheric pressure for a given elevation.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Atmospheric Pressure calculation screen by selecting
the Atmospheric Pressure item from the Gas Properties menu list.

' Enter an elevation value of 1200 Feet (366 meters). Set the numeric value by typing it in the
Elevation data field. Set the dimensional unit by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the Elevation
unit list, then click on the desired unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the
appropriate data field or list box.
' Set the pressure units to Psi (kPa) by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the Elevation unit list,
then click on the desired unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the list box.
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the atmospheric pressure is unknown and must
be calculated, click on the Pressure label until it is underlined.
atmospheric pressure value should be 14.12 Psi (97.4 kPa).
See Also…
Example Notes
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Base Conditions
Before performing calculations which involve flow or pressure values, the base conditions must be set. The
base conditions describe the base pressure and temperature, as well as the gas property values. These values
are set using the Base Conditions screen. The following example describes how to set values.
Summary…
In this example we will set the base conditions required to perform a calculation involving a flow
or pressure values. The gas properties values will be set manually in this example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen – The Base conditions screen can be opened by either of two
methods. Select the Base Conditions item from the Gas Properties menu list – or select the Base
Conditions command button near the bottom of the calculation screen. Either method will cause the
Base Conditions screen will appear.

' Set the base pressure to 14.73 Psi (102 kPa), and the base temperature to 60 Fahrenheit (15.6
Celsius). Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional
units by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list box, then click on the desired unit
value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
' The gas property values can be set either manually or automatically by selecting a previously
saved gas properties file. In this example the values will be set manually. To set the values, you must
first set the Gas Properties File to "None" by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the Gas
Properties list, then click on the None item.
For most natural gas calculations the “standard” property values can be used. The standard values
are listed below:
Item Value
Specific Gravity .6
Specific Heat Ratio 1.3
Viscosity .000007 Lbm/ft-sec (.0104 Centipoise)
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Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional units by
clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate unit list, then click on the desired unit value.
Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
3) Close The Screen - Close the Base Conditions data screen by clicking the Close command button
on the Base Conditions screen.
See Also…
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Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File
Before calculating performing calculations which involve flow or pressure values, the base conditions must
be set. The base conditions describe the base pressure and temperature, as well as the gas property values.
These values are set using the Base Conditions screen. The following example describes how to set the
values.
Summary…
In this example we will set the base conditions and gas properties required to perform a calculation
involving a flow or pressure values. The gas properties will be set by selecting a previously saved
gas properties file.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen – The Base conditions screen can be opened by either of two
methods. Select the Base Conditions item from the Gas Properties menu list – or select the Base
Conditions command button near the bottom of the calculation screen. Either method will cause the
Base Conditions screen will appear.
2) Enter The Data…

' Set the base pressure to 14.73 Psi (102 kPa), and the base temperature to 60 Fahrenheit (15.6
Celsius). Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional
units by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list box, then click on the desired unit
' The gas property values can be set either manually or automatically by selecting a previously
saved gas properties file. In this example we will use the automatic method by selecting a gas
properties file. GASCalc is shipped with a sample file containing representative property values –
this sample file is named “GCOAST”. To set the property values automatically, click the arrow
symbol adjacent to the Gas Properties list, then click on the GCOAST item.
3) Close The Screen - Close the Base Conditions data screen by clicking the Close command button
on the Base Conditions screen.
See Also…
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Buoyancy
The buoyancy calculation method provides several values associated with the buoyancy forces occurring on
a submerged pipe segment. This feature is useful when trying to determine whether additional weight is
required to prevent a submerged pipe segment from floating. The procedure for calculating the buoyancy
values is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the amount of additional weight required to ensure that a
submerged pipeline does not float at a water way crossing. The specific pipe and crossing details will
be outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Buoyancy calculation screen by selecting the Buoyancy
item from the Pipe menu list.
2) Enter The Data - The values to be used for this example are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Outside Diameter 20S-.250 Inches (508 Millimeter)
Wall Thickness .250 Inches (6.35 Millimeter)
Specific Gravity of Fluid 1.50 – Mud
clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list box, then click on the desired unit value.
values should be similar to those in the following table:
Item Value
Pipe Air Weight 52.8 Lb/ft (78.5 Kg/m)
Net Buoyancy 151.7 Lb/ft (225.8 Kg/m)
No Buoyancy (Weight) 151.7 Lb/ft (225.8 Kg/m)
10% Negative (Weight) 172.2 Lb/ft (256.3 Kg/m)
20% Negative (Weight) 192.7 Lb/ft (286.7 Kg/m)
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Notes…
' Notice that the buoyancy values are in reference to the weight in the fluid. The geometry and
shape of the additional weighting device directly affects the weight of the device in the fluid. Refer
to the manufacturers literature to determine the air weight of the device, and the device selection.
See Also…
Buoyancy Description
Example Notes
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Compressibility - NX19
Several of the calculation methods automatically calculate the compressibility pressure as part of their
calculation routines. A routine is provided for calculating the compressibility at other times. An example
associated with this routine is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the compressibility of a gas composition for a given set of pressure
and temperature values using the AGA NX19 method.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Compressibility Factor calculation screen by selecting
the Compressibility item from the Gas Properties menu list.
2) Set The Base Conditions – In this example we will need to select a gas properties file. Use the
instructions found in the Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File example to select the
GCOAST gas properties file.
Note – In this example all components of the gas are specified by selecting the GCOAST gas
properties file – this is necessarily required for all calculation methods. The NX19 method only
requires that the carbon-dioxide and nitrogen content of the gas be specified. The various
compressibility methods require varying level of detail in the definition of the gas composition.
Refer to the individual method specification for the method’s requirements.
3) Enter The Data -Now (finally) the compressibility values may be entered. The values to be used
for this example are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Average Pressure 450 Psi (3103 kPa)
Average Temperature 50 Fahrenheit (10 Celsius)
Elevation 0 Feet (0 Meters)
Method AGA-NX19-Standard
Density Units Lbm/Ft^3 (Kg/m3)
clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate unit list, then clicking on the desired unit
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values are shown in the following table:
Item Value
Compressibility .931011 (.931023)
Supercompressibility 1.036388 (1.036382)
Density At Base Conditions 1.045 Lbm/cf (16.74Kg/m3)
Density At Specified 1.534 Lbm/cf (24.57 Kg/m3)
Conditions
See Also…
Compressibility Screen Description
Example Notes
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Energy Conversions
A routine is provided for converting between various energy units An example associated with this routine
is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the liquid propane equivalent of a given natural gas usage.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Energy Conversion calculation screen by selecting the
Energy Conversions item from the Utilities menu list.
Item Value
Known Value 1000.0 Cf (28.3 M3) Natural Gas – 1000 Btu/cf
Converted Value 10.9 Gallons (41.3 Liters) Propane – Liquid
Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional units and
energy type by selecting the desired value for the list. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the
cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
3) Calculate – The converted value is automatically calculated when the known value, one of the
dimensional units, or one of the energy types are changed.
Notes…
See Also…
Energy Conversion Screen Description
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External Loading - API 1102
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with a road or railway crossing. The
routine allows stress calculations based on either the AGA GPTC or API 1102 design guidelines.
The calculation method allows one of several variables to be set as unknown. Because of the complexity of
the method, only the stress value will be calculated in our example. To calculate one of the other variables,
simply follow the same general steps, except underline the desired variable. Refer to the Notes section at the
end of this example for a discussion of calculating the other values.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the stress levels occurring on a pipeline crossing under a single
railway track using the API 1102 method. The specific pipe and crossing details will be outlined in
the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the External Loading calculation screen by selecting the
External Loading item from the Pipe menu list.

' Select the appropriate calculation method by selecting the API Recommended Practice 1102
item from the calculation method list.
' Enter the pipe data by first clicking on the Pipe Data tab if the tab is not currently displayed.
' On the Pipe Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
data fields. Set the dimensional units by selecting the appropriate value from the unit list.
Item Value
Outside Diameter 12S-Std Inches (324 Millimeter)
Specification ASTM A106 – Seamless
Grade B – ERW
Maximum Pressure 1000 Psi (6897 kPa)
SMYS 35000 Psi (241 MPa)
' Enter the bore data by first clicking on the Trench/Bore Data tab.
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' On the Trench/Bore Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional units by selecting the appropriate value from the unit list.
Item Value
Excavation Type Bored
Trench/Bore Width 14.8 Inches (37.6 Centimeter)
Depth Below Grade 6 Feet (1.83 Meters)
Class Location Class 2
Backfill Type Silt – Stiff
' Enter the crossing data by first clicking on the Crossing Data tab.
' On the Crossing Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
Item Value
Crossing Type Railway
Impact Factor Single Track
Distance To Nearest Girth Weld 0 Feet (0 Meters)
Loading Type Cooper E-80 (40 tons)
Load Units Lbf (kNewtons)
Vehicular Load 320000 Lbf (1423 kNewtons)
(Automatically set when the
Cooper E-80 loading type is
selected)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the total stress is to be calculated, click the
Combined Stress label, so that it is underlined.
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stress values will be displayed in the Stress area of the screen and should be similar to those listed
in the following table:
Item Value
Combined Stress 22808 Psi (157358 kPa)
Percent SMYS 65% (65%)
Hoop – Due To Internal Pressure 17000 Psi (117303 kPa)
Effective (Combined) 22808 Psi (157358 kPa)
Fatigue – Girth Weld 9723 Psi (67033 kPa)
Fatigue – Longitudinal 7530 Psi (51935 kPa)
Notes…
' You will notice that the effective and combined stress is listed as “excessive” in the stress values
list. This indicates that the stress is in excess of the maximum allowed under the recommended
practice. In this case, the stress could be lowered by increasing the pipe wall thickness or the burial
depth - or the stress limit could be increased by using a higher grade pipe with a higher SMYS value.
' You will also notice the girth weld fatigue stress is listed as “excessive” in the stress values list.
This indicates that the stress is in excess of the maximum allowed under the recommended practice.
In this case, the stress value can be reduced by increasing the distance from the track to the nearest
girth weld.
' The limit values listed in the stress values list are computed in accordance with the guidelines
outlined in the recommended practice. The limiting values are based on the pipe specification,
SMYS value, class location, and various other crossing details.
' Following are several issues to consider when calculating the other supported values.
' When calculating the pipe outside diameter, the computed value represents the largest
diameter that can be used while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified
Combined Stress value.
' When calculating the pipe depth, the computed value represents the minimum depth
below grade that can be used while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified
' When calculating the wall thickness, the computed value represents the minimum wall
thickness that can be used while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified
' When calculating the operating pressure, the computed value represents the maximum
pressure that the pipe can be subject to while maintaining a stress level at or below the
specified Combined Stress value.
' When calculating the trench or bore width, the computed value represents the maximum
width that can be used for the given pipe diameter while maintaining a stress level at or
below the specified Combined Stress value.
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' When calculating the wheel load, the computed value represents the maximum vehicle
wheel load that can be allowed to cross the pipe while maintaining a stress level at or below
the specified Combined Stress value.
See Also…
Example Notes
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External Loading – GPTC
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with a road or railway crossing. The
routine allows stress calculations based on either the AGA GPTC or API 1102 design guidelines.
The calculation method allows one of several variables to be set as unknown. Because of the complexity of
the method, only the stress value will be calculated in our example. To calculate one of the other variables,
simply follow the same general steps, except underline the desired variable. Refer to the Notes section at the
end of this example for a discussion of calculating the other values.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the stress levels occurring on a pipeline crossing under a paved
highway. The specific pipe and crossing details will be outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the External Loading calculation screen by selecting the
External Loading item from the Pipe menu list.

' Select the appropriate calculation method by selecting the AGA GPTC Appendix G-192-15 item
from the calculation method list.
' Enter the pipe data by first clicking on the Pipe Data tab if the tab is not currently displayed.
' On the Pipe Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
Item Value
Outside Diameter 12S-Std Inches (324 Millimeter)
Maximum Pressure 400 Psi (2759 kPa)
SMYS 35000 Psi (241 MPa)
' Enter the bore data by first clicking on the Trench/Bore Data tab.
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' On the Trench/Bore Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
Item Value
Trench/Bore Width 18 Inches (45.7 Centimeter)
Depth Below Grade 4 Feet (1.22 Meters)
Support Width 30 – Open Trench
Backfill Type Topsoil – Saturated
' Enter the crossing data by first clicking on the Crossing Data tab.
' On the Crossing Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
Item Value
Impact Factor 1.0 - Rigid Pavement
Loading Type AASHTO Truck H-20 (20 tons)
Wheel Load 16000 Lbf (71 kNewtons)
(Automatically set when the AASHTO
Truck H-20 loading type is selected)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the total stress is to be calculated, click the
Combined Stress label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Combined Stress 11364 Psi (78351 kPa)
Hoop – Due To Internal Pressure 6800 Psi (46925 kPa)
Hoop – Due To External Load 4564 Psi (31427 kPa)
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Notes…
Following are a few issues to consider when calculating the other supported values.
' When calculating the pipe outside diameter, the computed value represents the largest diameter
that can be used while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified Combined Stress value.
' When calculating the pipe depth, the computed value represents the minimum depth below grade
' When calculating the wall thickness, the computed value represents the minimum wall thickness
' When calculating the operating pressure, the computed value represents the maximum pressure
that the pipe can be subject to while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified Combined
Stress value.
' When calculating the trench or bore width, the computed value represents the maximum width
that can be used for the given pipe diameter while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified
' When calculating the wheel load, the computed value represents the maximum vehicle wheel load
that can be allowed to cross the pipe while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified
See Also…
Example Notes
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File Handling - Default Directory
When a data calculation is saved or retrieved, the default directory is either set to the directory associated
with the currently open file, or if no file is open, the default directory will be set to the File Path setting.
When GASCalc is first executed, it uses the “\Program Files\GASCalc 4\Files” directory. The following
instructions describe how to change the file path setting.
Summary…
In this example we will change the file path setting. This is useful when you wish to maintain
calculation files is separate locations.
Steps…
1) Open The Path Selection Dialog Box – Select the Data Files item from the Paths submenu of
the Utilities menu list. The path selection dialog box will appear.
2) Set The New Path…

When the dialog box opens it will display the current setting. Note the current setting so that you can
reset it after this example (if desired).
' Select the drive containing the desired directory by selecting the appropriate item from the Drive
list (for this example leave the current setting).
' Select the desired directory by clicking on the appropriate sub or parent directory folders. For this
example select the \Program Files\GASCalc 4 folder.
3) Close & Save The Settings – Select the Close command button to close the screen and save the
current settings.
Notes…
' To reset the path to the original location, follow the above steps - selecting the original drive and
directory.
' The desired directory must already exist, before it can be set as the file path.
See Also…
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File Handling - Retrieving A Calculation File
Many of the calculation methods allow their calculation data to be saved. Once saved, the file may be
retrieved for future use or reference. The process for retrieving a saved file is similar for each of the
calculation methods, except that the file name's extension will change depending on the calculation method.
Summary…
This example illustrates the generally steps involved in retrieving the contents of a calculation
screen.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Gas Properties screen by selecting the Calculate
Properties item from the Gas Properties menu list.
2) Retrieve The File…

' Select the Open command button. The File Selection dialog box will appear.
' Only the files of the appropriate type (with the appropriate file extension) will be displayed in the
file list. If the appropriate directory (folder) is not immediately displayed. Navigate to the
appropriate drive and directory. By default, the data files are stored in a subdirectory (folder) named
“Files” of the GASCalc program directory – “\Program Files\GASCalc 4\Files”.
' Select the file named GCOAST from the file list, then select the Open command button to close
the File Selection dialog box. The contents of the file will be displayed to the screen.
Notes…
' Once a file has been saved it may be retrieved using the Open command button found at the
bottom of the calculation screens that support data files.
' The extension varies for the data files associated with each of the calculation methods.
See Also…
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File Handling - Saving A Calculation File
Many of the calculation methods allow their calculation data to be saved for future use or reference. The
process for saving a file is similar for each of the calculation methods, except that the file's extension will
change depending on the calculation method.
Summary…
This example illustrates the general steps involved in saving a calculation data to a file
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Pipe Flow calculation screen by selecting the Pipe
Flow item from the Pipe menu list.
2) Enter The Data - Change a few of the data values.
3) Save The Changes…

' Select the Save command button. The File Selection dialog box will appear.
' Enter the desired name for the new file. For example, type "PIPE1" in the file name box. Note that
the extension value (File Type) is automatically set as ".clc". This is the extension for pipe
calculation files.
' When the name has been entered, select the Save command button to close the File Selection
screen and save the file.
Notes…
' Once a file has been saved it may be retrieved using the Open command button found at the
bottom of the calculation screens that support data files.
See Also…
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Fitting Values - Pressure Drop
When fittings are attached to a pipe or included in a component list, the pressure drops associated with the
fittings are automatically included in the associated calculation. The pressure drop and other fitting related
values can be calculated at other times using the Fitting Values calculation method. An example associated
with this calculation method is described below.
Summary…
In this example the pressure loss (drop) across a fitting will be calculated for a given set of
conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Fitting Values calculation screen by selecting the
Fitting Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
2) Set The Base Conditions – Set the base conditions to the values found in the Base Conditions
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the operating conditions may be entered. The values to be used for the
example calculation are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Size/Type 2 L-90
Equivalent Length 2.07 Feet (.63 Meters) (Automatically Set)
Flow Rate 15 Mcfh (425 M3/hr)
Inlet Pressure 15.00 Psi (103 kPa)
Average Temp 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Equation IGT-Improved
Velocity Units Feet/sec (Meters/sec)
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the measured volume is to be calculated, click the
Outlet Pressure label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Outlet Pressure 14.98 Psi (102.89 kPa)
Pressure Drop .02 Psi (.11 kPa)
Average Velocity 89 Feet/sec (27 Meters/sec)
See Also…
Fitting Values Screen Description
Example Notes
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Gas Loss From Damage
A routine is provided for estimating the volume of gas lost from a damaged line. Realize that there are
numerous variables that affect the actual volume lost, refer to the Notes section at the end of this example
for a discussion of these conditions.
Summary…
In this example we will estimate the amount of gas lost through a punctured line with a two-way feed
(supply). The specific pipe and damage details are outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Gas Loss calculation screen by selecting the Gas Loss
From Damage item from the Utilities menu list.
example.

' Enter the damage specifics by first clicking on the Break Data tab if the tab is not currently
displayed.
' On the Break Data tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
Item Value
Damage Type Puncture
Two-way Supply Checked
Puncture Size Circular Hole - 1.000 Inches (25.4 Millimeter)
Duration 1 hours 45 minutes
Lost Volume Units Mcf (M3)
' Enter the first supply values by first clicking on the Supply 1 Data tab.
' On the Supply 1 Data tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
components, select the Clear command button to remove the contents of the list.
' 2P-S11, 1000 Feet (305 meters) in length
3P-S11.5, 1500 Feet (457 meters) in length
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' To add an item, select the Add command button. The Piping Component dialog box will appear.
Select the Piping tab. Scroll through the pipe list until the appropriate item is displayed. Enter the
appropriate length value in the length data field, and select the appropriate length units from the
dimensional list. Select the Close command button to add the item.
' Enter the remaining data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate data fields. Set the
dimensional units by selecting the appropriate value from the unit list. The required values are shown
in the following table.
Item Value
Efficiency .9 Decimal
Supply End Pressure 20 Psi (138 kPa)
Supply End Elevation 0 Feet (0 Meters)
Supply End Temperature 50 Fahrenheit (10 Celsius)
Pipe Flow Units Mcfh (M3/hr)
' Enter the second supply data by first clicking on the Supply 2 Data tab.
' On the Supply 2 Data tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
' 2P-S11, 1200 Feet (366 Meters) in length
Item Value
Supply End Pressure 20 Psi (138 kPa)
Supply End Elevation 0 Feet (0 Meters)
Supply End Temperature 50 Fahrenheit (10 Celsius)
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Item Value
Break Pressure (On Break Data Tab) 13.27 Psi (91.6 kPa)
Lost Volume (On Break Data Tab) 39 Mcf (1105 M3)
Supply 1 Pipe Flow (On Supply 1 Data Tab) 11.024 Mcfh (311 M3/hr)
Supply 2 Pipe Flow (On Supply 2 Data Tab) 11.347 Mcfh (320 M3/hr)
Notes…
Following are several issues to consider when estimating the volume lost from a damaged line.
' The supply piping generally refers to the pipe and fittings between a stable supply source and the
break location. If flow to the break can be fed from two different directions, check the Two-way
Supply option.
' The supply pressure values should represent a stable supply pressure. Remember to account for
the lower pressure which will occur because of the flow of gas from the break.
' It is assumed that the break is venting directly to the atmosphere.
' The values calculated by this method represents an estimate of the maximum gas lost through a
punctured or severed line. There are often other factors which are not accounted for in these
calculations – such as, resistance at the break due to soil or other blockage, resistance due to the
irregular shape and rough edges of the break, pressure loss across the system due normal system
flow. Always try to “back-up” the calculated volume with recorded meter values. Where practical,
look at gate station or town border station meter records that might have been affected by the break.
components are taken from the data contained in the pipe property table, and for fitting components
' The estimated gas volume is calculated by computing the flow rate across the supply 1 and 2
components. The magnitude of these flow rates are related to the difference in pressure between the
supply pressures and break pressure. This method assumes the pressure loss due to “normal” flow
in the system is negligible, and tends to overestimate the lost gas volume. In most summertime or
other low system flow conditions, this assumption is probably correct and the overestimated volume
is negligible. However under high flow conditions, this assumption is probably not correct and the
estimated volume should be reduced accordingly. This tendency to over estimate the lost volume can
be reduced by reducing the pipe efficiency value, and by ensuring the component list is appropriate.
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' The component list should be limited in scope to only include the portions of the system most
directly supplying the break. A good rule of thumb is to work back along the supply route until a
pipe of at least two larger sizes or a regulator or supply point is encountered. Include only the
sections downstream from the larger pipe or supply point.
See Also…
Gas Loss Screen Description
Example Notes
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Gas Properties
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with the properties of a particular gas
composition. An example associated with this routine is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the heating value, specific gravity, viscosity, and specific heat ratio
associated with a sample gas composition. The composition used for this example came from a gas
chromatography analysis of a gas sample and is described below. The GPSA method will be used
for computing the Heating Value.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Gas Properties calculation screen by selecting the
Calculate Properties item from the Gas Properties menu list.
example.
3) Clear The Existing Data Values - Because this will be a new composition, first clear the
contents of the screen by selecting the Clear command button.
4) Enter The Data - On the calculation screen:

' Enter the mole percentage values shown in the following table, next to the appropriate
component. Use the mouse or tab keys to position the cursor in the appropriate field.
Component Mole Percent, % Component Mole Percent, %

Methane 81.83 Carbon Dioxide .16
Ethane 6.44 Helium .01
Propane .71 Hydrogen .01
I-Butane .04 Nitrogen 10.63
N-Butane .05 Oxygen .01
I-Pentane .02 Other .01
N-Pentane .02 All unlisted components 0
Hexane .06
' Set the heating method by selecting GPSA from the Heating Value Method list.
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' To set the dimensional units, select the arrow symbol adjacent to the units list. The list will be
activated (dropped down), select the desired item from the list. For this example, set the heating
value units to Btu/cf (MJoules/M3). Set the viscosity units to Lbm/ft-sec (Centipoise).
values should be the similar to those listed in the following table:
Item Value
Heating Value 968 Btu/cf (36.2 MJoules/M3)
Viscosity .0000076 Lbm/ft-sec (.0114 Centipoise)
Specific Gravity .641 (.641)
Specific Heat Ratio 1.310 (1.310)
See Also…
Gas Properties Screen Description
Example Notes
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Hoop Stress - Outside Diameter
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum pipe diameter that can be used while maintaining a
given set of pressure and stress conditions. This is useful for determining largest pipe size that can
be used before exceeding a specific stress value.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Hoop Stress calculation screen by selecting the Hoop
Stress item from the Pipe menu list.
Item Value
Outside Diameter Units Inches (Millimeter)
Hoop Stress 7000 Psi (48.28 MPa)
Operating Pressure 400 Psi (2759 kPa)
Specified Minimum Yield 35000 Psi (241 MPa)
Strength
Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional unit
values by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate unit list, then click on the desired
unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the outside diameter is to be calculated, click the
Outside Diameter label, so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be
calculated, click the Percent SMYS, so that it is underlined.
values should be similar to those listed in the following table.
Item Value
Outside Diameter 8.750 Inches (222 Millimeter)
Percent SMYS 20.0 (20.0)
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The computed outside diameter represents the largest size pipe that can be used while maintaining
a stress level at or below the specified Hoop Stress, using the specified wall thickness and operating
pressure.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Hoop Stress – Pressure
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressure associated with a given set of pipe and stress
conditions. This is useful for determining the maximum pressure that pipe a may be subject to
without exceeding a specific stress value.
Steps…
Item Value
Operating Pressure Units Psi (kPa)
Hoop Stress 14000 Psi (96.6 MPA)
Specified Minimum Yield 35000 Psi (241 MPa)
Strength
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the operating pressure is to be calculated, click
the Operating Pressure label, so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be
calculated, click the Percent SMYS, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Operating Press 812 Psi (5602 kPa)
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The computed operating pressure represents the maximum pressure that a pipe of the given
specifications can be subject to while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified Hoop
Stress.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Hoop Stress - Stress Value
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the stress value for a given set of pipe and pressure conditions. This
is useful in determining the operating or test stress level for a pipe. These values are often referenced
by certain regulatory code requirements.
Steps…
Item Value
Specified Minimum Yield Strength 42000 Psi (290 MPA)
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the hoop stress is to be calculated, click the Hoop
Stress label, so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be calculated, click the
Percent SMYS, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Hoop Stress 18000 Psi (124 MPA)
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Hoop Stress – Wall Thickness
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum pipe wall thickness that can be used while
maintaining a given set of pressure and stress conditions. This is useful for determining the thinnest
pipe wall that can be used before exceeding a specific stress value.
Steps…
Item Value
Hoop Stress 12000 Psi (82.7 MPA)
Specified Minimum Yield Strength 42000 Psi (290 MPA)
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the wall thickness is to be calculated, click the
Wall Thickness label, so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be calculated,
click the Percent SMYS, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
The computed wall thickness represents the minimum thickness that can be used while maintaining
a stress level at or below the specified Hoop Stress.
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Initialization Files - Setting Path
When a data screen is opened, the data values and dimensional units initially displayed on the screen are read
from an initialization file. These files are stored in the directory (folder) specified by the value of the
initialization path setting.
Information about the properties for various pipe, valves, regulators, relief valves, and pipe fittings are stored
in lists referred to as property tables. These tables are read from the directory (folder) specified by the value
of the initialization path setting. Two sets of these tables are created when GASCalc is installed. One set
contains properties in US units, the other contains properties in “metric” units.
When GASCalc is first executed, it uses the initialization files and property tables found in the “\Program
Files\GASCalc 4\us” directory. The following instructions describe how to change the initialization path
setting.
Summary…
In this example we will change the initialization path setting. This is useful when you need to
maintain separate sets of dimensional units or property tables.
Steps…
1) Open The Path Selection Dialog Box – Select the Initialization Files item from the Paths
submenu of the Utilities menu list. The path selection dialog box will appear.
2) Set The New Path…

When the dialog box opens it will display the current setting. Note the current setting so that you can
reset it after this example (if desired).
' Select the drive containing the desired directory by selecting the appropriate item from the Drive
list (for this example leave the current setting).
' Select the desired directory by clicking on the appropriate sub or parent directory folders. For this
example select the \Program Files\GASCalc 4\metric folder if it is not already selected, or select
the \Program Files\GASCalc 4\us folder if it is not already selected.
3) Close & Save The Settings – Select the Close command button to close the screen and save the
current settings.
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Notes…
' To reset the path to the original location, follow the above steps - selecting the original drive and
directory.
' The desired directory must already exist before it can be set as the initialization path.
See Also…
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Orifice Meter - Flow Rate
The volume (flow rate) which can be passed through an orifice meter at a given pressure differential and
orifice size, may be calculated using the Orifice Meter calculation method. This feature is useful for
estimating metered volume when the differential and orifice size are known. The procedure for calculating
a metered volume is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the volume of gas that can pass through an orifice at a given set
of size and pressure conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Orifice Meter calculation screen by selecting the
Orifice Flow item from the Meters menu list.
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the metering conditions may be entered. The values to be used for the
Item Value
Run Size 6S-STD Inches (154 Millimeter)
Orifice Size 1.000 Inches (25.4 Millimeter)
Differential 14.9 Inches H2O (37.1 Millibar)
Flow Units Mcfd (M3/hr)
Equation AGA3-1985
Compressibility Method None
Static Pressure 122.5 Psi (845 kPa)
Flowing Temperature 52 Fahrenheit (11.1 Celsius)
Tap Location Flange
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the volume (flow rate) is to be calculated, click
the Flow Rate label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Flow Rate 283 Mcfd (333 M3/hr)
Compressibility 1.00000
Velocity Through Orifice 64 Feet/sec (19 Meters/sec)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Orifice Meter - Orifice Size
The orifice size required to pass a given volume, at a given pressure differential, may be calculated using the
Orifice Meter calculation method. This feature is useful when sizing an orifice meter for a given set of
conditions. The procedure for calculating a required orifice size is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the size of an orifice required to pass a given volume at a given set
of flow and pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the metering conditions may be entered. The values to be used for this
example are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Run Size 6S-STD Inches (154 Millimeters)
Differential 15 Inches H2O (37 Millibar)
Equation AGA3-1985
Static Pressure 100 Psi (690 kPa)
Flowing Temp 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Tap Location Flange
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the orifice size is to be calculated, click the
Orifice Size label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Orifice Size .910 Inches (23.1 Millimeter)
The computed orifice size represents the minimum size that can be used to pass the specified flow
at the specified conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Orifice Meter - Pressure Differential
The differential pressure associated with a flow rate and orifice size may be calculated using the Orifice
Meter calculation method. This feature is useful when sizing the instrumentation for a given set of
conditions. The procedure for calculating the differential pressure is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressure differential associated with a given orifice size, flow
and pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.
Item Value
Orifice Size 1.375 Inches (35 Millimeter)
Differential Units Inches H2O (Millibar)
Equation AGA3-1985
Static Pressure 100 Psi (690 kPa)
Tap Location Flange
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the differential pressure is to be calculated, click
the Differential label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Differential 2.445 Inches H20 (6.076 Millibar)
Velocity Through Orifice 29 Feet/sec (8.8 Meters/sec)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Orifice Meter - Using AGA3-1992
a metered volume, is described below.
Summary…
of size and pressure conditions, using the AGA3-1992 calculation method.
Steps…
2) Set The Base Conditions – In this example we calculate compressibility using one of the AGA
methods. These compressibility methods require the selection of a gas properties file. Use the
instructions outlined in the Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File example to select the
GCOAST gas properties file.
Item Value
Flow Rate Units Mcfd (M3/hr)
Equation AGA3-1992
Compressibility Method AGA-8-92-Detailed
Reference Temperature 60.0 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
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Item Value
The computed flow rate represents the volume that would pass through the meter at the given
conditions. Or if this were a design calculation, it would represent the maximum capacity for the
meter, at the given conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Orifice Meter - Using ISO-5167
a metered volume is described below.
Summary…
of size and pressure conditions, using the ISO-5167 calculation method.
Steps…
2) Set The Base Conditions – As implemented by GASCalc, the ISO method requires that the
compressibility be calculated using one of the AGA methods. These compressibility methods require
the selection of a gas properties file. Use the instructions outlined in the Base Conditions - Using
Gas Properties File example to select the GCOAST gas properties file.
Item Value
Flow Rate Units Mcfd (M3/hr)
Equation ISO-5167
Compressibility Method AGA-8-92-Detailed
Tap Location Flange
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Item Value
The computed flow rate represents the volume that would pass through the meter at the given
conditions. Or if this were a design calculation, it would represent the maximum capacity for the
meter, at the given conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Bending Stress
A routine is provided for calculating the bending stress associated with a pipe span. This calculation is useful
when trying to determine the spacing of pipe supports, or determining whether the stresses associated with
an unsupported span are within safe limits. This routine is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the stress associated with a pipe span for a given set of loading and
end conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Bending Stress calculation screen by selecting the
Bending Stress item from the Pipe menu list.
2) Enter The Data - Now the loading and end conditions may be entered. The values to be used for
this example are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Outside Diameter 6S-STD Inches (168 Millimeter)
Length 20 Feet (6.1 Meters)
Uniform Load 0 Lb/ft (0 Newton/m)
Point Load 0 Lbf (0 Newtons)
Support Style A Pinned
Support Style B Pinned
SMYS 35000 Psi (241 MPA)
Modulus of Elasticity 30000 Ksi (207 GPa)
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the pipe size is to be calculated, click the
Diameter label, so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be calculated, click
the Percent SMYS, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Support Reaction A 190 Lb (844 N)
Support Reaction B 190 Lb (844 N)
Moment A 0 Ft-Lb (0 N-m)
Moment B 0 Ft-Lb (0 N-m)
Bending Stress 1341 Psi (9 MPA)
Maximum Deflection .01 Feet (.00 Meters)
Maximum Moment 950 Ft-lb (1287 N-m)
The computed stress represents the maximum stress occurring along the span, for the given
conditions. The actual location of the maximum stress varies with the loading and end conditions.
In this case the stress and support reactions are a result of the pipe weight between the supports.
Notes…
' During the calculation, the weight of the pipe is automatically applied and uniformly distributed
along the pipe span.
' The pipe weight calculation assumes that the pipe material is steel.
Following are a few issues to consider when calculating the other supported values.
' When calculating the length, the value represents the maximum length that the pipe can span
while maintaining a stress at or below the specified maximum stress value.
' When calculating the uniform load, the value represents the maximum uniformly distributed load
(in excess of the pipe weight) that can be applied to the pipe while maintaining a stress at or below
the specified maximum stress value.
' When calculating the uniform load, the value represents the maximum load (in excess of the pipe
weight) that can be applied at the “location” to the pipe while maintaining a stress at or below the
specified maximum stress value.
See Also…
Bending Stress Screen Description
Example Notes
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Pipe Blowdown - Choke Factor
The choke factor associated with a given set of pipe, stack, and blowdown conditions may be estimated using
the Blowdown calculation method. This feature is useful when trying to determine the empirical choke factor
resulting from an observed blowdown operation. The procedure for calculating the choke factor is described
below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum choke factor required to blowdown a pipe segment.
This calculation is useful to select the proper blowdown valve.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Pipe Flow calculation screen by selecting the
Blowdown Time item from the Pipe menu list.
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the pipe and stack conditions may be entered. The values to be used for
Item Value
Diameter (pipe) 20S-STD Inches (489 Millimeter)
Length 5.0 Miles (8 Kilometers)
Initial Pressure 200 Psi (1379 kPa)
Diameter (stack) 4S-STD Inches (102 Millimeter)
Time To Blowdown 1 Hours
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the choke factor is to be calculated, click the
Choke Factor label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Choke Factor 2.00 (1.97)
Initial Volume 777 Mcf (21802 M3)
The computed choke factor represents the maximum value that will allow the line to vent within the
specified time and under the specified conditions. To select a valve using this value, choose a valve
type from the choke factor list with an equal or smaller factor. In this case that means using a valve
less restrictive than a lubricated plug valve.
The initial volume approximately represents the amount of gas that will be lost while venting.
See Also…
Blowdown Screen Description
Example Notes
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Pipe Blowdown - Elapsed Time
The time required to blowdown a section of pipe may be calculated for a specific set of pipe and stack
conditions. The procedure for calculating the blowdown time is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will estimate the time required to vent a pipe segment to the atmosphere.
Steps…
example.
Item Value
Length 5 Miles (8 Kilometers)
Diameter (stack) 4S-STD (102 Millimeter)
Choke Factor 1.0 – Full Port Ball Valve
Set the choke factor by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the Choke Factor list box, then click
on the appropriate value.
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the blowdown time is to be calculated, click the
Time To Blowdown To Atmospheric Pressure... label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Blowdown Time .5 Hours (.51 Hours)
The computed time value represents the estimated time that will be required to completely vent the
specified line to the atmosphere.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Blowdown - Initial Pressure
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with the blowdown of a pipe segment to
the atmosphere. Examples associated with this routine are described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the initial pressure of the gas contained in a pipe segment that will
be vented (blown down) to the atmosphere. This calculation is useful when trying to determining
how low a line’s pressure most be lowered before venting to ensure that it can be vented in a
specified amount of time.
Steps…
example.
Item Value
Length 5.0 Miles (8 Kilometers)
Diameter (stack) 4S-STD (102 Millimeter)
Time To Blowdown 20 Minutes
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the initial pressure is to be calculated, click the
Initial Pressure label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Initial Pressure 56.7 Psi (391 kPa)
The computed pressure represents the pressure that the line would need to be “bled” down to before
venting, in order to be able to vent the line within the specified blowdown time.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Blowdown - Stack Diameter
The stack size required to allow a pipe segment to be blown down in a specified time may be calculated for
a given set of pipe conditions. This feature is useful when trying to size a blowdown stack. The procedure
for calculating the stack size, is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum stack size required to blowdown a pipe segment. This
calculation is useful to ensure that the blowdown stack is properly sized.
Steps…
example.
Item Value
Time To Blowdown 30 Minutes
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the stack diameter is to be calculated, click the
Diameter label (in the stack data section), so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Stack Diameter 4.056 Inches (103 Millimeter)
The computed stack diameter represents the smallest size stack and valve that can be used while still
allowing the line to be vented within the specified blowdown time.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow - Diameter
The inside pipe diameter may be calculated for a given set of pipe conditions. This feature is useful when
sizing a pipe for a given set of conditions. The procedure for calculating a pipe diameter is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the diameter required to pass a given flow rate for a given set of
pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the pipe conditions may be entered:

'If the Pipe Data tab is not displayed, click the tab to select it. On the pipe data tab, enter the values
listed in the following table:
Item Value
Length 1000 Feet (305 Meters)
Flow 20 Mcfh (566 M3/hr)
In Pressure 20 Psi (138 kPa)
Out Pressure 10 Psi (69 kPa)
In & Out Elevation 0 Feet (0 Meters)
In & Out Temperature 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
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' Fittings will not be used in this example. If a number is displayed in parenthesis adjacent to the
tab caption, it indicates the number of fittings that are attached to the segment. If fittings are
attached, clear them by first clicking the Fitting Data tab, then select the Clear Attached Fittings List
command button.
' Temperature calculations will not be used in this example, check that the temperature calculations
are turned off by first clicking the Heat Loss/Gain Data tab. Then select the None item from the
Calculation Method list. If the Include Joule-Thomson Effect For Pipes option is checked, click in
the box until it is no longer checked.
4) Select The Unknown Value – Click on the Pipe Data tab if it is not currently displayed. To
indicate that the pipe size is to be calculated, click the Diameter label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Diameter 2.191 Inches (55.7 Millimeter)
Inside Diameter N/A Inches (N/A Millimeter)
Pressure Drop 10.00 Psi (69 kPa)
Average Pressure 15.3 Psi (105.4 kPa)
Line Volume 0.053 Mcf (1.51 M3)
Velocity 104 Feet/sec (32 Meters/sec)
The computed diameter represents the minimum size pipe that could be used to pass the specified
flow at the specified conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Pipe Flow - Downstream Temperature
A routine is provided for estimating the downstream temperature of a pipe segment. This feature is useful
when working with pipes leaving compressors or other field equipment that tends to heat the gas stream.
Instructions for using this routine are described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the downstream temperature of a pipe segment using the inner wall
convection method.
Steps…
example.

' If the Pipe Data tab is not displayed, click the tab to select it. On the pipe data tab, enter the values
Item Value
Diameter 12S-.250 Inches (311 Millimeter)
Length 3 Miles (4.8 Kilometer)
Flow 3000 Mcfh (84962 M3/hr)
Equation Panhandle-A
In Temperature 100 Fahrenheit (37.8 Celsius)
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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command button.
' Temperature calculations will be used in this example. Set the temperature calculation parameter
by first clicking the Heat Loss/Gain Data tab. Then select the Inner Wall Convection item from the
Calculation Method list. Set the wall temperature to 58 Fahrenheit (14.4 Celsius). Select the
Include Joule-Thomson Effect For Pipes option by clicking in the box until it is checked.
4) Select The Unknown Value – If a temperature calculation method is selected, the downstream
temperature will automatically be computed when the Calculation button is selected. For this
example let’s calculate the downstream (outlet) pressure. Click on the Pipe Data tab if it is not
currently displayed. To indicate that the outlet pressure is to be calculated, click the Out Pressure
label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Out Temp 97.96 Fahrenheit (36.7 Celsius)
Inside Diameter 12.250 Inches (N/A)
Average Pressure 487.1 Psi (3359 kPa)
Line Volume 411 Mcf (11510 M3)
Velocity 32 Feet/sec (9.8 Meters/sec)
The computed outlet temperature represents the estimate temperature considering selected
temperature calculation method.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow – Efficiency
A pipe's efficiency may be calculated for a given set of pipe conditions. This feature is useful when
attempting to match a flow equation to a given set of conditions. The procedure for calculating a pipe's
efficiency is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the efficiency value associated with a given set of diameter, flow
rate and pressure conditions.
Steps…
2) Set The Base Conditions – In this example we will be using the AGA-NX19 compressibility
method so we will need to select a gas properties file. Use the instructions found in the Base
Conditions - Using Gas Properties File example to select the GCOAST gas properties file.

Item Value
Length 23.54 Miles (37.88 Kilometers)
Flow 7.2 MMcfd (204 Mm3/d)
Equation Panhandle-A
Compressibility Method AGA-NX19-Standard
In Elevation 2150 Feet (655 Meters)
Out Elevation 1520 Feet (463 Meters)
In & Out Temperature 50 Fahrenheit (10 Celsius)
Velocity Units Mph (kMeters/hr)
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command button.
indicate that the pipe efficiency is to be calculated, click the Efficiency label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Efficiency .83 Decimal (.84 Decimal)
Compressibility 0.930254 (.930253)
Line Volume 1.585 MMcf (44737M3)
Velocity 4.8 Mph (7.74 kMeters/hr)
Two uses for the efficiency parameter are to force a flow equation match actual field conditions, or
to make an equation yield either conservative or unconservative results.
In this case the computed efficiency represents the value required to force the selected pipe flow
equation to match the specified set of conditions. When used for matching, an efficiency value of
less than one, means that the pipe is flowing less (or has a higher pressure drop) than would be
predicted for a “perfectly” efficient pipe. This could indicate that the pipe is fouled, or has
obstructions such as dust or liquids inside of it. A value greater than one, indicates that the pipe is
flowing a larger volume (or has a lower pressure drop) that the equation would be predicted for a
perfectly efficient pipe.
When used in design, an efficiency value of less that one would yield conservative results – it would
yield higher pressure drops than would be predicted for a perfectly efficient pipe. A value greater
than one would yield unconservative results – it would yield lower pressure drops than would be
predicted for a perfectly efficient pipe.
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow - End Pressures
The pressure at either end of a pipe segment may be calculated for a given set of pipe conditions. The
procedure for calculating either is similar, except for the identification of the calculated value. The procedure
for calculating an end pressure is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the downstream pressure for a given set of diameter, flow rate and
inlet pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.

Item Value
Diameter 4P-S11.5 Inches (93.6 Millimeter)
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tab caption, that indicates that number of fittings are attached to the segment. If fittings are attached,
clear them by first clicking the Fitting Data tab, then select the Clear Attached Fittings List command
button.
indicate that the downstream (outlet) pressure is to be calculated, click the Out Pressure label, so
that it is underlined.
Item Value
Out Pressure 17.97 Psi (123.9 kPa)
Pressure Drop 2.03 Psi (14.1 kPa)
Line Volume 0.098 Mcf (2.76 M3)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow - Flow Rate
The flow rate may be calculated for a given set of pipe conditions. This feature is useful when attempting
to determine the capacity of a pipe segment. The procedure for calculating a flow rate, is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum flow that can be passed through a pipe of a given set
of diameter, flow rate and pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.

Item Value
Diameter 4S-STD Inches (102 Millimeter)
Out Pressure 17.5 Psi (121 kPa)
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command button.
indicate that the pipe flow rate is to be calculated, click the Flow label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Flow 28.796 Mcfh (746 M3/hr)
Pressure Drop .50 Psi (3.00 kPa)
Average Pressure 17.8 Psi (122.5 kPa)
Line Volume .106 Mcf (2.98 M3)
The computed flow represents the maximum volume that a pipe can pass under the specified
conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow – Length
The pipe length may be calculated for a given set of pipe conditions. This feature is useful when trying to
determine how far a certain size pipe can carry a given volume. The procedure for calculating a pipe length
is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum length that a pipe could be for a given set of
diameter, flow rate and pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.

Item Value
Diameter 2S-STD Inches (52 Millimeter)
Equation Weymouth
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command button.
indicate that the pipe length is to be calculated, click the Length label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Pressure Drop 10 Psi (69 kPa)
Line Volume 0.033 Mcf (.861 M3)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow - Multiple Segments
The pipe flow features associated with GASCalc are primarily designed to be used with a single pipe
segment. However, a feature is provided to assist in working with successive (multiple) segment situations.
The following example describes how to use GASCalc to calculate pressure drop along a multi-segment
series of pipes.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the end pressures for a simple two pipe "system". The system
consists of a pipe that runs from point “A” to point “B”, and a pipe that runs from point “B” to point
“C”. The system is supplied at point “A”. The goal of the example will be to calculate the pressure
values at points "B" and "C".
Steps…
example.
3) Enter The Data (Pipe “A” to “B”)…

' Now the pipe conditions may be entered. If the Pipe Data tab is not displayed, click the tab to
select it. On the pipe data tab, enter the values listed in the following table:
Item Value
In Elevation 6000 Feet (1829 Meters)
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command button.
indicate that the downstream (outlet) pressure is to be calculated, click the Out Pressure label, so
that it is underlined. This will be the pressure at point “B”.
Item Value
6) Swap The Pressures - Swap the inlet and outlet pressure, elevation, and temperature values by
selecting the Swap Pressures command button. Notice that the values for the inlet and outlet
pressure, temperature, and elevation have exchanged places.
7) Enter The Data (Pipe “B” to “C”) - Click on the Pipe Data tab if it is not currently displayed.
Set the data for the second segment using the values shown in the following table for the segment
between point "B" and "C".
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Item Value
In Pressure 189.548 Psi (1277 kPa) (Previously Calculated)
In Elevation 7200 Feet (2194 Meters) (Previously Set)
8) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the downstream (outlet) pressure is to be
calculated, click the Out Pressure label, so that it is underlined. This will be the pressure at point
“C”.
Item Value
Although this example only contained two pipe segments, the process described in this example may
be used to calculate pressure values for any number of pipe segments connected in series.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow – Roughness
Depending on the selected flow equation, the roughness of the inside pipe wall may be calculated for a given
set of the conditions. The roughness data field is automatically disabled for equations that do not support its
calculation. The following procedure may be used to calculate the pipe roughness, when supported by the
selected equation.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the roughness value associated with a given set of diameter, flow
rate and pressure conditions.
Steps…
example.

' Click on the Pipe Data tab if it is not currently displayed. The values to be used for this example
are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Length 23.54 Miles (37.88 Kilometers)
Flow 2.5 MMcfd (70.8 Mm3/d)
Equation Colebrook
In & Out Temperature 50 Fahrenheit (10 Celsius)
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command button.
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the pipe roughness is to be calculated, click the
Roughness label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Roughness 0.001 Inches (0.0254 Millimeter)
Compressibility 1.0
Line Volume 0.613 MMcf (17210 M3)
Velocity 5.9 Feet/sec (1.8 Meters/sec)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pipe Flow - With Fittings
A feature is provided for including the pressure loss associated with drop across fittings found along a pipe
segment. This feature is useful when calculating drop across short segments where the inclusion of the
equivalent length of the fittings in significant. An example using the feature is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressure drop across a low pressure fuel line which has several
fittings along its length.
Steps…
example.

Item Value
Diameter 1S-STD Inches (26.6 Millimeter)
Flow 150 Cfh (4.25 M3/hr)
Equation IMC-LP
In Pressure 7 Inches-H2O (17 Millibar)
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' Fittings will be used in this example so click the Fitting Data tab to display it. Then add the
following fittings to the Attached Fittings list by double clicking on them in the Available Fittings
list. A fitting can be removed from the Attached Fittings list by double clicking on it.
' 1 L-90
1 L-90
1 L-90
1 TB
Notice that the additional length associated with the attached fittings is 7.1 Feet (2.1 Meters). This
length will automatically be added to the pipe length during the pressure drop calculation.
indicate that the downstream pressure is to be calculated, click the Out Pressure label, so that it is
underlined.
Item Value
Out Pressure 6.73 Inches H2O (16.3 Millibar)
Pressure Drop .27 Inches H2O (.69 Millibar)
Average Pressure 6.9 Inches H2O (16.7 Millibar)
Compressibility 1.0
Line Volume 0.442 Cf (.013 M3)
The computed outlet pressure represents the pressure that would be expected at the end of the line
including the pressure loss across the attached fittings.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Plastic Pipe Design – Diameter
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with the ASME B31.8 Plastic Pipe
Design Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum pipe diameter that can be used while still maintaining
a given set of design criteria.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Plastic Pipe Design calculation screen by selecting the
Plastic Pipe Design item from the Pipe menu list.
Item Value
Hydrostatic Strength 1250 Psi (8621 kPa)
Design Pressure 60 Psi (414 kPa)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the diameter is to be calculated, click the Outside
Diameter label, so that it is underlined.
diameter value should be 8.586 Inches (182 Millimeter). The computed value represents the
maximum diameter that a pipe can be while using the specified conditions.
See Also…
Plastic Pipe Screen Description
Example Notes
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Plastic Pipe Design - Hydrostatic Strength
GASCalc provides a routine for calculating various parameters associated with the ASME B31.8 Plastic Pipe
Design Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum hydrostatic strength of pipe that will still maintain
Steps…
Item Value
Hydrostatic Strength Units Psi (kPa)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the hydrostatic strength is to be calculated, click
the Hydrostatic Strength label, so that it is underlined.
hydrostatic strength value should be 1148 Psi (7903 kPa). The computed value represents the
minimum material strength for a pipe of the specified conditions.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Plastic Pipe Design – Pressure
Design Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum pressure that the pipe can be subjected to while
maintaining a given set of design criteria.
Steps…
Item Value
Outside Diameter 6P-S11.5 Inches (168 Millimeter)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the pressure is to be calculated, click the Design
Pressure label, so that it is underlined.
pressure value should be 79.5 Psi (549 kPa).
See Also…
Example Notes
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Plastic Pipe Design - Wall Thickness
Design Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum pipe wall thickness that can be used while still
Steps…
Item Value
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the wall thickness is to be calculated, click the
Wall Thickness label, so that it is underlined.
4) Calculate - To perform the calculation, select the Calculate command button. The computed wall
thickness value should be .462 Inches (11.73 Millimeter).
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pressure Factor – Adjusted Volume
When gas is measured (with a non-correcting meter) at a pressure other than the meter's "base" pressure, the
measured volume must by corrected to determine the actual volume of gas that has passed through the meter.
The factor used to make this adjustment is referred to as the meter pressure factor.
The Pressure Factor data screen may be used to calculate the meter pressure factor for a given set of
conditions, along with the adjusted (corrected) volume, or the measured volume. Regardless of which volume
is selected for computation, the pressure factor is computed in either case. Examples associated with the
pressure factor routine are described below.
Summary…
The adjusted (corrected) volume which has passed through a meter operating at a pressure other than
the base pressure is obtained by multiplying the measured volume by the pressure factor. In this
example we demonstrate how to calculate the pressure factor and the adjusted volume associated
with a given set of conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Pressure Factor calculation screen by selecting the
Pressure Factor item from the Meters menu list.
example.
Item Value
Metering Pressure 10 Psi (69 kPa)
Metered Volume 1000 Cf (28.32 M3)
Adjusted Volume Units Cf (M3)
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the adjusted volume is to be calculated, click the
Adjusted Volume label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Adjusted Volume 1679 Cf (47.4 M3)
Pressure Factor 1.679 (1.672)
Atmospheric Pressure 14.73 Psi (101.59 kPa)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pressure Factor - Metered Volume
The measured volume which has passed through a meter operating at a pressure other than the base pressure
can be obtained if the corrected volume is known. This computation is useful for calculating the required
meter size for a given flow rate, and meter pressure conditions.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate a measured volume from a given corrected volume.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Pressure Factor calculation screen by selecting the
Pressure Factor item from the Meters menu list.
example.
Item Value
Metering Pressure 2 Psi (14 kPa)
Adjusted Volume 1750 Cf (63.72 M3)
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the measured volume is to be calculated, click the
Metered Volume label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Metered Volume 1541 Cf (56.2 M3)
Pressure Factor 1.136 (1.133)
Atmospheric P 14.73 Psi (101.59 kPa)
See Also…
Example Notes
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Pressure, Volume & Temperature Values
A routine is provided for calculating changes in pressure, volume, and temperature values based on the Ideal
Gas Law and the application of both Boyle's and Charles' laws. An example associated with this routine is
described below.
Summary…
The pressure, volume, or temperature values may be calculated for a given set of conditions. This
feature is useful when attempting to estimate a parameter's value for a change in an initial set of
conditions. Because the calculation method is similar for all of the parameters, only one example is
presented. In this example a volume will be computed for a given set of conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Pressure, Volume, Temperature calculation screen by
selecting the P, V, T item from the Gas Properties menu list.
example.
3) Enter The Data - Now the conditions may be entered. Set the numeric values by typing them into
the appropriate data fields. Set the dimensional unit values by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent
to the appropriate unit list, then click on the desired unit value. Use the tab keys or mouse to position
the cursor on the appropriate data field or list box. The values to be used for the example calculation
are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Pressure 1 5 Psi (34 kPa)
Volume 1 1000 Cf (28.32 M3)
Temperature 1 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Elevation 1 0 Feet (0 Meters)
Pressure 2 10 Psi (69 kPa)
Volume 2 Units Cf (M3)
Temperature 2 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Elevation 2 0 Feet (0 Meters)
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the volume associated with the second set of
conditions is to be calculated, click the Volume 2 label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Volume 2 798 Cf (22.5 M3)
Volume at Base Conditions 1339 Cf (37.6 M3)
Note: The base volume value is based on the value and dimensional unit of the volume associated
with the first condition set.
See Also…
PVT Screen Description
Example Notes
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Many of the calculation methods allow the contents of their data screen to be printed. The process for
printing the data and results is similar for each of the calculation methods.
Summary…
This example illustrates the general steps involved in printing the contents of a calculation screen.
Steps…
2) Calculate - Select the Calculate command button. The computed values will be displayed.
3) Print The Contents…

' Select the Print command button. The Print Control dialog box will appear.
' Change the settings as appropriate.
' To select another printer or make changes to the current printer setup, select the Printer Setup
command button.
' After returning to the Print Control dialog box, select the Print command button to proceed with
printing the calculation data and computed results.
Notes…
' If the results have not been calculated and are not currently displayed, they will not be included
in the print results.
' If notes have been added to the calculation, they will be printed at the bottom of the report.
' Some methods will require two pages to contain all of the calculation data.
' The calculation reports are generally formatted to fit on 8½ inch x 11 inch paper, in portrait
orientation, using a 10 point proportional font, with no more than 1 inch margins. Printing under
other conditions may produce unusual results.
See Also…
Print Control Screen Description
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Property Tables
The properties associated with the various piping components (fittings, pipe, regulators, relief valves, and
valves) are maintained in a series of property tables. As shipped with GASCalc the tables contain a variety
of sizes, types, and models which should be adequate for most Users’ needs. However if a User does find
the need to add, remove, or modify an item in the table, a table editor is provided for performing various table
management functions. An example describing the use of the editor is described below.
Summary…
A separate editor is provided for each table type. The basic features of all of the editors is essentially
the same. For this reason we will only work one example for the pipe properties table. The steps used
in the example can be used to perform similar tasks in the other tables.
In this example we will add a new pipe to the pipe properties table.
Steps…
1) Open The Editor - Open the Pipe Table Editor screen by selecting the Edit Pipe Properties item
from the Pipe menu list.
2) Add A New Record – Select the Add command button to add a new pipe record to the end of the
table. After the record is added, the data for the new item must be entered.
3) Enter The Data - The new pipe’s values are listed in the following table. Press the Enter key after
entering each data item.
Item Value
Size/Type 48S-.375
Outside Diameter 48 (1219)
Wall Thickness .375 (9.525)
Wall Roughness .0007 (.0178)
Dimensional Units Inches (Millimeters)
4) Save The Changes – Select the Close command button to save the changes to the table.
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See Also…
Fitting Properties Editor Screen Description
Pipe Properties Editor Screen Description
Regulator Properties Editor Screen Description
Relief Valve Properties Editor Screen Description
Valve Properties Editor Screen Description
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Regulator - With Relief Valve
A routine is provided for calculating the flow and pressure values associated with a regulator and relief valve
set. The values are useful for comparing the available relief capacity, against the appropriate design code or
regulatory requirements.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressures in a regulator-relief set. The values can then be used
to check the build-up pressure on the downstream system. The specific pipe and valve details are
outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Regulator & Relief System calculation screen by
selecting the Regulator & Relief System item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.

' Enter the supply piping data by first clicking on the Supply tab if the tab is not currently
displayed.
' On the Supply tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
' 2S-STD, 1000 Feet (305 Meters) in length
Item Value
Efficiency 1.0 Decimal
Flow Equation IGT-Improved
Inlet Pressure 150 Psi (1034 kPa)
Elevation 0 Feet (0 Meter)
Temperature 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
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' Enter the regulator data by first clicking on the Regulator tab.
' On the Regulator tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
data fields. Set the size and dimensional units by selecting the required value from the appropriate
list.
Item Value
Size/Type FC 1098EGR 2
Wide-open Valve Factor 2400 (Automatically Set)
Set Pressure 20 Psi (138 kPa)
' Enter the intermediate piping data by first clicking on the Intermediate tab.
' On the Intermediate tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
' 2S-STD, 3 Feet (1 Meter) in length
2 TB
2 V-Plug
' To add a pipe item, select the Add command button. The Piping Component dialog box will
appear. Select the Piping tab. Scroll through the pipe list until the appropriate item is displayed.
Enter the appropriate length value in the length data field, and select the appropriate length units
from the dimensional list. Select the Close command button to add the item.
' To add a fitting item, select the Add command button. The Piping Component dialog box will
appear. Select the Fittings tab. Scroll through the fitting list until the appropriate item is displayed
– click the item to highlight it. Select the Close command button to add the item.
Item Value
Flow (Downstream) 0 Mcfh (0 M3/hr)
' Enter the relief valve data by first clicking on the Relief tab.
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' On the Relief tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate data
fields. Set the size and dimensional units by selecting the required value from the appropriate list.
Item Value
Size/Type RW 257S 2
Sizing Factor 5600 (Automatically Set)
Number of Valves 1
' Enter the stack piping data by first clicking on the Stack tab.
' On the Stack tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has components,
select the Clear command button to remove the contents of the list.
' Enter the compliance data by first clicking on the Compliance tab.
' On the Compliance tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
data fields.
Item Value
Upstream MAOP 165 Psi ( 138 kPa)
Intermediate MAOP 150 Psi ( 1034 kPa)
Downstream MAOP 30 Psi ( 207 kPa)
' No data needs to be entered on the General tab.
Item Value
Supply Results
Outlet Pressure 51.05 Psi (323 kPa)
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Regulator Results
Intermediate Results
Relief Results
Operating Status Continuously Open
Stack Results
Compliance Results
Regulator Capacity 134 Mcfh (3501 M3/hr)
Relief Valve Capacity 142 Mcfh (4024 M3/hr)
Upstream Maximum Calculated 150 Psi (1034 kPa)
Pressure
Upstream Difference -15 Psi (-104 kPa)
Upstream % of MAOP 90.9%
Intermediate Maximum 38.7 Psi (246 kPa)
Calculated Pressure
Intermediate Difference -111.3 Psi (-789 kPa)
Intermediate % of MAOP 25.8% (23.7%)
Downstream Maximum 33.1 Psi (203 kPa)
Calculated Pressure
Downstream Difference 3.1 Psi (-4.1 kPa)
Downstream % of MAOP 110.5% (98%)
Notes…
' The build-up pressure represents the maximum pressure that the downstream piping would
experience under relief conditions. This value should be less than any regulatory requirements. For
DOT 192 jurisdiction piping, this value must be less than the requirements of 49 CFR 192.201. For
ASME B31.8 jurisdiction, use this value to calculate the associated hoop stress – the computed stress
must be less that the requirements of 845.411.
' The build-up percent represents the ratio of the build-up pressure to the downstream MAOP
value. This value should be less than any regulatory requirements. For DOT 192 jurisdiction piping,
this value must be less than the requirements of 49 CFR 192.201. For ASME B31.8 jurisdiction, this
value must be less than the requirements of 845.411.
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' If the build-up pressure or percent is less than the required limit, the capacity of the regulator is
adequate. The comparison fields will be colored red, if the values are over the allowable limits. The
allowable limits are calculated depending on the selected Regulatory Code. This setting can be
changed using the Regulatory Code item found in the Preferences sub-menu of the Utilities menu
list.
' In this example we set the downstream flow value to zero, this a conservative value. Generally
there will be some downstream flow, which will reduce the rate that the relief valve must vent. By
setting the downstream flow to zero, the relief valve and stack flow rate are maximized. If a
minimum downstream flow is present, enter the appropriate value before performing the calculation.
See Also…
Regulator & Relief Valve Screen Description
Example Notes
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Regulator - Sizing Factor
A routine is provided for calculating flow, pressure, and sizing values associated with a regulator. This is
usefully when sizing a valve for a particular application where the inlet and outlet piping loss can be ignored,
or where the valves immediate pressure and flow values are of interest. The routine is also useful for finding
valves suitable to meet a particular set of operational conditions. Instructions for using the routine are
described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the required sizing factor for a Fisher Controls type regulator, and
find other models that would be suitable for service under the specified operational conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Regulator Values calculation screen by selecting the
Regulator Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.
3) Enter The Data- The values to be used for this example are listed in the following table:
Item Value
Rated Valve Factor 2280 (Automatically Set)
Outlet Pressure 20 Psi (138 kPa)
Inlet Temperature 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
Set the numeric values by typing them into the appropriate data fields. Set the size and dimensional
units by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list, then click on the desired value.
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the valve factor is to be calculated, click the
Required Valve Factor label, so that it is underlined.
Item Value
Required Valve Factor 2589 (2590)
Flow Mode Sonic
Outlet Temperature 56 Fahrenheit (14 C)
Differential Pressure 55 Psi (379 kPa)
Valve Factor Ratio 113.5% (113.6%)
6) Find – Select the List Matching Regulators command button to search the regulator properties
table for other regulators that would be suitable for the specified operating conditions. Any suitable
regulators will be listed in the adjacent list. A rating will be listed next to each item in the list. The
rating indicates how well the model meets the specified flow and pressure requirements. A higher
rating indicates a better match. Regulators that are oversized in either flow or pressure capacities will
have lower ratings. The content of the match list will vary depending on the current content of the
regulator property table.
Notes…
' When calculating the sizing factor you must first select a valve of the same “type” as the valve
that you wish to evaluate. In this case, type refers to a valve using the same sizing equation. The
computed sizing factor will only be valid for similar types of valves. In this example we chose a
Fisher Control valve. This valve model uses the Universal sizing equation. That means the computed
sizing factor is only valid for comparing with other valves using the Universal sizing equation.
Comparing the factor against valves of other types may lead to erroneous conclusions.
' If the computed valve factor is larger than the rated factor for the selected model, this indicates
that model with a larger factor will be required to meet the specified conditions. This is also
indicated by the valve factor ratio which is greater then 100%.
' When computing the valve factor, the computed value represents the minimum size value required
to pass the flow at the specified pressure conditions.
' When computing the flow rate, the computed value represents the maximum volume that the valve
can pass for the specified pressure conditions.
' When computing the inlet pressure, the computed value represents the minimum upstream (inlet)
pressure the would be required to pass the specified flow.
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' When computing the outlet pressure, the computed value represents the maximum outlet pressure
that the regulator could be set at while still being able to pass the specified flow.
' The criteria used to select the models added to the match list, is set using the Check & Match
Limits routine found in the Preferences submenu of the Utilities menu.
See Also…
Regulator Values Screen Description
Example Notes
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Regulator - With Monitor
A routine is provided for calculating the flow and pressure values associated with a controlling and monitor
regulator set. The values are useful for evaluating size and performance requirements.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressures in a set with an upstream monitor and downstream
controlling regulator. The specific pipe and valve details are outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Regulator & Monitor System calculation screen by
selecting the Regulator & Monitor System item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.

' Enter the supply piping data by first clicking on the Supply tab if the tab is not currently
displayed.
' On the Supply tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
2 L-90
2 V-Plug
2 L-90
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Item Value
Efficiency 1.0 Decimal
Temperature 60 Fahrenheit (15.6 Celsius)
' Enter the upstream regulator data by first clicking on the Upstream Reg tab.
' On the Upstream Reg tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
appropriate data fields. Set the size and dimensional units by selecting the required value from the
appropriate list.
Item Value
Size/Type RW 44157S 2
Wide-open Valve Factor 5450 (Automatically Set)
Operating Mode Monitoring Regulator
' Enter the intermediate piping data by first clicking on the Intermediate tab.
' On the Intermediate tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
2T
2 V-Plug
2 V-Plug
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' Enter the downstream regulator data by first clicking on the Downstream Reg tab.
' On the Downstream Reg tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the
appropriate data fields. Set the size and dimensional units by selecting the required value from the
appropriate list.
Item Value
' Enter the outlet piping data by first clicking on the Outlet tab.
' On the Outlet tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
' 2S-STD, 5 Feet (1.5 Meters) in length
2 V-Plug
2 L-90
2T
4 L-90
4 V-Plug
4S-.156, 30 Feet (9.1 Meters) in length
Item Value
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Item Value
Supply Piping Results
Upstream Regulator Results
Required Valve Factor 1671
Factor Ratio 31% (31%)
Intermediate Piping Results
Downstream Regulator Results
Required Valve Factor 329 (329)
Factor Ratio 14.44% (14.44%)
Outlet Piping Results
Notes…
' The required regulator valve factors indicate the minimum values required to pass the specified
flow at the given pressure and configuration. The factor ratios should be within the manufacturer’s
specified limits. However, in general the factor ratio should range between 20 and 80 percent of the
rated valve factor.
' The calculation method assumes that the set pressure is controlled immediately downstream of
the downstream regulator for both an upstream or downstream monitor configuration.
' When using an upstream monitor configuration, the intermediate pressures represent the
anticipated values considering the losses across the upstream regulator in a wide open position, and
the losses across the intermediate piping components.
' When using a downstream monitor configuration, the intermediate pressures represent the
pressure values required to maintain the specified set pressure while considering the losses across
the downstream regulator in a wide open position, and the losses across the intermediate piping
components.
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See Also…
Regulator & Monitor Screen Description
Example Notes
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Relief Valve – Flow Rate
A routine is provided for calculating flow, pressure, and sizing values associated with a relief valve. This is
usefully when sizing a valve for a particular application where the inlet and outlet piping loss can be ignored,
or where only the valve’s immediate pressure and flow values are of interest. The routine is also useful for
finding valves suitable to meet a particular set of operational conditions. Instructions for using the routine
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum flow rate for a generic relief valve.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Valve Values calculation screen by selecting the Relief
Valve Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.
Item Value
Size/Type Generic 2x3 H
Rated Area .785 Inches sq (506.453 mm sq) (Automatically Set)
Required Area .785 Inches sq (506.453 mm sq)
4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the flow rate is to be calculated, click the Flow
Rate label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Flow Mode Sonic
Velocity 977 Feet /sec (299 Meters/sec)
Valve Factor Ratio 100% (100%)
Notes…
' When computing the area or valve factor, the computed value represents the minimum size valve
required to pass the flow at the specified pressure conditions.
' When computing the inlet pressure, the computed value represents the maximum build-up
pressure that the upstream (inlet) pressure would experience for the given flow conditions.
' When computing the outlet pressure, the computed value represents the maximum back pressure
that the valve could experience while relieving the specified pressure.
See Also…
Relief Valve Values Screen Description
Example Notes
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Relief Valve - Pressures For A System
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with a relief piping system. This is useful
for reviewing the pressures which will occur along an existing or newly designed relief system. Instructions
for using the routine are described below.
The calculation method allows one of several variables to be set as unknown. However, because of the
complexity of the method, only the flow value will be calculated in our example. To calculate one of the
other variables, simply follow the same general steps, except underline the desired variable. Refer to the
Notes section at the end of this example for a discussion of calculating the other values.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the flow and pressures occurring along a simple relief system based
on a specified inlet pressure. The specific pipe and valve details are outlined in the example.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Relief Valve & Piping System calculation screen by
selecting the Relief Valve & Piping System item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.

' Enter the upstream pipe data by first clicking on the Upstream Piping tab if the tab is not currently
displayed.
' On the Upstream Piping tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
' 2S-STD, 5 Feet (1.5 Meters) in length
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Item Value
Temperature 60 Fahrenheit ( 15.6 Celsius)
Flow Units Mcfh (M3/hr)
' Enter the relief valve data by first clicking on the Relief Valve tab.
' On the Relief Valve tab enter the following data by typing the numeric values into the appropriate
data fields. Set the size/type and dimensional units by selecting the appropriate value from the list.
Item Value
Size/Type RW 257S 2
' Enter the stack piping data by first clicking on the Stack Piping tab.
' On the Stack Piping Data tab add the following items to the component list. If the list already has
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4) Calculate - To perform the calculation, select the Calculate command button. The computed flow
and pressure values will be displayed on the screen and should be similar to those listed in the
following table:
Item Value
Upstream Piping Results
Flow 121.7 Mcfh (3449 M3/hr)
Relief Valve Results
Operating Status Continuously Open
Flow 121.7 Mcfh (3449 M3/hr)
Stack Piping Results
Flow 121.7 Mcfh (3449 M3/hr)
Notes…
' When computing the flow rate, this calculation can be used to ensure that a certain relief valve
and piping configuration can pass a required volume for a specified inlet pressure. When using this
method, set the inlet pressure to the maximum allowed or desired pressure for the upstream system.
If the system is relieving DOT 192 jurisdiction piping, set the inlet pressure at or below the protected
system MAOP plus the allowable build-up pressure.
' When computing the inlet pressure, this calculation can be used to ensure that the upstream
pressure is not excessive for a given flow rate. When using this method, set the flow rate to the
required relief capacity. If the system is relieving a failed regulator, set the flow rate at the maximum
rate of the regulator at the given conditions.
See Also…
Relief Valve & Piping Screen Description
Example Notes
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Relief Valve - Sizing Factor
A routine is provided for calculating flow, pressure, and sizing values associated with a relief valve. This is
useful when sizing a valve for a particular application where the inlet and outlet piping losses can be ignored,
or where the valve’s immediate pressure and flow values are of interest. The routine is also useful for finding
valves suitable to meet a particular set of operational conditions. Instructions for using the routine are
described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the required sizing factor for a generic relief valve, and find other
models that would be suitable for service under the specified operational conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Relief Valve Values calculation screen by selecting
the Relief Valve Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
example.
Item Value
Size/Type Generic 2x3 H
Rated Area Units Inches sq (mm sq)
Rated Area .785 Inches sq (506.453 mm sq) (Automatically Set)
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4) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the required area is to be calculated, click the
Required Area label, so that it is underlined.
values should be similar to those listed in the following table:
Item Value
Required Area 1.324 Inches sq (854 mm sq)
6) Find – Select the List Matching Valves command button to search the valve properties table for
other valves that would be suitable for the specified operating conditions. Any suitable valves will
be listed in the adjacent list. A rating will be listed next to each valve in the list. The rating indicates
how well the valve meets the specified conditions. A higher rating indicates a better match. Valves
that are oversized in either flow or pressure capacities will have lower ratings. The content of the
match list will vary depending on the current content of the valve property table.
Notes…
' When calculating the sizing factor you must first select a valve of the same “type” as the valve
that you wish to evaluate. In this case, type refers to a valve using the same sizing equation. The
computed sizing factor will only be valid for similar types of valves. In this example we chose a
Generic 2x3 H valve. This valve model uses the API 520 sizing equation. That means the computed
sizing factor is only valid for comparing with other valves using the API 520 sizing equation.
Comparing the factor against valves of other types may lead to erroneous conclusions.
' When computing the area or valve factor, the computed value represents the minimum size value
' When computing the inlet pressure, the computed value represents the maximum build-up
pressure that the upstream (inlet) pressure would experience for the given flow conditions.
' When computing the outlet pressure, the computed value represents the maximum back pressure
that the valve could experience while relieving the specified pressure.
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See Also…
Relief Valve Values Screen Description
Example Notes
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Setting Decimal Places
The User may specify the number of digits that are displayed to the right of the decimal place for calculated
values. Instructions for setting the desired number of decimals are described in the following example.
Summary…
This example illustrates how to set the number of displayed decimal positions for a calculated data
item.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open any calculation screen by selecting an item from one of
the menu lists.
2) Double Click A Field – Double click in any calculated or entered data field. The decimal dialog
box will appear. The current setting will be displayed in the data box.
3) Set Number Of Decimals – Enter a new value by typing it into the data field. Select the Close
command button to save the change.
Notes…
' The originally selected calculation data field contained a value when it was double clicked, the
data value will be redisplayed using the new decimal settings. When the number of decimals is
reduced, the displayed value will be appropriately rounded off, however the original precision will
be lost.
See Also…
Number Of Decimal Places Screen Description
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Steel Pipe Design - Diameter
A routine is provided for calculating various parameters associated with the ASME B31.8 Steel Pipe Design
Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum pipe diameter that can be used while still maintaining
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Steel Pipe Design calculation screen by selecting the
Steel Pipe Design item from the Pipe menu list.
Item Value
Pressure 300 Psi (2069 kPa)
Location Exceptions Parallel Encroachment - Hard surface road or railroad
Longitudinal Joint API 5L – Seamless
Operating Temperature 250 F (121 C) or less
Set the design factors by clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list box, then click
on the desired value. The appropriate factor will be displayed adjacent to the list.
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the diameter is to be calculated, click the Outside
Diameter label, so that it is underlined.
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diameter value should be 21.933 Inches (559 Millimeter). The computed value represents the
largest pipe diameter that can be used with the specified conditions while maintaining a stress level
at or below the specified hoop stress level.
See Also…
Example Notes
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Steel Pipe Design - Design Pressure
Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the maximum pressure that a pipe may be subject to while still
Steps…
Item Value
Location Exceptions Parallel Encroachment - Hard surface road or railroad
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the pressure is to be calculated, click the Pressure
label, so that it is underlined.
pressure value should be 516 Psi (3570 kPa). The computed value represents the maximum pressure
that the pipe can be subject to while maintaining a stress level at or below the specified hoop stress
value.
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Steel Pipe Design – SMYS
Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum yield strength of the pipe material that can be used
while still maintaining a given set of design criteria.
Steps…
Item Value
Location Exceptions Parallel Encroachment – Hard surface road or railroad
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the yield strength is to be calculated, click the
SMYS label, so that it is underlined.
SMYS value should be 20346 Psi (140 MPA).
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Steel Pipe Design - Wall Thickness
Formula.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the minimum pipe wall thickness that can be used while still
Steps…
Item Value
Location Exceptions Parallel Encroachment – Hard surface road or railroad
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the wall thickness is to be calculated, click the
Wall Thickness label, so that it is underlined.
4) Calculate - To perform the calculation, select the Calculate command button. The computed wall
thickness value should be .109 Inches (2.78 Millimeter). The computed value represents the
thinnest pipe wall that could used while maintaining the stress level at or below the specified hoop
stress value.
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See Also…
Example Notes
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Thermal Expansion
A routine is provided for calculating expansion or contraction of a pipe length due to variations in material
temperature. Instructions for using the routine are described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the stress that would occur in a pipe inside of a casing, if the pipe
were installed at a temperature of 90 Fahrenheit (32.2 C) and eventually subjected to a winter time
temperature of 32 F (0 C). The original length of the pipe when it was installed was 100 Feet (30.5
Meters).
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Thermal Expansion calculation screen by selecting the
Thermal Expansion item from the Pipe menu list.
Item Value
Original Length 100 Feet (30.5 Meters)
Change In Length Units Inches (Centimeter)
Expansion Coefficient .0000065 In/In-F (.0000117 cm/cm-C)
Installation Temperature 90 Fahrenheit (32 C)
Check Temperature 32 Fahrenheit (0 C)
Modulus Of Elasticity 30000 Ksi (207 GPa)
clicking the arrow symbol adjacent to the appropriate list, then click on the desired value. Use the
tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the appropriate data field or list box.
3) Select The Unknown Values – To indicate that the change in length is to be calculated, click the
Change In Length label so that it is underlined. To indicate that the percent SMYS is to be
calculated, click the Percent SMYS label so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Change In Length -.452 Inches (-1.142 Centimeter)
Restrained Stress 11310 Psi (78 MPA)
Notes…
' You will notice that the change in length is negative. This is because the when the pipe is cooled,
it tends to shrink. Because the pipe is restrained on both ends by the soil in which it is buried outside
the casing, the pipe would be subject to a tensile stress equal to the restrained stress. In this example
the restrained stress is probably acceptable because it only represents 32% of the SMYS value.
' In this example the change in temperature would have caused the pipe to shrink. This tendency
to shrink causes a tensile force to be induced in the pipe material and this force is resisted by the
ends of the pipe immediately outside the casing. In this case we assumed that the ends were buried
and that the pipe is welded. If mechanical fittings were present either along the encased pipe section
or near the ends of the casing, they would need to be able to withstand the tensile force caused by
the tendency to shrink. This force can be calculated by multiplying the restrained stress by the cross
section area of the pipe material.
' Representative thermal expansion coefficients for plastic and steel are:
' Carbon Steel - .0000065 In/In-F (.0000117 cm/cm-C)
' Polyethylene Plastic - .00011 In/In-F (.0002 cm/cm-C)
See Also…
Thermal Expansion Screen Description
Example Notes
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Unit Conversions
A routine is provided for converting between various dimensional units. An example associated with this
routine is described below.
Summary…
In this example we will convert a length between Feet and Meters.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Units Conversion screen by selecting the Unit
Conversions item from the Utilities menu list.
Item Value
Known Value 1000 Feet (305 Meters)
Converted Value 304.95 Meters (101 Feet)
selecting the desired value for the list. Use the tab keys or mouse to position the cursor on the
appropriate data field or list box.
3) Calculate – The converted value is automatically calculated when the known value, or one of the
dimensional units are changed.
Notes…
See Also…
Unit Conversion Screen Description
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Valve Values - Pressure Drop
A routine is provided for calculating flow, pressure, and sizing values associated with a line valve. This is
usefully when sizing a valve for applications where the pressure loss across the valve is critical. The routine
is also useful for finding valves suitable to meet a particular set of operational conditions. Instructions for
using the routine are described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the pressure loss across a generic 4” plug valve and find other
models that would be suitable for service under the specified operational conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Valve Values calculation screen by selecting the Valve
Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
Item Value
Size/Type 4 Plug
Required Valve Factor 869.0 (Automatically Set)
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the downstream pressure is to be calculated, click
the Outlet Pressure label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Pressure Drop .58 Psi (10 kPa)
5) Find – Select the Find Matching Valves command button to search the valve properties table for
other valves that would be suitable for the specified operating conditions. Any suitable valves will
be listed in the adjacent list. A rating will be listed next to each valve in the list. The rating indicates
how well the valve meets the specified flow and pressure requirements. A higher rating indicates a
better match. Valves that are oversized in either flow or pressure capacities will have lower ratings.
The content of the match list will vary depending on the current content of the valve property table.
Notes…
' When computing the inlet pressure, the computed value represents the anticipated inlet pressure
for the given flow and pressure conditions.
' When computing the outlet pressure, the computed value represents the anticipated outlet pressure
See Also…
Example Notes
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Valve Values - Sizing Factor
A routine is provided for calculating flow, pressure, and sizing the values associated with a line valve. This
is usefully when sizing a valve for applications where the pressure loss across the valve is critical. The
routine is also useful for finding valves suitable to meet a particular set of operational conditions. Instructions
for using the routine are described below.
Summary…
In this example we will calculate the required sizing factor for a generic 4” plug valve for a specified
set of operating conditions.
Steps…
1) Open The Calculation Screen - Open the Valve Values calculation screen by selecting the Valve
Values item from the Valves & Fittings menu list.
Item Value
Size/Type 4 Plug
3) Select The Unknown Value – To indicate that the sizing factor is to be calculated, click the
Required Valve Factor label, so that it is underlined.
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Item Value
Required Sizing Factor 660 (655)
The computed sizing factor represents the minimum factor for this “type” of valve that can pass the
specified flow rate, with a pressure drop less than or equal to the specified value.
Notes…
' When calculating the sizing factor you must first select a valve of the “type” that you are
interested in. In this context, type means a valve of the same body size and using the same sizing
equation as the valve that you wish to evaluate. The sizing factor will only be valid for these
associated types of valves. In this example we choose a generic 4 Plug valve. This valve model uses
the Crane sizing equation. That means the computed sizing factor is valid only for comparing with
other 4 inch body valves using the Crane sizing equation. Comparing the factor against other valve
types may lead to erroneous conclusions.
' When computing the inlet pressure, the computed value represents the anticipated inlet pressure
' When computing the outlet pressure, the computed value represents the anticipated outlet pressure
See Also…
Example Notes
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Appendix
Appendix
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Appendix
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Appendix-Equations
This section describes various equations used by GASCalc. Where it is impractical to include the full
equation description, refer to the referenced document for the complete equation description.
Equation Variables
Unless noted otherwise, the following base units and variable assignments apply to all of the equations
described in this section:
CP = Specific heat at constant pressure, Btu/Lbm-degree Fahrenheit
CV = Specific heat at constant volume, Btu/Lbm-degree Fahrenheit
D = Inside pipe diameter, Inches
ÄP = Pressure drop across a pipe segment, Psia squared or Psia
e = Napierian constant, 2.71828
å = Internal pipe wall roughness, Inches
E = Pipe efficiency, percent / 100
E1 = Pipe inlet (upstream) elevation, Feet
E2 = Pipe outlet (downstream) elevation, Feet
f = Fanning friction factor, dimension less
HV = Heating Value, Btu/ft3
K = Specific Heat Ratio
L = Pipe length, Feet
Q = Volumetric flow rate at the specified base pressure and temperature, Cfh
P1 = Pipe inlet (upstream) pressure, Psia
P2 = Pipe outlet (downstream) pressure, Psia
PATM = Average atmospheric pressure, Psia
PAVE = Average pressure along the pipeline segment, Psia
Pb = Base pressure, Psia
Re = Reynolds number, dimension less
S = Elevation compensation factor, dimension less
SG = Specific gravity, dimension less
Tf = Average gas flowing temperature, Rankine
Tb = Base temperature, Rankine
ì = Absolute viscosity, Lbm/ft-sec
V = Velocity, Ft/sec
xi = Mole percent for component "i"
Z = Compressibility factor, dimension less
ZAVE = Compressibility factor at average pressure and temperature conditions, dimension less
Zb = Compressibility factor at base conditions, dimension less
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Compressibility Equations
Many of the calculations performed by GASCalc allow for inclusion of the effects of compressibility. For
these calculations, the User may select from several compressibility methods. Each method is unique and
may have individual limitations associated with its use. The following pages describe the various
compressibility methods supported by GASCalc. The User must determine the appropriate method to use for
the application being analyzed.
AGA-NX19-Standard
This method uses the procedures outlined in American Gas Association NX-19, “Manual For Determination
Of Supercompressibility Factors For Natural Gas”, A.G.A. Standard Method of Calculating
Supercompressibility Factors. The User should refer to that reference for complete information on the
calculation of the compressibility using this method.
AGA-NX19-Analysis
This method uses the procedures outlined in American Gas Association NX-19, “Manual For Determination
Of Supercompressibility Factors For Natural Gas”, Analysis Method (described in the Appendix of NX-19).
The User should refer to that reference for complete information on the calculation of the compressibility
using this method.
AGA-8-Detailed
This method uses the procedures outlined in American Gas Association Report No. 8, "Compressibility
Factors of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases", Second Edition, November 1992, Second
Printing July 1994 for the "Detailed Characterization Method". The User may refer to that reference for
further information on the calculation of the compressibility using this method.
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AGA-8-Gross-1
This method uses the procedures outlined in the American Gas Association Report No. 8, "Compressibility
Printing July 1994 for the"Gross Characterization Method - Method 1" described in the report when the
"AGA-8-1994-Gross-1". The User should refer to that reference for complete information on the calculation
of the compressibility using this method.
AGA-8-Gross-2
This method uses the procedures outlined in the American Gas Association Report No. 8, "Compressibility
Printing July 1994 for the "Gross Characterization Method - Method 2". The User should refer to that
reference for complete information on the calculation of the compressibility using this method.
GPSA
GASCalc uses the following equation to calculate compressibility when the GPSA method is selected.
Reference: Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 1998
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Gas Property Equations
The gas properties equations used by GASCalc are based on the mole percentage values of certain individual
components found in the gas composition. The equations used to calculate the various properties are
described on the following pages.
Heating Value - GPSA
This method uses the following equation to calculate the (gross) heating value of a gas composition. The
table on the following page, lists the individual component heating values used in the calculation.
Heating Value - GPA 2172
This method uses the procedures outlined in the Gas Processors Association Standard 2172 - 86, “Calculation
of Gross Heating Value, Relative Density and Compressibility Factor for Natural Gas Mixtures from
Compositional Analysis”. The User may refer to that reference for further information on the calculation of
the compressibility using this method.
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The following values are used as the basis for the heating value calculations.
Component Heating Values

Component Heating Value, Component Heating Value,
Btu/ft3 Btu/ft3
Methane 1010.0 Air 0
Ethylene Î 1599.8 Water 50.4
Ethane 1769.6 Argon N/A
Propane 2516.1 Carbon Monoxide 320.5
I-Butane 3251.9 Carbon Dioxide 0
N-Butane 3262.32 Hydrogen Sulfide N/A
I-Pentane 4000.9 Helium 0
N-Pentane 4008.9 Hydrogen 324.2
Hexane 4755.9 Nitrogen 0
Heptane 5502.5 Oxygen 0
Octane 6249.1 Other 0
Nonane 6996.4
Octane 7743.2
Notes...
N/A - Means the component is not used during the calculation of the total composition value.
All values are for a base condition of 14.696 Psi (101.352 kPa) and 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius)
References...
Unless otherwise noted, all values were taken from the Gas Processors Association Standard 2172-
86
Î Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 1998
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Specific Gravity
GASCalc uses the following equation to calculate the specific gravity of a gas composition. The calculation
is referenced to the molecular weight of dry air.
Reference: Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook
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The following values are used as the basis for the specific gravity calculation.
Component Molecular Weight Values

Component Molecular Component Molecular
Weight Weight
Methane 16.043 Air (dry) 28.9625
Ethylene 28.054 Water 18.0153
Ethane 30.07 Argon 39.948
Propane 44.097 Carbon Monoxide 28.01
I-Butane 58.123 Carbon Dioxide 44.01
N-Butane 58.123 Hydrogen Sulfide 34.082
I-Pentane 72.15 Helium 4.0026
N-Pentane 72.15 Hydrogen 2.0159
Hexane 86.177 Nitrogen 28.0134
Heptane 100.204 Oxygen 31.9988
Octane Î 114.231 Other 0
Nonane Î 128.258
Decane Î 142.285
References...
Unless otherwise noted, all values were taken from the Gas Processors Suppliers Association,
Engineering Data Book, 1998
Î American Gas Association Report No. 8, 1994 printing
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Specific Heat Ratio
GASCalc uses the following equation to calculate the specific heat ratio of a gas composition.
Reference: McGraw-Hill, DeLaval Engineering Handbook
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The following values are used as the basis for the specific heat ratio calculation.
Component Specific Heat Values - Constant Pressure (CP )

Component CP , Btu/Lbm- Component CP , Btu/Lbm-
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
Methane Î .526 Air Î .2397
Ethylene Î .363 Water Vapor Î .446
Ethane Î .409 Argon ä .1233
Propane Î .388 Carbon Monoxide Î .2484
I-Butane Î .387 Carbon Dioxide Î .1989
N-Butane Î .397 Hydrogen Sulfide Î .456
I-Pentane Î .388 Helium Ï 1.248
N-Pentane Î .3974 Hydrogen Î 3.446
Hexane Î .3984 Nitrogen Î .2485
Heptane Î .3992 Oxygen Î .219
Octane Î .3998 Other N/A
Nonane N/A
Decane N/A
Notes...
References...
Î Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook - Base Pressure of 30 Inches Hg - 14.736 Psi (101.628
KPA) and a Base Temperature of 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius).
Ï McGraw-Hill, DeLaval Engineering Handbook - Base Pressure = 14.7 Psi (101.4 KPA), Base
Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius)
ÐWiley, Handbook Of Engineering Fundamental - Base Pressure = 14.7 Psi (101.4 KPA), Base
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Component Specific Heat Values - Constant Volume (CV )

Component CV , Btu/Lbm- Component CV , Btu/Lbm-
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
Methane Î .400 Air Î .1711
Ethylene Î .296 Water VaporÎ .334
Ethane Î .347 Argon Ð .0739
Propane Î .343 Carbon Monoxide Î .1779
I-Butane Î .348 Carbon Dioxide Î .1535
N-Butane Î .361 Hydrogen Sulfide Î .345
I-Pentane Î .3605 Helium Ï .752
N-Pentane Î .3699 Hydrogen Î 2.443
Hexane Î .3753 Nitrogen Î .1772
Heptane Î .3794 Oxygen Î .1565
Octane Î .3824 Other N/A
Nonane N/A
Decane N/A
Notes...
References...
Î Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook - Base Pressure of 30 Inches Hg - 14.736 Psi (101.628
KPA) and a Base Temperature of 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius).
Ï McGraw-Hill, DeLaval Engineering Handbook - Base Pressure = 14.7 Psi (101.4 KPA), Base
ÐWiley, Handbook Of Engineering Fundamental - Base Pressure = 14.7 Psi (101.4 KPA), Base
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Viscosity
GASCalc uses the following equation to calculate the (absolute or dynamic) viscosity of a gas composition.
The individual molecular weight values are listed in the Specific Gravity equation description.
Reference: American Gas Association, Gas Engineering and Operating Practices - System Design
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The values in the following table are used as the basis for the viscosity calculation.
Component Viscosity Values

Component Viscosity, Component Viscosity,
Micropoise Micropoise
Methane Î 107 Air (dry) Î 179
Ethylene Î 101 Water Ò 95
Ethane Î 89 Argon Ï 224.1
Propane Î 75 Carbon Monoxide Ï 184
I-Butane Î 71 Carbon Dioxide Î 147
N-Butane Î 73 Hydrogen Sulfide 130
I-Pentane Ñ 66 Helium Î 193
N-Pentane Î 66 Hydrogen Î 87
Hexane Î 63 Nitrogen Î 173
Heptane Î 59 Oxygen Ð 195.7
Octane N/A Other 0
Nonane N/A
Decane N/A
Notes...
Unless otherwise noted all values are for "atmospheric" pressure and 60 Fahrenheit (15.55 Celsius)
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References...
Î Institute Of Gas Technology, Research Bulletin 23, Viscosities of Natural Gas Components
Ï Wiley, Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals - Eshbach - Base pressure = 760 mm Hg - 14.69
Psi (101.31 KPA), base temperature = 68 Fahrenheit (20 Celsius)
Ð Wiley, Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals - Eshbach - Base pressure = 760 mm Hg - 14.69
Psi (101.31 KPA), base temperature = 59 Fahrenheit (15 Celsius)
Ñ Assumed value based on Normal Pentane
Ò Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 1998
Pressure, Volume, Temperature
The (modified) form of the Ideal Gas Law used by GASCalc to calculate pressure, volume, and temperature
values is described below.
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Meter Values
Meter Pressure Factor
GASCalc uses the following equation to calculate the values associated with the meter pressure factor.
Reference: None
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Miscellaneous Values
Blowdown Time
As calculated by GASCalc, the time required to vent a pipe segment is computed using the following
formula. The formula assumes that the pipe is being vented directly to the atmosphere, and that the
blowdown valve is the same nominal diameter as the vent stack. This equation is sometimes referred to as
the Walworth equation.
Reference: Oil Gas & Petrochem Equipment, January 1977
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Buoyancy
As calculated by GASCalc, the buoyancy of a submerged pipe segment is computed using the following
formula. The formula assumes that the pipe is total submerged in the fluid.
Reference: Derived
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Flow Through Puncture
As calculated by GASCalc, the volume of gas vented through a punctured line is computed by considering
the pressure loss across the upstream piping and by computing the estimated flow through the puncture. The
puncture flow is assumed to be equivalent to flow through a generic orifice. The flow is estimated using the
following formula.
Reference: Derived from AGA Report 3, 1992
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Plastic Pipe Design Formula
The plastic pipe design formula used by GASCalc is described by the following.
Reference: American Society Of Mechanical Engineers Standard B31.8, Gas Transmission And Distribution
Piping Systems, 1992
Steel Pipe Design Formula
GASCalc performs this calculation in accordance with the procedures outlined in the American Society Of
Mechanical Engineers Standard B31.8, Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems, 1992. The User
should refer to that reference for complete information on the calculation of the compressibility using this
method.
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Thermal Expansion
As used by GASCalc, the change in length of a pipe segment due to a change in temperature is calculated
using the following formula:
Reference: American Institute Of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construction
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Orifice Meter Equations
GASCalc provides several methods for calculating the parameters associated with an orifice meter. Each
method is unique and may have individual limitations associated with its use. The following describes the
various orifice meter equations supported by GASCalc. The User must determine the appropriate equation
to use for the application being analyzed.
AGA3-1985
This method uses the equations described in American Gas Association Report No. 3, "Orifice Metering Of
Natural Gas", Second Edition - 1985. The User may refer to that reference for further information on the
calculation of the orifice meter parameters using this method. The calculations performed by GASCalc
assume that the static pressure is measured at the upstream tap location. This method is not valid if the static
pressure is measured at another location.
AGA3-1992
This method uses the equations described in American Gas Association Report No. 3, "Orifice Metering Of
Natural Gas", Third Edition - 1992. The User may refer to that reference for further information on the
calculation of the orifice meter parameters using this method. The calculations performed by GASCalc
assume that the static pressure is measured at the upstream tap location. This method is not valid if the static
pressure is measured at another location.
ISO 5167
This method uses the equations described in International Standard ISO 5167-1, "Measurement of fluid flow
by means of pressure differential devices", First Edition, 1991-12-15. The User may refer to that reference
for further information on the calculation of the orifice meter parameters using this method. The calculations
performed by GASCalc assume that the static pressure is measured at the upstream tap location. This method
is not valid if the static pressure is measured at another location.
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Pipe Flow Equations
GASCalc supports numerous pipe flow equations which are used to calculate the flow and pressure drop
across a pipe segment. Each equation is unique and may have individual limitations associated with its use.
The following pages describe the various equations supported by GASCalc. The User must determine the
appropriate equation to use for the application being analyzed.
Adjustment For Elevation
Where an elevation difference exists between the inlet and outlet of a pipe segment, and the normal pressure
difference (ÄP) is a function of the difference of the squared inlet pressure and the squared outlet pressure
(ÄP = P1 2 - P2 2 ), the pressure difference (ÄP) term in the flow equation is replaced with the following:
Reference: Gas Engineers Handbook
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AGA-Full
The AGA-Full flow equation used by GASCalc represents the AGA Fully Turbulent equation with a variable
roughness parameter. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book
AGA-Partial
The AGA-Partial flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
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AGA-Turbulent
The AGA-Turbulent flow equation used by GASCalc represents the AGA Fully Turbulent equation with a
fixed roughness parameter. The equation is described as follows.
Colebrook
The Colebrook (White-Colebrook) flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
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Cox
The Cox flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, September 1959
Darcy-Weisbach
The Darcy-Weisbach flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
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IAPMO-HP
The IAPMO-HP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials adopted equation as described in the Uniform Mechanical and Plumbing Codes, for
high pressure applications. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: IAPMO, Uniform Mechanical Code / Uniform Plumbing Code, 2006
IAPMO-LP
The IAPMO-LP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials adopted equation as described in the Uniform Mechanical and Plumbing Codes, for low
pressure applications. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: IAPMO, Uniform Mechanical Code / Uniform Plumbing Code, 2006
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IGE3-LP
The IGE3-LP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the British Institute of Gas Engineers recommended
low pressure flow equation. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Engineers Institute, Standard IGE/TD/3
IGE3-MP
The IGE3-MP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the British Institute of Gas Engineers
recommended medium pressure flow equation. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Engineers Institute, Standard IGE/TD/3
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IGT-Improved
The IGT-Improved flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Age Magazine, May 1967, Gas Behavior In Distribution Systems
IMC-HP
The IMC-HP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the International Mechanical Code recommended
high pressure flow equation. The equation is described as follows.
Reference: International Code Council, International Mechanical Code, 1996
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IMC-LP
The IMC-LP flow equation used by GASCalc represents the International Mechanical Code recommended
low pressure flow equation. The equation is described as follows.
Mueller-HP
The Mueller High Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: American Gas Association, GEOP Series, Book D-1, 1990
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Mueller-LP
The Mueller Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: American Gas Association, GEOP Series, Book D-1, 1990
Oliphant
The Oliphant equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
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Panhandle-A
The Panhandle-A flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Panhandle-B
The Panhandle-B flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
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Pole-LP
The Pole Low Pressure equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Spitzglass-HP
The Spitzglass High Pressure equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Engineers Handbook
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Spitzglass-LP
The Spitzglass Low Pressure equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Weymouth
The Weymouth flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Gas Processor Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book
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Equation Application Reference
The following table provides application notes and comments for each of the equations supported by
GASCalc. This table represents only a portion of the universe of equations available for calculating pressure
and flows in gas piping systems. Equations are added to GASCalc based on User requests. If a User requires
a specific equation and the equation can be documented, we will add it to the software - that is how we have
ended up with so many equations being supported by the software.
Equation Name Application Comments

AGA-Fully Turbulent Applicable to transmission systems with fully turbulent flow conditions.
(AGA-Full) Accounts for relative pipe roughness using rough pipe law. This form of the
equation allows input of the pipe wall roughness value. Depending on the
pipe wall roughness, yields moderately conservative results compared to
other transmission style equations.
AGA-Partially Turbulent Applicable to transmission systems with partially turbulent flow conditions.
(AGA-Partial) Accounts for relative pipe roughness using the smooth pipe law. Moderately
conservative compared to other transmission style equations.
AGA-Turbulent Applicable to transmission systems with fully turbulent flow conditions.
(AGA-Turb) Accounts for relative pipe roughness using rough pipe law. This form of the
equation assumes a fixed pipe wall roughness value of .00045 inches (.0114
mm). Moderately conservative compared to other transmission style
equations.
Colebrook Applicable to transmission systems. Applies the Moody friction factor to the
Fundamental Gas Flow equation, using the Colebrook approximation. Results
vary based on value of roughness.
Cox Applicable to industrial plant piping under 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter
operating at pressures less than 20 Psig (138 kPa) and located at altitudes of
less than 1500 feet (457 meters) above mean sea level.
IAPMO-LP Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at less than 1.5 Psig (10 kPa). A
low pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials.
IAPMO-HP Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at 1.5 Psig (10 kPa) and above.
A high pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials.
IGE3 - Low Pressure Applicable to low pressure distribution systems. Developed by the British
(IGE3-LP) Institute of Gas Engineers.
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IGE3 - Medium Pressure Applicable to medium pressure distribution systems. Developed by the
(IGE3-MP) British Institute of Gas Engineers.
IGT-Improved Applicable to distribution systems, though often used for both distribution
and transmission. Yields moderate results. Developed in the 1960's.
The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that this equation is widely used for 10
inch water column (25 mBar) to 60 Psig (414 kPa) systems for 2 inch (51
mm) and larger diameter pipe.
The AGA GEOP text reports that this equation is applicable to distribution
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 16000 and 3000000
with 2% deviation from the smooth pipe law, and for 3 inch (76 mm) to 30
inch (762 mm) diameter pipe operating at inches water column, 1½ inch (38
mm) to 20 inch (762 mm) diameter pipe operating between 2 Psig (138 kPa)
and 20 Psig (138 kPa), and 3/4 inch (19 mm) to 120 inch (3048 mm) diameter
pipe operating between 20 Psig (138 kPa) and 100 Psig (690 kPa).
Reynolds number dependent.

IMC-Low Pressure Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at less 1.5 Psig (10 kPa). A low
(IMC-LP) pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International Code
Council.
IMC-High Pressure Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at 1.5 Psig (10 kPa) and higher.
(IMC-HP) A high pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
Code Council.
Mueller High Pressure Applicable to distribution systems. Yields non-conservative results.
(Mueller-HP)
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that the equation is accurate in “low”
pressure systems for up to 8 inch (203 mm) pipe, and in “medium” pressures
for up to 2 inch (51 mm) pipe.
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 2000 and 125000 with
2% deviation from the smooth pipe law, and for 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) to 6 inch
(152 mm) diameter pipe operating at inches water column (mBar), 3/8 inch
(9.5 mm) to 2 inch (51 mm) diameter pipe operating between 2 Psig (14 kPa)
and 20 Psig (138 kPa), and 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) to 1½ inch (38 mm) diameter
pipe operating between 20 (138 kPa) and 100 Psig (690 kPa).
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Mueller Low Pressure Applicable to distribution systems. Yields non-conservative results.
(Mueller-LP)
Derived from Mueller High Pressure equation as outlined in AGA GEOP
text.

Oliphant Applicable to plant piping and gathering systems operating between vacuum
and 100 Psig (690 kPa). Yields conservative results.
Not Reynolds number dependent - diameter dependent.

Panhandle-A Applicable to transmission systems. Yields moderate results. Developed in
the 1940's.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that the equation is applicable for large
diameter transmission piping where the Reynolds number varies between 5
and 20 million. And suggests an average efficiency for steel pipelines of .92
for this equation.
The GPSA data book reports that this equation is intended to reflect flow of
gas through smooth pipes. When used with an efficiency of .90 the equation
reasonably approximates the partially turbulent general flow equation. The
equation becomes less accurate as the flow rate increases. And, an efficiency
of .92 is often used with this equation.
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 1300000 and 75000000
with 2% deviation from the smooth pipe law. And 16 inch (406 mm) and
larger diameter pipe operating at 20 Psig (138 kPa) and higher.

Panhandle-B Applicable to transmission systems. Revised version of Panhandle-A,
published in 1956. Least conservative transmission equation.
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The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that the equation is applicable for large
diameter transmission piping where the Reynolds number varies between 5
and 20 million. The handbook suggests an average efficiency for steel
pipelines of .90 for this equation.
The GPSA data book notes that this equation more nearly approximates the
fully turbulent general flow equation. The equation will under estimate low
rates at low flow rates, and over estimate flow rates at high flow rates.
Efficiency factors of .88 to .94 are often used with this equation.

Pole Low Pressure Applicable to fuel and yard line piping operating below 3 Psig (21 kPa).
(Pole-LP) Yields conservative results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that this equation is widely used for four
to ten water column pressure systems for two to four inch diameter pipe. And
is applicable with effective pipe roughness values of up to ten times that of
clean steel pipe.
Not Reynolds number dependent - constant friction/transmission factor.

Spitzglass Low Pressure Applicable to low pressure distribution systems operating below 3 Psig (21
(Spitzglass-LP) kPa). Yields moderate results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation is widely used for
systems operating under one Psig.
The AGA GEOP text reports that this equation was developed from flow tests
on large diameter cast iron pipe operated at inches water column pressures
and partially turbulent flow conditions. And was originally used in flow
calculations in low pressure cast iron systems. The text also reports that the
equation yields extremely conservative results for 16 inch and larger diameter
pipes, and yields unconservative results for pipes sizes less than 16 inch.
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Spitzglass High Pressure Applicable to distribution systems operating below 100 Psig (690 kPa).
(Spitzglass-HP) Yields conservative results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation is widely used for up
to ten inch diameter pipe. And is applicable with effective pipe roughness
values of up to ten times that of clean steel pipe.

Weymouth Applicable to transmission systems, though often used for both distribution
and transmission. Yields conservative results. Equation published in 1912.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation provides a reasonable
approximation of the general rough pipe equation for diameter equal to ten
inch, and effective pipe wall roughness equal .002 inches. And that the
equation is widely used for three to twenty Psig systems. And suggests an
average efficiency for steel pipelines of 1.10 for this equation.
The GPSA data book reports that for short pipelines and gathering systems
this equation agrees closely with metered volumes. However, the degree of
error increases with pressure.
The AGA GEOP text reports that the applicable efficiency factor for this
equation is 1.00 for thirty-six inch diameter pipe and can range from 1.10 to
2.00 for thirty inch and smaller pipe in transmission service. That the
efficiency factor ranges between 1.1 and 1.2 for 2 inch (51 mm) to 6 inch
(152 mm) diameter pipe in distribution service. And further suggests that the
equation is not applicable to calculations in distribution systems.
Not a Reynolds number dependent equation.
Note - In the above table the following abbreviations apply: AGA - American Gas Association, GEOP - Gas
Engineering and Operating, GPSA - Gas Processors Suppliers Association, IAPMO - International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, IGE - Institute of Gas Engineers, IMC - International
Mechanical Code
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Equation References
American Gas Association, Gas Engineering and Operating Series, System Design Volume, Book D-1
American Gas Association, Steady Flow In Gas Pipelines, Technical Report No. 10
Gas Engineers Institute, Standard IGE/TD/3, Recommendations On Transmission And Distribution Practice
Crane Technical Paper No. 410, Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, And Pipe
Gas Engineers Handbook, Industrial Press
Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Volume II, 1998
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Mechanical Code, 2006
International Code Council, International Mechanical Code, 1996
Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook, Gulf Publishing
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Recommendations
As can be seen by the number and variety of flow equations listed in the previous table, there seems to be
no certain flow equation that accurately reflects all of the conditions that can be present in a gas piping
system. Obviously there is not one equation that meets all requirements, or there wouldn’t be such a variety
to choose from. For that reason, the User must ultimately compare their specific application to each
equation’s performance and select an appropriate equation. Further, it is extremely difficult to recommend
a flow equation because of the variety of applications that Users might encounter. However, generally we
make the following recommendations - use at your own risk:
Application Equation
Low Pressure Distribution Spitzglass Low Pressure
Less than 3 Psig (21 kPa)
Medium and High Pressure Distribution IGT-Improved
3 Psig (21 kPa) to 100 Psig (690 kPa)
Low Pressure Transmission IGT-Improved
100 Psig (690 kPa) to 300 Psig (2069 kPa)
High Pressure Transmission Panhandle-A
300 Psig (2069 kPa) and greater
Vacuum Gathering Oliphant
Low Pressure Gathering IGT-Improved
Less than 100 Psig (690 kPa)
High Pressure Gathering IGT-Improved or Weymouth
100 Psig (690 kPa) and greater
Vacuum Plant Piping Oliphant
Low Pressure Plant or Fuel Piping IAPMO or IMC Low Pressure
Less than 1.5 Psig (10 kPa)
High Pressure Plant or Fuel Piping IAPMO or IMC Low Pressure, IGT-Improved
1.5 Psig (10 kPa) to 100 Psig (690 kPa)
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Regulator Equations
American
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the American flow equation are computed using
the following formulas.
Reference: American Meter Company, Regulator Bulletin - Model 1200, SB-8505.1
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American AFV
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the American AFV flow equation are computed
using the following formulas.
Reference: American Meter Company, Axial Flow Valves Capacity Tables, TDB 9610.5
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Equimeter & Rockwell
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the Equimeter or Rockwell flow equations are
computed using the following formulas.
Reference: Equimeter Inc, Bulletin Model 441-57S, R-1360 Rev 4

Reference: Rockwell International, Bulletin Model 441-57S, R 1360 Rev 3
Fisher
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the Fisher flow equation are computed using the
following formulas.
Reference: Fisher Controls, Catalog 10 - Sizing and Selection Data
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Grove 80
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the Grove 80 flow equation are computed using
the following formulas. This equation is suitable for use with Grove model 80 regulators.
Reference: Grove Publication Sk-4-149, Grove Model 80 Flexflo
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Reference: Grove Publication Sk-4-149, Grove Model 80 Flexflo
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Grove 900
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the Grove 900 flow equation are computed using
the following formulas. This equation is suitable for use with Grove model 900TE and 83 Flexflo regulators.
Reference: Grove Bulletin 900 TE 1 R1
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ISA-S75.01
This method uses the equations described in the Instrument Society of America Standard ISA-S75.01-1985,
"Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves", Revised 1995. The User may refer to that reference for further
information on the calculation of the regulator parameters using this method.
Mooney
The values associated with flow through a regulator using the Mooney flow equation are computed using the
following formulas.
Reference: Mooney Controls, Sizing - Compressible Gases
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Relief Valve Equations
Equimeter & Rockwell
The values associated with flow through a relief using the Equimeter or Rockwell flow equations are
computed using the following formulas.
Reference: Rockwell International, Bulletin Model 257S, R 1450 Rev 3
Fisher
The values associated with flow through a relief valve using the Fisher flow equation are computed using
the following formulas.
Reference: Fisher Controls, Catalog 10 - Sizing and Selection Data
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API-520
This method uses the equations described in the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 520,
"Sizing, Selection, and Installation Of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries”, Sixth Edition, March 1993.
The User may refer to that reference for further information on the calculation of the relief valve parameters
using this method.
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Stress Values
Bending Stress
The bending stress values calculated by GASCalc use standard beam formulas for the various end conditions.
The calculations account for the pipe weight by applying a uniform load equivalent to the pipe’s weight per
unit length. The pipe wight assumes steel pipe material and uses a steel density of 490 Lbf/cf. The
calculations are only valid for circular steel pipe and use a moment of inertia as calculated by the following
formula.
This method uses the equations described in the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 1102,
"Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways”, Sixth Edition, April 1993. The User may refer to that
reference for further information on the calculation of the relief valve parameters using this method.
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External Loading - GPTC
This method uses the equations described in the American Gas Association, “GPTC Guide For Gas
Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems”, Appendix G-192-25, 1995. The User may refer to that
reference for further information on the calculation of the relief valve parameters using this method.
Hoop Stress
As used by GASCalc, the pipe Hoop Stress values are calculated using the following formula:
Reference: American Gas Association, Gas Engineering and Operating Practices - System Design
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Thermal Expansion
As used by GASCalc, the stress that occurs in a restrained pipe segment due to a change in temperature is
calculated using the following formula:
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Support Equations
Several calculations performed by GASCalc require the use of "behind the scenes" equations to calculate
various values, these equations are referred to as "support" equations. The various support equations used
by GASCalc are described on the following pages.
Atmospheric Pressure
As used by GASCalc, the atmospheric pressure refers to the pressure that the atmosphere exerts on an object
at a given elevation. It is similar to barometric pressure but not the same. The atmosphere extends from the
surface of the earth to the edge of outer space. The approximate depth (or height) of the atmosphere is 25
miles (132,000 feet). At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about 14.73 Psia, this is the pressure exerted
on an object at sea level. It represents the weight of the 25 miles of atmosphere above the object. As an object
is elevated, the amount of atmosphere above it, and therefore the weight upon it is reduced. Because the
weight of the atmosphere upon the object at its new elevation is reduced, the amount of pressure exerted on
the elevated object is also reduced.
The same holds true for changes in the geographic elevation of a gas piping system. As the elevation of the
system increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. Gas is a compressible fluid, as such its physical
properties are affected by the amount of pressure exerted on it. As an example, a cubic foot of gas collected
in a balloon at 6000 feet, will contract to a volume less than the original one cubic foot when transported to
a lower elevation. Why? Because it is a compressible fluid and at the decreased elevation, the pressure
exerted on the balloon is greater than its original collection elevation, compressing the gas in the balloon.
The inverse holds true for an increase in elevation. If the balloon were to be elevated, the original cubic foot
of gas would expand because of a decrease in the atmospheric pressure at the new, higher elevation.
Because changes in atmospheric pressure affect the properties of the gas, they need to be compensated for
when modeling a system. GASCALC uses the node elevation values to calculate the atmospheric pressure
for each node. Where significant elevation changes are present in the system, the elevation for each node
should be determined and applied. Where elevation changes are not significant, an average elevation may
be determined and applied to all nodes.
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The Atmospheric Pressure values are calculated as follows.
Reference: International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement, Practical Methods
Average Pressure
The average pressure value along a pipe segment is calculated as follows.
Average Velocity
The average gas velocity through a pipe segment is calculated as follows.
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Equivalent Length
Several of the calculations included in GASCalc require the computation of an equivalent length value. As
defined here, the equivalent length is the length of pipe of a certain size that is required to produce the same
pressure drop as a given length of another size. The equivalent length is calculated as follows.
Reference: Derived
Line Volume
The amount of gas contained in a pipe segment (line volume) is calculated as follows.
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Pipe Weight
Several of the calculations included in GASCalc require the computation of a pipe segment’s weight. In these
cases the pipe weight is calculated as follows.
Reference: Derived
Reynolds Number
Many of the pipe flow and orifice flow equations use the Reynolds number as part of their calculation. The
Reynolds as calculated by GASCalc is described as follows.
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Temperature Calculations
GASCalc uses several equations to support its various temperature (thermal) calculations. These support
equations are described on the following pages.
Average Temperature
Often computations made by GASCalc require the determination of the average temperature value along a
pipe segment. When required, the average temperature is calculated as follows.
Reference: Derived
Joule-Thomson Temperature Drop
The temperature drop across regulators and along pipe segments is estimated by the following relationship.
Note that this is an approximate equation and is only valid for natural gas mixtures composed largely of
methane.
Reference: Gulf Publishing Company, Pipe Line Rules of Thumb Handbook
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Pipe Temperature Change - Overall Transfer Coefficient
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on an overall heat transfer
coefficient is calculated as follows...
Reference: CRC Press - Taylor & Francis, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics
This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by using an overall heat transfer coefficient
between the gas and the environment.
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Pipe Temperature Change - Convection
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on convection (film) heat transfer
is calculated as follows...
Reference: Derived. CRC Press - Taylor & Francis, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics. Industrial Press, Gas Engineers
Handbook.
This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by assuming that the heat transfer occurs by
convection between the flowing gas and the inner pipe wall. The pipe wall temperature is assumed to remain
constant, along the length of the pipe segment.
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Pipe Temperature Change - Convection & Conduction
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on both convection (film) and
conduction heat transfer is calculated as follows...
Reference: Derived. Pipeline And Gas Journal, May, 1974.
This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by assuming that the heat transfer occurs by
convection between the flowing gas and the pipe wall, and by conduction through the pipe wall, insulation,
and soil surrounding the pipe and insulation. The soil is only assumed to conduct through the soil to extent
of the influence zone. The influence zone is assumed to radially extend from the axis of the pipe outward to
the edge of the influence zone. The size of the influence zone is computed as the product of the influence
factor times the outside diameter. The “soil” represents the environment surrounding pipe, it doesn’t have
to be soil, it could be air or a liquid.
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Valve Equations
The equations used by GASCalc to calculate the flow and pressure drop across line valves are described on
the following pages:
Crane
The Crane valve flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Crane Technical Paper No. 410, Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Rockwell
The Rockwell valve flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference: Rockwell Publication V-117-R3, Flow Characteristics of Rockwell Plug Valves
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Appendix-Units
Supported Dimensional Units
The following table summarizes various dimensional units and conversion factors supported by GASCalc:
Unit Group Supported Types Conversion Factor

Area - Orifice and Puncture Cm sq .155
(Base Units = Inches sq) (square centimeters)
Feet sq 144
(square feet)
Inches sq 1
(square inches)
Meters sq 1550
(square meters)
mm sq .00155
(square millimeters)
Area - Other Applications Acres 43560
(Base Units = Feet sq)
Cm sq .0010765
(square centimeters)
Feet sq 1
(feet square)
Hectares 107649.6
Inches sq .0069444
(square inches)
km sq 10764961
(square kilometers)
Meters sq 10.765
(square meters)
Miles sq 27878400
(square miles)
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mm sq .000010765
(square millimeters)
Density Lbm/cf 1
(Base Units = Lbm/cf) (pound mass per cubic foot)
Kg/m3 .06243
(kilograms per cubic meter)
Depth, Diameter, Roughness Centimeter .3937
(Base Units = Inches)
Feet 12
Inches 1
Meters 39.37
Microns .00003937
Millimeter .03937
Efficiency Decimal 1
(Base Units = Decimal)
Percent .01
Energy Btu 1
(Base Units = Btu)
Hp-hours 2547
(horsepower hours)
Joules .000948
kJoules .948
(thousands of Joules)
kWatt-hours 3413
(thousands of watt hours)
MBtu 1000
(thousands of British Thermal
Units)
MJoules 948
(millions of Joules)
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MWatt-hours 3413000
(millions of watt hours)
MMBtu 1000000
(millions of British Thermal
Units)
Therms 100000
Flow Rate Cfd .041667
(Base Units = Cfh) (cubic feet per day)
Cfh 1
(cubic feet per hour)
Cfm 60
(cubic feet per minute)
Gpm 8.0208
(gallons per minute)
Liters/min 2.1186
(liters per minute)
M3/d 1.47125
(cubic meters per day)
M3/hr 35.31
(cubic meters per hour)
Mcfd 41.667
(thousands of cubic feet per day)
Mcfh 1000
(thousands of cubic feet per
hour)
MM3/d 1471.25
(thousands of cubic meters per
day)
MMcfd 41667
(millions of cubic feet per day)
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MMcfh 1000000
(millions of cubic feet per hour)
MMM3/d 1471250
(millions of cubic meters per
day)
Heating Value Btu/cf 1
(Base Units = Btu/cf) (British Thermal Units per cubic
foot)
Btu/M3 .02832
(British Thermal Units per cubic
meter)
Joules/cf .000948
(Joules per cubic foot)
Joules/M3 .00002685
(Joules per cubic meter)
kJoules/cf .948
(thousands of Joules per cubic
foot)
kJoules/M3 .02685
meter)
MBtu/cf 1000
Units per cubic foot)
MBtu/M3 .00002832
Units per cubic meter)
MJoules/M3 26.85
meter)
Length & Elevation Centimeter .03281
(Base Units = Feet)
Chains (Surveyors) 66
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Feet 1
Inches 1 / 12
Kilometers 3281
Links (Surveyors) .66
Meters 3.281
Miles 5280
Nautical Miles 6076.1
Rods 16.5
Pressure & Pressure Drop Atmosphere 14.7
(Base Units = Psi)
Bar 14.5
Feet H2O .4335
GPa 145000
(billions of Pascals)
Inches H2O .036092
(inches of water column)
Inches Hg .491154
(inches of mercury)
Kg/cm^2 14.22
(kilograms per square
centimeters)
Kg/m^2 .001422
(kilograms per square meters)
kPa .145
(thousands of Pascals)
Ksi 1000
(thousands of pounds per square
inch)
Millibar .0145
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MPa 145
(millions of Pascals)
mm H2O .001421
(millimeters of water column)
mm Hg .0193367
(millimeters pf mercury)
Osi .0625
(ounces per square inch)
Pascals .000145
Psi 1
(pounds per square inch)
Temperature Celsius ((EC + 17.78) * 1.8) + 459.67
(Base Units = Rankine)
Fahrenheit EF + 459.67
Kelvin ((EK -255.22) * 1.8) + 459.67
Rankine 1
Thermal Expansion Cm/cm-C 5/9
(Base Units = In/in-F) (centimeter per centimeter
degree Celsius)
In/in-F 1
(inches per inches degree
Fahrenheit)
mm/mm-C 5/9
(millimeter per millimeter
degree Celsius)
Viscosity Centipoise .000672
(Base Units = Lbm/ft-sec)
Lbm/ft-sec 1
(pound mass per foot second)
Lb-sec/ft^2 32.2
(pound force second per square
foot)
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Micropoise 6.72E-08
Pascal-sec .672
(Pascal second)
Velocity Feet/sec 1
(Base Units = Feet/sec) (feet per second)
kMeters/hr .9114
(kilometers per hour)
Meters/sec 3.281
(meters per second)
Miles/hr 1.4667
(miles per hour)
Volume Cf 1
(Base Units = Cf) (cubic feet)
Ccf 100
(hundreds of cubic feet)
Gallons .1337
Liters .03531
M3 35.31
(cubic meters)
Mcf 1000
(thousands of cubic feet)
MMcf 1000000
(millions of cubic feet)
Weight, Force Lbf 1
(Base Units = Lbf) (pound force)
kNewtons 224.81
(thousands of Newtons)
Newtons .22481
Tons 2000
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Weight per Unit Length Lbf/ft .0000833
(Base Units = Kips/in) (pound force per foot)
Kip/ft .08333
(thousands of pounds per foot)
Kip/in 1
(thousands of pounds per inch)
kNewton/m .00571
(thousands of Newtons per
meter)
Newton/m 5.71 E-6
(Newtons per meter)
The base units internally used by GASCalc are listed in parentheses ( ) in "Unit Group" column of the above
table. The Conversion Factors are used to convert values expressed in the associated unit, to values expressed
in the base units.
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Appendix-Tables
Predefined Property Tables
Several predefined property tables are provided with GASCalc. These lists include various properties for
fitting, pipe, regulator, relief valve, and line valve models. Two sets are created when the software is
installed. One set of tables contains values in standard US dimensional units, the other contains values in
“metric” units. Both set of tables are provided to serve a basis for building your own custom tables.
The values contained in the tables may be modified or new items may be added. The various types included
in the standard lists are described on the following pages. The data values associated with each table may
be viewed by selecting the appropriate properties edit item from the Pipe Values or Valves & Fittings menu
list.
When installed, the US tables are placed in the in the “\ini\us” subdirectory of the GASCalc program
directory (“\Program Files\GASCalc 4"), and the metric tables are placed in the in the “\ini\metric”
subdirectory of the GASCalc program directory (“\Program Files\GASCalc 4").
By using the two sets of tables, GASCalc attempts to accommodate the needs of both US and International
Users. However, GASCalc does have a particular weakness when it comes to these tables - these tables are
primarily oriented towards US manufacturers and sizes. If you do modify the property tables, or would like
us to add specific items to the tables, please forward your modifications or suggestions to us for inclusion
in the standard tables.
See the Fitting, Pipe, Regulator, Relief Valve, and line Valve Property Editor screen descriptions, for a list
of the abbreviations and their definitions as used in the standard tables.
Property Tables References
Fitting Table
References for values included in the fitting property table are listed below.
Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Volume 2, 1998

National Fire Protection Association, National Fuel Gas Code, NFPA 54-1996
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Pipe Table
References for values included in the pipe property table are listed below.
CSR Polypipe, Design & Engineering Guide For Polyethylene Piping, 1996
National Valve & Manufacturing Co, NAVCO Datalog, 1974
Regulator Table
References for values included in the regulator property table are listed below.
American Meter Company, Various Publications

Equimeter Inc, Various Publications
Fisher Controls, Various Publications
Grove Valve & Regulator Co, Various Publications
Mooney Controls, Various Publications
Rockwell International, Various Publications
Relief Valve Table
References for values included in the relief valve property table are listed below.
American Meter Company, Various Publications

Anderson, Greenwood Inc, Various Publications
Equimeter Inc, Various Publications
Fisher Controls, Various Publications
Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Volume 2, 1998
Mooney Controls, Various Publications
Rockwell International, Various Publications
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Valve Table
References for values included in the valve property table are listed below.
Crane Co, Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, And, Pipe, Technical Paper No. 410
Rockwell International, Flow Characteristics of Rockwell Valves, V-117-R3, 1979
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Glossary
Glossary
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Glossary
The following table describes many of the terms associated with the GASCalc software. If you cannot find
the term you are looking for in these definitions, please contact us and we will be glad to explain the meaning
of the confusing term.
Term Definition
Access Key Menu items and commands contain an underlined character. This character
is referred to as an access key. An access key provides short-cut to selecting
the associated command or menu item. The key is executed by holding down
the Alt key while pressing the corresponding access key (underlined
character key).
Alphanumeric Characters Refers to the group of characters ranging from A to Z, and 0 to 9. The
characters can be combined in any order.
Arrow Keys Refers to the up, down, right, and left keys on the keyboard.
Atmospheric Pressure The pressure exerted on an object by the atmosphere. Defined in the
Equations section of this manual.
Base Pressure Refers to the pressure used as the basis for stating a volume or flow rate.
Usually refers to the billing or contract pressure. Because a gas is
compressible, anytime a volume is cited, the pressure and temperature the
volume is measured at must also be cited. This pressure is referred to as the
base pressure.
Base Temperature Refers to the temperature used as the basis for stating a volume or flow rate.
Usually refers to the billing or contract temperature. Because a gas is
compressible, anytime a volume is cited, the pressure and temperature the
volume is measured at must also be cited. This temperature is referred to as
the base temperature.
Calculation File A file used to store the data associated with a calculation method.
Calculation Screen A form used to enter and display data for a calculation method.
Check Box A box used to specify an option, condition, or preference. An check mark
will appear in the box when it is selected.
Command Button A "button" used to execute a command or perform function. Command
buttons appear on data screens, reports, dialog boxes, and message boxes.
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Term Definition
Copyright Notice The first screen that appears when GASCalc is executed. Informs the User
of the Copyright status.
Cursor Refers to the screen position indicator for the keyboard. The cursor may be
positioned using the keyboard keys or mouse.
Data Field Refers to a position on a data screen which allows entry of a data value.
Data Screen A displayed form used to enter data. Also referred to as a Calculation screen.
Dialog Box A simple form used to display information or provide the User with
alternatives.
Diameter Refers to the size/type code, inside or outside diameter of a pipe segment.
Distribution Diskette Refers to the CD or diskettes which contain the source GASCalc program
files.
Dropdown List Box A list used to display and select data items. Initially the list is "collapsed"
and displays only the currently selected value. The list is activated (dropped
down) by clicking on the arrow symbol next to the box. The dimensional
units are commonly displayed using drop down list boxes.
Icon A small, simple image which is used to represent a command, function, or
program.
List Box A list of options which are selected by clicking the mouse on the desired
item. List boxes can either be permanently displayed, or may "drop down"
when selected.
Menu Item An item appearing in a pull-down menu list. Selecting a menu item causes
the associated routine or command to be executed.
Menu List A list of functional topics and commands grouped under a common heading
at the top of the main GASCalc screen (window).
Message Box A simple, displayed form that provides a warning, message, or options to the
User. The box is cleared by clicking one of its command buttons.
Mouse Pointer The marker image which is controlled by movement of the pointing device.
Option Button A circular button used to specify a condition or preference. When selected
a dot will appear within the circle.
Screen A window or form used to access various data fields. May also be referred
to as a calculation screen, data screen, form, dialog box, or window.
Scroll Bar A vertical slider that can be positioned to browse through a list or report.
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Term Definition
Tab Some calculation screens group data using containers that look similar to
tabbed file folders. The headings of this folders are referred to as tabs. Click
on a tab to display its contents.
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GASCalc 4.0 ™ Index
Index
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About GASCalc
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Acres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Add An Application
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Adding An Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Adjustm ent For Elevation
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
AGA-8
Com pressibility Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286, 287
AGA-8-Detailed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-8-Gross-1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
AGA-8-Gross-2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
AGA-Full
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
AGA-Fully Turbulent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
AGA-NX19
Com pressibility Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AGA-NX19-Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-NX19-Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-Partial
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
AGA-Partially Turbulent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
AGA-Turb
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
AGA-Turbulent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
AGA3-1985
Orifice Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
AGA3-1992
AGA3-1992
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Am erican AFV Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Am erican Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
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API 1102
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
API-520 Relief Valve
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Appendix.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Application - Adding
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Application - Deleting
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Application Lim it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Application List
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Screen Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Applications
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Arrange Icons
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Arrange W indows
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Atm osphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Atm ospheric Pressure
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 156
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Atm ospheric Pressure - Elevation
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Atm ospheric Pressure - Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Average Pressure
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Average Tem perature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Average Velocity
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Base Conditions
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 159
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Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Base Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 159
Base Tem perature
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 159
Bending Stress
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Blowdown
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205, 207, 209, 211
Blowdown Tim e
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Btu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Btu/cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Btu/M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Buoyancy
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Calculate Properties
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Calculation File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 174
Calculation Screen
Application Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Atm ospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Base Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Blowdown Tim e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Buoyancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 45
Com pressibility Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Delete An Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Energy Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
External Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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File Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fitting Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Fitting Values.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Gas Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Gas Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Hoop Stress.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Message Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Notes Editor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Num ber Of Decim als. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Orifice Meter Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Path Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Piping Com ponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 83, 88
Plastic Pipe Design Form ula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Pressure Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Pressure, Volum e, Tem perature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Print Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Regulator & Monitor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Regulator & Relief System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Regulator Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Regulator Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Regulator, Relief & Valve Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Relief Valve & Piping System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Relief Valve Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Relief Valve Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Steel Pipe Design Form ula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Therm al Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Unit Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Valve Properties Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Valve Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Calculation Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Negotiating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ccf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Celsius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Centim eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 348
Centipoise.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Cfd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Cfh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Cfm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Chains (Surveyors).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
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Check & Match Lim its

Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Choke Factor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Cm sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Cm /cm -C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Colebrook
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Com m and
Executing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Com pressibility
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Com pressibility - NX19
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Com pressibility Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Com pressibility Factor
Contact Inform ation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Convection & Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Copyright
W arning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Cox
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Crane Valve
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Crossing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 165, 169
Dam aged Line

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Darcy-W eisbach
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Data Files
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Decim al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Decim al Place Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Decim al Places
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Deleting An Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 211, 213, 233, 268
Dim ensional Units
International.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Notes On Using. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Supported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Edit Fitting Properties

Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Edit Pipe Properties
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Edit Regulator Properties
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Edit Relief Valve Properties
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Edit Valve Properties
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Efficiency
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Elapsed Tim e
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Elevation
Adjustm ent Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Atm ospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Em ail Address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Energy Conversion
Energy Conversions
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Adjustm ent For Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
AGA-8-Detailed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-8-Gross-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Bradley B. Bean, PE
370
AGA-8-Gross-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
AGA-Full. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
AGA-NX19-Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-NX19-Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
AGA-Partial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
AGA-Turbulent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
AGA3-1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
AGA3-1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Am erican AFV Regulator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Am erican Regulator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
API-520 Relief Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Application Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Atm ospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Average Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Average Tem perature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Average Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Blowdown Tim e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Buoyancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Colebrook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Com pressibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Convection & Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Cox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Crane Valve.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Darcy-W eisbach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Equim eter Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Equim eter Relief Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Equivalent Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
External Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333, 334
Fisher Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326, 331
Flow Through Puncture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Gas Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
GPSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Grove 80 Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Grove 900 Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Heating Value - GPA 2172. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Heating Value - GPSA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Hoop Stress.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
IAPMO-HP.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
IAPMO-LP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
IGE3-LP.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-312
Bradley B. Bean, PE
371
IMC-HP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
ISA-S75.01 Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
ISO 5167. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Joule-Thom son Tem perature Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Line Volum e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Meter Pressure Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Meter Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Miscellaneous Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Mooney Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Mueller-HP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Mueller-LP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Oliphant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Orifice Meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Overall Heat Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Panhandle-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Panhandle-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Pipe Flow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Pipe W eight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Pole-LP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Pressure, Volum e, Tem perature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Recom m endations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Reynolds Num ber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Rockwell Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Rockwell Relief Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Specific Gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Specific Heat Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Spitzglass-HP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Spitzglass-LP.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Steel Pipe Design Form ula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Stress Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Therm al Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303, 335
Valve, Rockwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
W eym outh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Equim eter Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Equim eter Relief Valve
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Equivalent Length
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Bradley B. Bean, PE
372
Exam ple
Application - Adding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Application - Deleting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Atm ospheric Pressure - Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Atm ospheric Pressure - Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Base Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Base Conditions - Using Gas Properties File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Buoyancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Com pressibility - NX19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Energy Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
External Loading - API 1102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
External Loading – GPTC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
File Handling - Default Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
File Handling - Retrieving A Calculation File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
File Handling - Saving A Calculation File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
First Calculation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fitting Values - Pressure Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Gas Loss From Dam age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Gas Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Hoop Stress - Outside Diam eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Hoop Stress - Stress Value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Hoop Stress – Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Hoop Stress – W all Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Initialization Files - Setting Path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Orifice Meter - Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Orifice Meter - Orifice Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Orifice Meter - Pressure Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Orifice Meter - Using AGA3-1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Orifice Meter - Using ISO-5167. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Pipe Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Pipe Blowdown - Choke Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Pipe Blowdown - Elapsed Tim e.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Pipe Blowdown - Initial Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Pipe Blowdown - Stack Diam eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Pipe Flow - Diam eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Pipe Flow - Downstream Tem perature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Pipe Flow - End Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Pipe Flow - Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Pipe Flow - Multiple Segm ents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Pipe Flow - W ith Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Pipe Flow – Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
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Pipe Flow – Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Pipe Flow – Roughness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Plastic Pipe Design - Hydrostatic Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Plastic Pipe Design - W all Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Plastic Pipe Design – Diam eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Plastic Pipe Design – Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Pressure Factor - Metered Volum e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Pressure Factor – Adjusted Volum e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Pressure, Volum e & Tem perature Values.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Printing Calculation Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Property Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Regulator - Sizing Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Regulator - W ith Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Regulator - W ith Relief Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Relief Valve - Pressures For A System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Relief Valve - Sizing Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Relief Valve – Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Service Line.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Setting Decim al Places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Steel Pipe Design - Design Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Steel Pipe Design - Diam eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Steel Pipe Design - W all Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Steel Pipe Design – SMYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Therm al Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Unit Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Valve Values - Pressure Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Valve Values - Sizing Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Exam ple Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exam ples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Executing GASCalc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
External Loading.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333, 334
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
External Loading – GPTC
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
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Fahrenheit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Fax Num ber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 349
Feet H2O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Feet sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Feet/sec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172-174
File Handling - Default Directory
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
File Handling - Retrieving A Calculation File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
File Handling - Saving A Calculation File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
File Selection
First Calculation Exam ple.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fisher Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326, 331
Fitting
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 231
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Fitting Properties Editor
Fitting Values
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fitting Values - Pressure Drop
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Flow Rate
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 199, 201, 222, 259
Flow Through Puncture
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Gallons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Gas Loss
Bradley B. Bean, PE
375
Gas Loss From Dam age

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Gas Properties
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Gas Properties File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Gas Property Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
General Inform ation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
GPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
GPA 2172
Heating Value Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Gpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
GPSA
Com pressibility Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Heating Value Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Grove Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329
Guarantee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Hardware Requirem ents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Heating Value
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Heating Value - GPSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Hectares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Help
Contacting Us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Getting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Using. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Help Contents
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Highway Crossing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Hoop Stress
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 185, 187, 189
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Hoop Stress - Outside Diam eter

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Hoop Stress - Stress Value
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Hoop Stress – Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Hoop Stress – W all Thickness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Hp-hours.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Hydrostatic Strength
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
IAPMO-HP
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
IAPMO-LP
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
IGE3 - Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
IGE3 - Medium Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
IGE3-LP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
IGE3-MP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
IGT-Im proved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
IMC-High Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
IMC-HP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
IMC-Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
IMC-LP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
In/in-F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 349
Inches H2O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Inches HG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Inches sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Bradley B. Bean, PE
377
Initialization Files
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Initialization Files - Setting Path
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Installing The Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
International Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ISA-S75.01 Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
ISO 5167
ISO-5167
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Joule-Thom son Tem perature Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Joules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Joules/cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Joules/M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Kelvin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Kg/cm ^2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Kg/m ^2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Kg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Kilom eters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Kip/ft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Kip/in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
kJoules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
kJoules/cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
kJoules/M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
km sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
kMeters/hr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
kNewton/m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
kNewtons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
kPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Ksi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
kW att-hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Lb-sec/ft^2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Lbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Lbf/ft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Lbm /cf.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Bradley B. Bean, PE
378
Lbm /ft-sec.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Length
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
License Agreem ent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Line Volum e
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Links (Surveyors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Liters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Liters/m in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Lost Gas
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
M3/d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
M3/hr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MBtu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
MBtu/cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
MBtu/M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Mcf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Mcfd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Mcfh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Menu
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Gas Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Using. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Valves & Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
W indow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Message Boxes
Meter Pressure Factor
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Meter Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 349
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bradley B. Bean, PE
379
Meters sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Meters/sec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Metric Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Microns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Micropoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Miles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Miles sq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Miles/hr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Millibar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Millim eter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Miscellaneous Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
MJoules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
MJoules/M3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
m m H2O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
m m Hg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
m m sq.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
m m /m m -C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
MM3/d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MMBtu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MMcf.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
MMcfd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MMcfh.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
MMM3/d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Monitor R
e gulator
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Mooney Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Mueller High Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Mueller Low Pressure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Mueller-H
P
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Mueller-LP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Multiple Pipe Segm ents
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Nautical Miles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Newton/m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Newtons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Notes
For International Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Oliphant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Online Help
Using. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Orifice Flow
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Orifice Meter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 195, 197, 199, 201
Orifice Meter - Flow Rate
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Orifice Meter - Orifice Size
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Orifice Meter - Pressure Differential
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Orifice Meter - Using AGA3-1992
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Orifice Meter - Using ISO-5167
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Orifice Meter Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Orifice Size
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Osi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Overall Heat Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
P, V, T
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Panhandle-A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Panhandle-B
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Pascal-sec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Pascals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Path
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 191
Path Specification
Paths
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Pipe
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pipe And Fittings
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Pipe Bending Stress
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Pipe Blowdown - Choke Factor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Pipe Blowdown - Elapsed Tim e
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Pipe Blowdown - Initial Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Pipe Blowdown - Stack Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Pipe Flow
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 215, 217, 220, 222, 224, 226, 229, 231
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pipe Flow - Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Pipe Flow - Downstream Tem perature
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Pipe Flow - End Pressures
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Pipe Flow - Flow Rate
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Pipe Flow - Multiple Segm ents
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Pipe Flow - W ith Fittings
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Pipe Flow Equation Recom m endations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Pipe Flow Equation Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Pipe Flow Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
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Pipe Flow – Efficiency

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Pipe Flow – Roughness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Pipe Properties Editor
Pipe W eight
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Piping Com ponents
Plastic Pipe Design
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233-236
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Plastic Pipe Design - Hydrostatic Strength
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Plastic Pipe Design - W all Thickness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Plastic Pipe Design Form ula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Plastic Pipe Design – Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Plastic Pipe Design – Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Pole Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320, 323
Pole-LP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Preferences
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156, 175, 185, 197, 209, 220, 235, 241, 246, 261, 270
Pressure Differential
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Pressure Drop
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 220, 226, 231, 279
Pressure Factor
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 239
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pressure Factor - Metered Volum e
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Bradley B. Bean, PE
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Pressure Factor – Adjusted Volum e

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Pressure, Volum e & Tem perature Values
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Pressure, Volum e, Tem perature
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Printing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Property Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353-355
Psi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
PVT
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Railroad Crossing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Rankine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Regulator
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 251, 254
Regulator - Sizing Factor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Regulator - W ith Monitor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Regulator - W ith Relief Valve
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Regulator & Monitor System
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Regulator & Relief System
Screen Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Regulator & Relief Valve System
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Regulator Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Regulator Properties Editor
Bradley B. Bean, PE
384
Regulator Values
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Regulator, Relief & Valve Specification
Release Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Relief Valve
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 259, 261, 264
Relief Valve - Pressures For A System
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Relief Valve - Sizing Factor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Relief Valve & Piping System
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Relief Valve Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Relief Valve Properties Editor
Relief Valve Values
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Relief Valve – Flow Rate
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Rem oving The Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Requirem ents
Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Retrieving A Calculation File
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Reynolds Num ber
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
River Crossing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Rockwell Regulator
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Rockwell Relief Valve
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Rods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Roughness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Bradley B. Bean, PE
385
Saving A Calculation File

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Screens
Negotiating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Service Line
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Set Base Conditions
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Setting Decim al Places
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Share Data Between Screens
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Show Tooltips
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sizing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 205, 211, 213, 251, 264, 281
SMYS
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Software
Executing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Installing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Rem oving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Software Requirem ents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Specific Gravity
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 181
Specific Heat Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 181
Spitzglass High Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Spitzglass Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320, 323
Spitzglass-HP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Spitzglass-LP
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Stack Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Bradley B. Bean, PE
386
Steel Pipe Design

Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268, 270, 272, 274
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Steel Pipe Design - Design Pressure
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Steel Pipe Design - Diam eter
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Steel Pipe Design - W all Thickness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Steel Pipe Design Form ula.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Steel Pipe Design – SMYS
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Stress
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 169, 187, 203
Stress Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Technical Support.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Telephone Num ber.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tem perature
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 241
Tem perature Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Convection & Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Overall Heat Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Therm al Expansion
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Therm s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Thickness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 236, 274
Tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Tradem ark Notice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Unit Conversions
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bradley B. Bean, PE
387
Using Help
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Utilities
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Valve
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 281
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Valve Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Valve Properties Editor
Valve Values
Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Valve Values - Pressure Drop
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Valve Values - Sizing Factor
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Valves & Fittings
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Velocity
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 181
Volum e
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 201, 237, 239, 241
Wall Thickness
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 236, 274
W ater Crossing
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
W eighting
Exam ple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
W eym outh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Discussed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Bradley B. Bean, PE
388
W indow
Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Bradley B. Bean, PE
389

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GASCalc 4.

General User Interface Features…

New Calculation Features…

Pipe Flow - End Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Pipe Flow Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Item Minimum Requirements Recommended Options

GASCalc requires the Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0 or newer to operate.

Installing The Software

Removing The Software

To remove (uninstall) the GASCalc software.

' A message will appear when the removal is complete.

' The GASCalc Copyright Notice will appear - click the

' To perform a calculation, choose the associated calculation

Using Online Help

Using The Menu

Negotiating Calculation Screens

Setting The Number Of Displayed Decimals

By Mail - You may write to us at:

By Fax – You may fax us at (719) 578-9394

By Email – You may email us at help@b3pe.com.

Notes For International Users

Notes On Dimensional Units

Performing Your First Calculation

1) Setting Base Conditions…

2) Performing The Calculation...

' Enter the following data values.

Gas Properties Menu List

P, V, T – Calculates pressure, volume, and temperature values between two conditions.

Compressibility – Calculates the compressibility, supercompressibility, and density of a gas

Meters Menu List

Pipe Menu List

Bending Stress – Calculates stress values associated with a pipe span.

Valves & Fittings Menu List

Relief Values Screen Description

Utilities Menu List

Unit Conversions – Calculates dimensional equivalent for a User specified value.

Applications Menu List

Add An Application – Allows an application to be added to the application list.

Delete An Application – Allows an application to be removed from the application list.

Window Menu List

Help Menu List

Technical Support – Displays contact information for reaching us.

About GASCalc – Displays various information about the GASCalc program.

Exit Menu Item

' The supported end conditions are described below.

Check & Match Limits

Pipe Data Items...

Trench/Bore Data Items...

Crossing Data Items...

Fitting Properties Editor

Supply 1 Data Items...

Break Data Items...

Calculated Supply 1 Items...

Calculated Break Items...

Calculated Supply 2 Items...

Orifice Meter Values

Pipe Data Items...

Fitting Data Items...

Pipe Data Items...

Fitting Data Items...

Heat Loss/Gain Data Items...

Pipe Properties Editor

Plastic Pipe Design Formula