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Energy Reports 9 (2023) 402–410

www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

2022 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering (CPESE 2022),
Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, 9–11 September 2022

SCADA based intake monitoring for improving energy management

plan: Case study
C. Rohmingtluangaa ,∗, Subir Dattaa , Nidul Sinhab , Taha Selim Ustunc ,∗
a Department of Electrical Engineering, Mizoram University, Aizawl Mizoram 796004, India
b Department of Electrical Engineering NIT Silchar Assam, 788010, India
c Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), Koriyama 963-0298, Japan

Received 25 October 2022; accepted 2 November 2022

Available online xxxx

Abstract
Intake is one of the most important pumping stations in water treatment plant (WTP) and greatly effects the overall plant
efficiency. Intake mainly consist of high-tension (HT) motor pump such as vertical turbine pump and submersible pump. The
required power supply for intake is generally fed from the main grid through distribution company/department. At the same
time, high operational cost of the diesel generator (DG) power back up source results in a huge burden. Also, internet of things
(IoT) and Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based system is widely used nowadays. Therefore, study regarding
monitoring strategies of intake is very important and is rarely to be found. In this paper, monitoring strategies of Greater Aizawl
Water Supply Schemes phase II is studied. The main objectives are; to study and analyze pump energy consumption (viz. Feeder
Current, Frequency etc.); to implement ladder logic for monitoring energy parameters using MOVEREAL. The study shows
monitoring of intake energy parameters as well as the feeding substation, showing that SCADA can be efficiently used as an
energy management plan.
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE,
2022.

Keywords: SCADA; Intake; Power supply; Energy management; Ladder logic

1. Introduction
Incorporation of SCADA solves many problems encountered during operation and maintenance of complex
systems [1,2]. Monitoring and control of every step of operation increases efficiency and allows for better energy
management [3–5]. Recently, water and energy nexus has been the focus of efforts for increasing sustainability [6].
The Intake structure (first stage water pumping) plays a very important role in water treatment plant and it must be
monitored closely so as to avoid complications due to pumping of seasonally varying raw water from the source. In
take structures are classified under three categories: based on source type; river, canal, reservoir and lake; based on
∗ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: mzu106937@mzu.edu.in (C. Rohmingtluanga), selim.ustun@aist.go.jp (T.S. Ustun).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.037
2352-4847/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering,
CPESE, 2022.
C. Rohmingtluanga, S. Datta, N. Sinha et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 402–410

intake position; submerged and exposed; based on water presence wet and dry. Generally, intake tower is constructed
to have a vertical tubular structure consisting single or multiple number of openings for raw water inlet from the
source such as river, reservoirs etc. [7]. The design and construction of Intake is different with different regions,
generally it is constructed near the water source such as river, reservoir and lake etc., the intake convey raw water
to the water treatment plant (WTP) for filtration process, the water treatment plant pumps the treated water further
to the main reservoir through intermediate pumping stations (IPS), sometimes also called as a booster [8].
The power requirement of each pumping stages is fed by raw power supply from Power end electricity
department, the power requirement depends on the plant design such as pump data and head loss calculations.
Unlike other industries/plant majority of the electrical power is consumed under high tension (HT) category where
careful monitoring is required. Apart from this, monitoring of water quality such as salinity, turbidity and pH etc.
is also done for analyzing raw and treated water quality/quantity. Mostly, it is done manually through laboratory by
collecting raw and treated water sample. However, nowadays online monitoring using electronic sensor has been
implemented in many treatment plants, this could replace conventional Laboratory practice [9].
Therefore, in order to improve current practices and challenges being faced in water treatment industries such
as, training issues, bacterial control, poor monitoring and record keeping, equipment design and specification,
maintenance problems etc. Use of latest technology such as SCADA system is very important. Also, due to
flexibility and robustness, SCADA has been widely used in many countries for different applications such as
renewable energy, electric vehicles and microgrid controllers [10–15]. Extensive communication has become popular
in SCADA systems so that researchers are focusing on potential cybersecurity issues and their mitigations such as
message integrity [16,17], confidentiality [18,19], authentication [20–22] as well as overall system security solutions
[23–25]. Consequently, study and research on developing such a system for water intake systems is very important
as SCADA offers a very large field of applications [26].
The main objectives of this paper are to study SCADA system for Intake Jack-well and monitoring of energy
parameters, implement ladder logic and review the results of intake jack well in Aizawl (capital of Mizoram, India)
water treatment plant for different cases and discuss challenges being faced including issues and future scopes.
This paper has been organized as follows: Intake Jack-well operation is discussed in Section 2, and Power supply
concept is discussed in Section 3, in Section 4 SCADA system is discussed, followed by case study of GAWSS
phase II is Section 5, Finally conclusions are drawn in Section 6.

2. Intake Jack-Well operation

Normally, Intake structure of the water treatment plant is located at the river source so as to draw maximum
water available throughout the year, at the same time it should be located at a safe distance to withstand floods and
other natural calamities. Intake collects the raw water and further pumped to the water treatment plant for filtration.
One of the most commonly used intake structures is Jack-well type Intake structure and it is generally cylindrical in
shape [27]. Selection of the right intake structure plays a very important role in design and implementation of the
water treatment plant. Also, Design of Jack-well capacity and pump capacity depends on design of water treatment
plant.
The jack-well intake structure consists of underground/under water structure for collecting raw water from the
source. The height of the Jack-well is governed by the location of the pump and high flood level. Generally, the
top of the jack-well should be 1.0 meter above the high flood level or 0.3 m above ground level whichever is more.
Pump house located on top of the structure consist of pump, blower and electrical panels etc., the pump can be either
submersible type or vertical turbine type [28,29]. Based on availability and requirement of water, the operation of
the pump is generally done through single, double and triple combination so as to pump maximum water at the
reservoir. Based on availability of water level at source, the operating hours of the pump is generally set for a single
day or more. The operating combination of different seasons considering hours/ day for a typical three VT pump
is shown in Table 1. Each pump of the jack-well intake is operated through PLC and electrical panel by local or
remote through SCADA.

3. Power supply
The power supply system consists of the following four major components, such as raw power supply (from the
grid), Power backup (DG), Control and relay panels, law tension (LT) and high tension (HT) loads. Intake receives
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Table 1. Typical pump operation of intake.

Sl. No. Pump combination Working hours/day Proposed season
1 Single (1 pump) 8,12,24 h/day etc. Dry season
2 Double (1&2,2&3,3&1) 8,12 h/day etc. Normal season
3 Triple (1&2&3) 4,8,12 h/day Rainy season

power supply from the grid through certain voltage level such as 33/11 kV Substation consisting of switchgear
equipment such as lightning arrester (LA), current transformer (CT), potential transformer (PT), circuit breaker
(VCB/SF6 ) etc. and stepped down 33 kV feeding voltage from the source to 11 kV by using step-down power
transformer, the output of the transformer is fed to HT load (i.e. 11 kV Pump motors through 11 kV HT panel).
Similarly, auxiliary transformer feeds auxiliary LT loads through LT panels. Further, important device such as
HT and LT motor starter and automatic power factor corrector panel (APFC) are also normally used for smooth
functioning of the power system [30–32].
The control and numerical relay panel linked with the SCADA system are used to monitor and control the
switchyard equipment such as CT, PT and Breaker etc. Similarly, HT and LT side of the transformer are protected
through temperature control, Earth fault, Buchholz relay etc. In a typical High Tension (HT) panel for intake power
supply system, two HT incomers i.e. incomer 1 (from the grid) and incomer 2 (from DG) feed the panel and the
load through SCADA interlink. Also, the bus interlocking system isolate the two sources to avoid unwanted dual
operation during switching and normal operational period.

4. SCADA system
SCADA system is a computer-based control system mostly used in industry and energy systems [33–36]. SCADA
collect, analyze and processes data from different field equipment and offers efficient and desired output of the
plant. A typical SCADA system architecture has the following general components, (a) Central SCADA station,
(b) SCADA Communication media, (c) HMI/PLC and RTU, (d) Field instruments apart from this Ladder Logic is
commonly used for programming of PLC SCADA system [37].

4.1. SCADA architecture of intake jack-well

To understand the basic working principle SCADA system, a typical SCADA architecture for intake (jack-well)
is shown in Fig. 1. The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) compute and control the process flow of the system
as per the set of instructions given by the user through program. The input and output signal of the PLC are linked
with field equipment such as pressure transmitter, level transmitter, flow transmitter, energy meter, analyzer panel
etc. and other SCADA components. The human machine interface (HMI) provides platform for human (user) and
machine direct interface through touch screen and push buttons. Generally online UPS with battery is also provided
to ascertain power reliability and backup during power failure. GSM/GPRS and optical fiber media are used for
communication media within the SCADA station.

4.2. Ladder logic

Ladder logic for equipment data mapping and monitoring of energy consumption is implemented in PLC using
MOVE REAL block and the ladder logic input data of energy meter such as Frequency, phase voltage, Line currents,
Active power etc. are collected from input port such as W00372, W00308, W00318, W00348, etc. as per the assigned
tag names/ numbers given for each data. These real time data are fed to the corresponding PLC and computer located
at SCADA station for monitoring and operation of the system. Port allocation of PLC with the corresponding field
equipment as mentioned above is shown in Table 2. Similarly, energy data of the feeding substation, such as line and
phase current, active power, reactive power, apparent power, phase voltage, power factor and frequency are being
fetched to PLC. The same concept can be followed for monitoring and control of SCADA system using ladder
logic in other treatment plant.
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Fig. 1. Intake SCADA architecture.

Table 2. Port allocation of PLC.

Sl. No. Port (in) Port allocation
1 Magnetic Flow meter
1.1 W00003 Flow meter 1 Flow rate
1.2 W00005 Flow meter 1 Totalizer
1.3 W00013 Flow meter 2 Flow rate
1.4 W00015 Flow meter 2 Totalizer
2 Energy meter
2.1 W00314 R Phase line current
2.2 W00316 Y Phase line current
2.3 W00318 B Phase line current
2.4 W00322 R Phase active current
2.5 W00324 Y Phase active current
2.6 W00326 B Phase active current
2.7 W00348 Active power
2.8 W00356 Reactive power
2.9 W00364 Apparent power
2.10 W00308 R Phase voltage
2.11 W00310 Y Phase voltage
2.12 W00312 B Phase voltage
2.13 W00340 Power factor
2.14 W00372 Frequency
3 Pump mapping
3.1 100001 Auto feedback pump 1
3.2 100002 Auto feedback pump 2

5. Case study
In order to understand the concept of monitoring using SCADA system, case study of Intake Jack-well for Greater
Aizawl Water Supply Schemes (GAWSS) phase II (Aizawl Water supply system in India) has been done. Real time
data collected from Intake of GAWSS phase II for 24 h are discussed and shown in this section, the observations
are drawn from analyzing daily report of a particular sensor data (i.e. energy meter). CIMPLICITY 10.0 software
is used to develop ladder logic for the SCADA system.
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Fig. 2. Intake energy meter reading.

Table 3. Intake energy meter reading vs time.

Time Pump-1 line Active power pf RPh to neutral YPh to neutral BPh to neutral Frequency
current (A) (KW) voltage (V) voltage (V) voltage (V) Hz
00:00 378.232 189.248 0.701 431.308 434.021 430.516 50.01
01:00 378.944 189.220 0.696 433.055 435.549 432.312 50.07
02:00 380.167 189.310 0.695 433.174 435.657 432.371 50.04
03:00 380.196 189.280 0.692 434.280 436.751 433.541 49.99
04:00 381.022 190.402 0.694 434.459 436.986 433.678 50.06
05:00 379.256 189.137 0.693 433.661 436.155 432.944 50.00
06:00 374.710 188.687 0.706 429.411 432.193 428.864 50.02
07:00 375.420 190.375 0.745 414.730 417.803 414.025 50.01
08:00 256.668 128.779 0.740 420.708 423.931 419.455 50.06
09:00 253.540 127.320 0.716 427.399 430.089 426.231 49.98
10:00 381.471 191.717 0.723 422.521 424.918 421.314 50.00
11:00 370.523 189.896 0.740 417.003 419.468 416.007 50.06
12:00 362.909 187.563 0.739 417.799 420.434 416.805 49.98
13:00 364.637 188.687 0.737 420.257 422.801 419.161 50.10
14:00 368.119 189.373 0.734 421.694 424.185 420.732 50.10
15:00 367.710 189.726 0.743 418.548 420.975 417.414 50.09
16:00 366.595 189.519 0.749 416.160 418.818 415.243 50.14
17:00 373.166 191.322 0.767 410.384 412.927 409.211 50.13
18:00 373.657 192.056 0.758 411.812 414.608 410.758 50.02
19:00 371.195 190.321 0.755 411.967 414.801 410.925 50.00
20:00 373.236 191.058 0.745 416.896 419.428 415.592 50.08
21:00 373.663 190.195 0.735 419.172 421.798 418.034 50.10
22:00 380.126 192.035 0.717 427.436 430.255 426.302 50.03
23:00 380.655 192.339 0.716 427.711 430.227 426.411 50.04

The energy meter reading of intake jack-well for a period of 24-h cycle is shown in Table 3. The graphical
representation of the same is shown in Fig. 2. From the figure we can see the behavior of the line current (A),
active power (kW), power factor, line voltage (V) and frequency (Hz) etc. drawn from the SCADA station for a
particular day. Droop in the graph i.e. from 7:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M. is due to switching/scheduling of the pump. In
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Fig. 3. 132 kV Substation feeder Vs time.

Fig. 4. 33 kV feeder I Vs time.

line with this, the daily report curve and alarm settings of each water quality and water quantity can be implemented
as per user requirement. This gives freedom to analyze each and every data for monitoring various water parameters
as well as power parameters for the water supply system.
Data collected for the substation feeders are discussed in this section. Monitoring of the feeder substation
parameters such as voltage, phase currents, frequency, real and reactive power, power factor etc. are shown in
Figs. 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Similar to the 132/33 kV power substation incomer, feeder energy meter readings
shown in the previous section, data collected from the incoming 132 kV line and 33 kV outgoing feeder I and
II are plot against time for 24 h. Droop in the graphs is due to transition of scheduling from dual–single–dual or
triple–dual–triple operation of the pump. Here, only one or two pumps are normally operated to optimize pumping
schedule. Pumps are operated in single mode from 1:00 P.M. to 9:00 P.M. and in dual operation mode for the rest
of the day. The operating hours depend operated in single mode from 1:00 P.M. to 9:00 P.M. and in dual operation
mode for the rest of the day. The operating hours depend on various factors such as health of the pump, seasons,
load demand and availability of water.
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Fig. 5. 33 kV feeder II vs time.

6. Conclusions

Monitoring of Intake system is an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of Water Treatment plant.
Real time data collected from SCADA i.e. Energy meter readings of Intake as well as substation incomer and
outgoing feeder shows improvement in SCADA systems. It is estimated that Incorporation of SCADA would have
improved the overall efficiency as well as reduce the operation cost i.e. around 30%–40% reduction of expenses
compared to the non-SCADA station. Data collected from all sensors are stored in local server located at SCADA
stations and corresponding reports can be generated by operators at the desired day and time. Therefore, using these
data from various stations study regarding future water management plan as well as energy management plan can
be done which will greatly improve the water supply system.
The main disadvantage observed from the study system is the requirement of skilled engineers and technically
equipped manpower to quickly attend any hick ups and unforeseen technical issues which may arise anytime during
operation and maintenance. Also, technically sound/well-versed operators are required to maintain record keepings
and to attend alarm systems for monitoring the SCADA system. Moreover, one of the drawbacks of the SCADA
system is data lost due to internet issues and optical fiber issues especially observed in the study region located
near the river which is hilly and remote from the city where internet connectivity is provided. However, this can be
improved by providing GSM/GPRS modem and provision of better route for internet connectivity. Also, deployment
of skilled and efficient field staffs for handling of technical issues and reports for carrying out of periodic operation
and maintenance will greatly improve the reliability and efficiency as well as lifetime of the equipment. Further,
online web based and mobile application can also be developed for the system so as to provide platform for
monitoring from any locations, this will provide access for smart solutions and rapid response for any issues.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

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