GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Charging by conduction - a body
Module 1: Electric Charges
Protons - are positively charged subatomic
particles
Electrons - are negatively charged
subatomic particles
Neutrons - have no charge or are
electrically neutral subatomic particles
Electric Charge - determines the electric
interaction and magnetic interaction between
subatomic particles and other charged
particles
Law of Charges - like charges repel each
other, and unlike charges attract each other
Cation - positive ions (more protons than
electrons)
Anion - negative ions (more electrons than
protons)
1 coulomb = 6.242 x 10 ^18 e
Conductors - are materials that allow
electrical charges to move from one material
to another
1. Charging by rubbing - an
electrically neutral body can gain a
charge by rubbing or friction.
a. Triboelectric series - a list of
common materials that were
experimented on and found to
behave in a predictable way.
2.
can be electrically charged through
conduction.
3. Charging by induction - another
method of electrically charging a
body is through induction.
a. Induced charges - the
negative charges at the right
side of the tin can
b. Grounding - charging an
object by induction may also
occur through this process
Polarization - is the process wherein an
electrically neutral body becomes polar by
the rearrangement of its molecules
Point dipoles - refer to atoms bearing a
positive side and a negative side
Molecular dipoles - a type of dipole that
involves a molecule having a negatively
charged side and a positively charged side
Instantaneous / Temporary Dipole - is an
atom or a molecule with most of its negative
charges shifted only to one side as a result of
their random movement
Module 2: Electrostatic Force, Electric
Field, and Electric Flux
Electrostatic Force - cause of the attraction
and repulsion between electric charges, this
can be computed using Coulomb’s Law for Electric Flux - measurement of the flow of
electrostatics an electric field through a given area
Coulomb’s Law - can be seen as a variation Gauss’ Law - states that the electric flux
of Newton’s law of universal gravitation. It through any closed surface is equal to the
states that an electrostatic force is directly net charge inside the surface divided by the
proportional to the product of the charges permittivity of free space
and is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between the two charges,
Superposition principle - addition of forces
applied on a body, the overall effect or net
effect of the presence of electric charges in a
given system is equal to the individual
effects of each pair of charges in the system
Electric Field - area or field around a
charge where the electrostatic force is
experienced
Test charge - a single charge whose
behavior is measured or determined based
on the presence of external factors or stimuli
Source charge - is the charge from where
the electric field comes from
Electric field lines - electric field can be
graphically represented using this, the
density or thickness of these lines is directly
proportional to the strength of the electric
field at any region in space.
● Positive charges have field lines
drawn from them
● Negative charges have field lines
drawn to them