3RD GRADING- PHYSICS
Potential difference- the work done to move positive
CHARGED+ NOT CHARGED= ATTRACT
CHARGED+ CHARGED= REPEL
Charges: Neutral- has equal amount of protons and
electrons.
Positive- more protons
Negative- more electrons
Charging by conduction- transfer of electron by direct
contact.
Charging by induction- electrons can react to the electric
field of a charged object without touching the object
itself.
Only negative charge can move.
Electric charge- the amount of charge that is on or
carried by a particle determines how the particle reacts
to electric fields.
Static electricity- an electrical charge caused by an
imbalance of electrons on the surface of material.
Electrostatics- the study of electric charges, forces, and
fields.
Coulomb’s law- two charged objects attract each other
with a force that is proportional to the charge on the
objects and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance.
Electric field- a region around a charged particle or
object within a force would be exerted on other charge
particles or objects.
The strength of electric field is operationally defined as
the ratio of the electric force.
Electric flux- the amount of electric field penetrating a
surface area.
-this is the total number of electric field lines passing a
given area.
Surface area=total area
Gauss’s law- the total electric flux through any closed
surface is proportional to the total (net) electric charge
inside the surface.
test charge from one location to another.
Capacitor- a device used to store electric charge and
electrical energy.
-total charge stored is zero
-stores charges
It consists of two conducting objects (usually plates or
sheets) separated by some distance.
Simple capacitor- consists of two parallel metal plates
separated by a small distance.
If the battery voltage is increased, the number of
charges stored in the plates also increase.
Law of Conservation of Energy- energy cannot be
created or destroyed but may only change form.
Conductors- materials that allow the easy flow of
electrons.
Insulators- material that do not allow the easy flow of
electrons.
Current- rate of flow of charge
Circuit- complete path for the electrons to follow as they
flow, if the path is not complete, there can be no flow
between points.
Short circuit- a circuit which contains little or no
resistance.
The faster the movement of electron, the higher the
current.
Large current= many charges flowing
Small current= few charges flowing
The flow of electrons is slowed down by any number of
factors:
1.Materials- what the electrons are moving through.
2.Temperature- how warm or cold the materials are.
3.Length- how far the electrons need to move.
4.Cross-section- how wide the area is the electrons are
trying to move.
Electromotive force (EMF)- source of the electric current
in every circuit.
-a charge pump
Ex. Batteries and generators

3 types of electric circuits:

1. Series circuits- there is a single conducting path
without junctions for electricity to flow.
2. Parallel circuits- where components are connected
across common points and provides separate
conducting paths for electricity to flow.
3. Complex circuits- with other segments being in series
and other segments being in parallel to take advantage
of the benefits of both.

Resistor- device that offers resistance to flow of charge.