TITLE I CONTRACTS (Arts, 1305-1422, Civil Code) Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ART 1905. A contact Is @ meeting of minds botwoen two persons whereby one binds himsctt with respect othe other, to lve something or Tender some service (1254), Homey Biaetas yo oat emphasis on the meeting of minds between to enn zo cotchmanmogeyres mei i ees erect eh gee ee recent tees eee Sens etal cinta ening, pears Number of parties toa contract (0 Inacontac thee st be at est @) pene eres beets impor ne toconet Wh Na Asingleperson may ate aconsacty hms vie eprint irs eg fom ad tet wt forth he acs gn For camp I lage) ha et ae | cnet notes “ . wy Pino a0 td ng pagar econ tm hint i and obligation dstinguished eon othe tures ety atactioneo ons An can, oblation te pl twee Oe agitate ce, there can Be no cont f this go aS au fr Se te fot a ee sian ay ent witout na sah sie Tw to psy tes and potent dpsed anata = toe © errant octet Rea eal Sp ofa nas eens preter et ane a net eereats Scent etl pens Apres See cee eeenencteenast mee See is sblgten Ciassieatons of contract ‘Contec may be categorized in vasious ways depending coe characterise in them which emphasized. ‘Thefolowing may be mentions (0) Aeonding name or designe (@), Nominate; and (6) innominate. (see Ar 107) iene ea= ‘LW ONCHUEATIONS AO CONTEACE (2) According to pert: (0) Consensual and (8) Re sce Arts 135,116) 8) Acting cause (@) Oncrous, (©) Remunaratory or remunerative; and (2 Giatutous. Ge At. 1380) 4) Aczrdng ofor (@)oforma common or simple and (&) Formal orsolems (sce At. 1356) (©) Accrington fre (3) Vai eA. 1306), ©) Rescisibe (Chap. 6 (2. Voidable Chap. 7 (@) Unenfreabe (Chap. 8); and (©) Void orinexstent (Chap 9) (8) coring pron iat (9) Undatera and ©) BineraL ee At. 1191) © Acorng rit (9) Comma, sale lease), when the of one partys consi {ago on panty is considered the equivalent o ate ©) Alatory (eg. insurance, sale of hope), when ‘pends upon an uncensin vent orcotingecy boar (©) coring tis (3) niet when it creates an aries and 6g. commatan,gratous dept chigation onthe pert of ony one be a 2 See comes novos 5) Bil enw eT 0 akg cor {0 abby bot partes and FE mel i) Excl when har en ccs Renn ery oe ammctinalet aia Pry. acy, covets 8 means cheng PEON when ceo nlp se ee inden (Prine el when os sts existence and val upon mnt ones er 1 mgpestle condone eee se featact 7 (4) coding tedpendoe of tof oma tere (0) nde or ene) eg, seo dining oom we and'8 matching chal Shen exc pa tcc s dependent upon the be pt fo atncay ftermance and (©). Dil (sale of cig cir nd ps of shoes) when one pt of conta ay beater fered independent oft pare eat at ts) ‘Thekindofcontracentered ise determine weve ty Be ame orl given tt bye pares tu by eae eden by peli tara oe Shandon of he contacting pute eA ART, 1908. The contacting parte may estab Ish Such stipulations, clauses, tems and cond tions as they may deem convenient, provid hey fare not contrary to law, moras, good customs, ube order, or publ pote. (12550)™ memos Moco 4, My ‘Meaning of valid contracts ac neacra iS, antitcnt eet eg ‘on contzatual stipulation (Art. 1306) and are therefore we! ee = i i gre oe con ee ae emg ane see Freedom to contract guaranteed. ‘The right to enter into contract is one of the i guaranteed 10 the indvideal by the Constitution. (a See 10 therot) However, the cnstttional prohibition te inpaiment of corral lations res ony ep ‘ald contacts (Sn Digo va. Man. of Naujy 107 Ft) Inappropriate cases it cant be invoked as aginst he igh the sate to exer itspoice power (fra) In other ward ct {ndividal doesnot have an absolut ight o enter into any nn of contract - However because the freedom of contact i both 4 constitutional and statutory right to uphold the right cote pine to move with the necesary caution and pradence holding contracts void. (Cabril vs Mateo, 71 Phi 87) Umitations on contractual stipulations. ‘Thee ae limitations tothe freedom o contrac. (1), Lau. —tisa fundamental requirement thattheconact tered into must be in accordance with and not repugnant oan applicable statute. s terms ae embodied in every cotta. the Jaw thus sets limits. (Maritime Co, ofthe Pil va Reparations Commission 40 SCRA 70.) (2) Police power. ~ When there Js no law in existence ee ‘when the aw isan, the will ofthe parties prevail unless it ‘contract contravenes the limitation ‘of morals, good customs. Prblicores or public poy In short, ll contractual obligations Sel wot 5 ~ 108 mpd emo dag sct3h pace pero tesa gee ext ofa tn ere sne ire, a mere efrcenet can of te canis one est in al conta (Cental Bank te Pa Ge age.) . cenract must nt be Contrary to aw init specific sense, Ino has been defined a “a rule of nite js obser promdesed by ptinas saa econ obervanc nd Behl” Secs Rese) “ncontact cant be given ft fi contay to lw ow ssupevortoa ets A A cd he proisionsf mandatory or rohit ewe so i te law sel aut ead The ng parties mnt respect th Ie which sGemed tke ip par every contac Se Aide 31S) ‘contact must net be contrary to moras Morals eal with norms of good ad ight conduct vein taconmanity, Theve oems may difer at diferent ins and ses and with each group of people peanruss (i) Acontac when x promi in bone lan eot it ech magn oan Pu bmmortend eso 0 seat compan goth SON ghee emmrtbe ao coog iat) Contract must not be contrary ‘to good customs. CCstoms consis of habit and practi which ough ng age have ben followed and enforced by sacty Orso Paee oe ee sty nr re ee a SS I th, siheumettan ents aes Xeotrdino acon whereby Kinds hime, faherinenaderaion of P5000 abe pen by LN, OF a, ig sient pt ito wag ‘Contract must note contrary {to public ord Pal rer res pcp 0 public safety athoag hasbeen considered to mean za the public weal Mh ea ashttighseaet te ty inde eS canciones nyt eee ern Ne nice eon stomgt Eat ie omar hapa cacgnteniet ts axe eis dey of ie setae a reli ek me foe fe sy pa vi PS my i Je iso the inti of sxety tat ries be punished. Te sproomentbebweenKand Vi hte, contary tp ply | nocd top coe erst X EP Be prs as tC Sealant Capa sya Sam renin tte mye Shenton ork} 17. iain ut te scare one sentient onnene eee angie mow anognrseareataee eal one cans jeation of contracts according cose ignation. forts name or d ‘They a: (a) Nowinate contactor that which as specie name or desgoation Isla (eg. cedar, lege, acy. alee, et (2) nominate court tat which as no spect name cedesgntion inl Kinds of innominate contract They ae: (0) dot des (give tha you may ge (2) dout fc give that you may do) (2) fico des (Ldothat you may give (4) fac ufc ld that you may do). , Dea das, bower nee an inte anc tasaleady been given a name of Own (ie 188) Reasons for innominate contract. "empty fein am dope on ep me mek te cy epeeeee el ee ue in ONORXATENS HOCONTIACTE = oo ‘wi not, teeefore, be considered inyg 25) A cnt 0. edna ca fata co tae acon Scent tt thas athe elements ory (Dota (As 1318 1398) ules governing innominate contracts. vnmiate core shal be governed by (0) theagreeentf the parties: 1 prorsons ofthe Civil Code on obi (2) the ps ee ntact (3) the rues governing the mast aralogous con (4) taecastoms othe place. ve |ART. 1308, The contract must bind both contnring porte, i validity OF compliance [Shot be let tothe wil of one of them. (12560), ‘contact binds both contracting paris. ea aa gic anderen le tie anata iginete titan tree ices etn errs per re tsa fandamentaluethat no party ean renounce or lie the an of the contact eithoct the consent ofthe other Hence “is valdty or complace eannot be lett the wl of one of hem" (Ae 1308s A 182) AMPLE, Sper wl hs 8 or TOL. Th ia sestng tpn bh contac pres and ether Socttccnint acta nT A stplation in th cnc tthe ele hat he contact shade ir deca by Sort Senco gation ihe wants (Ast HAE) woot be sot Prive bg gent 8 avoid beats he coat et coumaL ros oo = ot them. Noro ae demo ite ects oc 4 meting lhe minds an pic esos te 13539) nhl he pice Sd by Si cape ‘cat lomsietitstt tat ea at story endece. ‘ant 1308, The detinaton of he peor suntknay ete tid paso wise deceen minding unl i has been mode nae snain contacting pars. (0) eno letras mr gern wits aphactoe sare eee som ora oo ace i a Cre aioe ep Sescncites on tower ht be te iy at vote teeta EXAMTLE ool hs pace of and o Baad hat a a cu appases would be te ene determine he emonsle se ive land ove Ar 188) Che, athe pre ater ee gall he ccmetancs ad acars acing the aie oftheland inthiscase,C mst make known is econ Sand who we board bythe sae. ART. 4310, The determination shall not be obligatory if it fs evidently inequitable. In such ase, the courte shall decide what is equitable tinder the circumstances. (0) Pewee creo |a He UW ONCRLCATING AND CONTAC, em, erect where determination Ieguta “his ales ouliction 0 Arie 1309. pany ib not bound by the determination if it iy erat, Feet rust when te thd person aoe 8 ‘2 eby muse nh cae the cour sal doggy Gui under te eons ART. 341 Contracts ake effect ony be the pares, tk asigns and hers, except ineaey ‘where the rights and obligations arising from the ‘Dntract are not transmissible by ther nature. bystipulaton orby provision of law. The elroy fable beyond the value of he property he from the decedent et {a contract should contain ome stipulation In favor of thie person, he may 4 fullinent provided he ‘communicated We sccaptance tothe obligor befor ls revocation & imere incidental benefit or interest of a person ie ‘ot suicient. The contacting patios must have leary and deliberately conferred a favor upon's thi person. (12573) erson allele contact (1) Genel a, = As genre, cotgaion deel om act re barons Re Suc Ge rt 78} Under re (ar 1} sore tlc beeen pares hain, ony td ei Tt mens ht only he parte hel asp nd Beimcanhaverighs and higeon de conn ‘sare ect deca oromsion of person cet _affect or prejudice another (see See. 28, Rule 1: ‘itt ele eterssion eration, anne, Disab toCineamouta ante ‘Parties to the contrat. aaa =e aoe Syodessnd Hsthebeis ten H asa Pew as 778,781) Hickey spmhiccndty ee ‘ ~ pwc interest, in view ractenteted int "ood eye seve His nt ble yond he asthe paper etStomD, the decedent (pea) - ns, — The cases when, 1). Elon conc ae civ alien te prt when era gs he conrc et ane (o)by thee ature te cota nang perl quits asain aging echo (0) bysipulaton (neds wih he pnt teeta 2 corto ot {© by proven of law (0 in agency. pei, aod ‘ommatim, wen deh enguske ele Shsomtp (at 178) when strangers orth persons Copjeted bya contact ‘ke pesonis one whohatot ake putin acsattand sede’s ranger tothe contact Aa gern ri sthed seas orgs and oltre unde son wich [ipluanger (poe 1) He has ro sanding aw Tien the enforcement of acontactorquesion say. Tere are cases, howeve when thi pons may be tegedby scone Aton such she lowing | ras infers {1) In contacts conning 2 plan hie person tpltion pore (2, At. 13 (2) tmcontacts renting a igh AR 112 (8) Incontracs enteedinato defraud estos tA ia}and a‘Lan ON ORCATIENSAND CONTRACTS (tn contracs which have been viola inducement ofa dd person. (Art 1314) Aeanng of tips pour a. sien or ane etn ot snd bento 20 p08 rd pean ya ‘Tights eathinen pred he cone Le ie bot ovotn by ese Teng pan Classes of stipulations pour avi Tercera onal eee a aac eee tain tn ited tt sree er Tn eo erga Gaol ge ten eee sn Dee pct foarte span ih ere de a feces hee a ome Sicighe Oe teal nner a Inthe fiat cas the third party is sald to be a done. beneficiary while inthe second, hei called cediocbeneiay Requisits of stipulation pour autrul, They ar the following (0) The concn pues by he sipaation must he alo eben entered vor open id pe 2) The tied penon mast fave commune hs cpt tothe sg bl is evaron bye Shige ‘the original parties; 7 ©) Thespulaonnfovorofthe thd person hold bet por ratthewhe othe conc E GEMRAL RONSON os ™ pares oe te tinea dea 8 SoS Se eb cetacean ter ta) aa RAMPLES: €h),D ower € PIO payee yu ap hy ne ey ee ea i tata 1 duly made Theomers pry o eee Te joe (C) va cor conting sation urns ‘Red to bring on ac fot elemento 6 reat leon th same manner ashe beneay 1 he) (©). Xeontacs wih ler be tn lrg whch vat eshance Be value of aging papery Theo 2 Tay incerta derive some bent em cnn pe hin ath to sue Xorbrach atisconta wih ‘ART. 1312. In contracts creating ras gts, third persons who come into possession of the tbject ofthe contract are bound tery, subjects the provialons of the Mortgage Law and the Land Registration laws. (n) “Th persons are bound by contracts; ‘rating real rights. ‘This articles an exception the oneal ett conc. tind only the parties FED Te wn dotnnd teen be : ernie epee ences rao See oo —_7 ‘RHELAWONORLCATINS AND COKTRACEE rid psi cme poet on ct een nee, ity weet ec Aral ng 7 binding against the whole (everybody) and atta, Seto mh tb xed erry ‘rc Gh) Ths a conc sbjectingceain rea py oe the payment of in essere in accord ob Popety fein Dao cies angi ie ee eareireenn e yh pay pecans eg ade foes Wis ad aus once tase facet ee Ot hy Propecty Registation Decre, ee Bane Dig mel of oa Cay fochis de. The morgage dul repre i th hag Tropery Laeron Dasher isdioT "Me In this case, T bought the land subet to the ext then. In ote word Ts bound by fe ee Seen ad alight» sane ad eth ight of tote mrgge being va op the propery wherever goes ee re ea) ad ART, 1313. Creditors ae protected in cases of Frome bay ose _. * oe SSeTALEEQTISoFcnmacn we 20 i oe ete ee el Siena cera sa rd the promisr (fie xn J Tee re ge feral wt Gal Pac & Company 37 Pa 18; Cone ae ssc EXAMPLE: ‘Tas the preceding example suport oer a Xs totuy he house of gig the ter 6 aays wake eek Sept the offer: ah Xvi ley cn scxptance by YY his ot pld erp! pay 2 & ty pri iin eabon 1X fo iv hn heh omateuphismind isc wl ‘Seta iteay amount ‘produce eprfected contrac. EXAMPLES forsale 20 sane Gen es ap, uezn cy for PLANO) No 4 TH Se ot ten cae peymeet on rim ma ese ectarcanal arcane =ere a MEURONOLEASMOEOTUSS Ania, ART, 1226, Advertisements for bidders arg «simply: lnviations to make proposals, and tne ‘advertiser fs ot bound to accept the highest ‘owest bir unless the contrary appears. (n), ‘Advertisements for bidders goneraly not dante offers. ian avtaman der, vere coring fay ed ec 2 Siew he sven ee ep et ae Spenser sagrntiigensaly oo loa sie sn te de gree ‘tc of bil Gago Mine er fe cal scan) Ausgurer ae rei bed sp nlite ne estes bt roe (Seen tristan suid lon ee ‘pons fsa a sae oe see the sherif or auconers bound to accept the highest Sd Ge, sec tutsl Cour) ART. 1827. The following cannot give consent toa contract: . (1) Unemancipated minors; (2) Insane or demented persons, and deat- ‘mutes wi do not know how to write (12633) Capacty to give consent presumed. ‘The Civil Code doesnot define who have capacity or lel abt to give consent toa contract. It defines on the conte ‘who haveno capacity by whichtcan be inferred that eect & the general ue, which exis in those of whom the la hs ot erie it (8 Manresa 658, see the Standard Oil Co vs. Atenas 19 Phil 363) ‘The burden of proofs onthe party who asserts inca. ea! SENTALREQUETESOF CoO, ‘Gsen TTC a = or 0S are peteeet n gegen m Sercanaco an may oe se who ate incapatated to athe lowing: (a) -Uneniacinted minors — They wert one Be consent under Arie iment of the ‘yep recorded as (2) Ise or dented prs. ~ Tansy ahetine of contracting, Unles proved athewi a petan omed sane and Dafoe — They ae pecons who ae dea and duoh However ie deste ino how ve be (anc is valid fr then he capable of ging neliget ‘Set. A pason who does native Bw 0 ws dost {Eew hw fo ead and one who knows how tread nearly et tet ed sedate Sea te ae rian weet oe Segoe eet = ART. 1328.aa a meumomcomenecami Contracts entered nto during auld interval Laci interes a emporary pei of sai cote ino by a ns Urgent pero cee ‘nueva valid must be shown however that thee g BS smelted to sty a erable in a conracthe entering we ect ot ruskenness and hypnotist, ‘riers and hypo spel mpi he ep ‘person to give intelligent consent. (8 Manta 6) Tee cis ae equal fo Senor Meche hw oie a entre drow dug pote pl vai fae ioe ath ws pe ye cae Roberpeny musts ART, 1329. The incapacity declaed in Article ‘27 is subject othe modiatons determined iy law, and is understood to be without prejudie special disqualifetions established inthe lave (264) Incapacty declared in Antico 1327 ‘subject tomodfications: Im gerenlthe cones etre Into by the penne umerted in Arce 137 ae vate (Ao) Henee, in cetn cases tr napaty ay be moa ya Bo, they canals give val comet. Ths {1 When cea chs oad ad dled taming or other psn witht ape fo art he usps reasonable pie thelr (at 165,380), (2) A minor 18 year da sore may contrac fr, ‘rath and accident irae, povided the noun es hs ean the beneary Spine fs he miners ote he minor mathe hand wl cher 2 SRTAIMSSFConacy i eo [Ae 18 vnc he ee eit apne a aye tomy osama ig itine cthot = SSGeimepetor ome kines poe No. Wl See 3 petal cisqualiiatons neta provided by a addition othe Incapecty dele ia Arie 12 ter esl daqullctions maybe vied yo (1) Unde the Res of Court the towing conse gang and maybe paced unde guaran (0) parsons sutering the acssny pel ed ntti Gee AR 34 Ree Perl Cle (0) hospital legen: . (© prodigal petits ‘ (@) deat and dumb who are blo read and wie: (©) those who are of ursound min even houghtbey avelucid itera and th, by reson fp, ss we ind sn athe Snr nes onto nae ae feof themselves and manage he pop econ easy prey for det ard expltaton 2mH mumoiocmoiocomcs the incompetent has ben placed under gusrcanhy rpc orca te, (9) isles unt dcharged Urscveny "No 1855 samended Se 1} lag (©) acid women in ese spied by ey °F Maw Cao (0) band and wife wih toesth oer (are 150) and (@) ther persons expec doquaines ‘sts 191,178), PT ne MP0 ot ep, ‘ART. 1330. A contract where consen ‘through ‘mistake, violence, intimidat Jofluence or fraud is voldable. (12680) 18 ghen ion, undue, Characteristics of content. nad a wnt mya oc pry isnt re ene ean gested rng coer a on at dn hee i tothe ota and he ems et aa gamle (0) dis intligent. — theres capacity to at (see Ar, int pact tact (se At 127, 2 ~ theres no vitation of consent ‘by reason of violence or inimidation (sce Art. 1330) sn 2) tiseonsious or sponte, — here is 0 vtaton of ‘consent by reason of mistake, unde influence, or feud ‘Thus, Anile 1320 er diferent requisites of possess the (ns. 1327-1329) urea in a negative mane he ‘consent, The contacting partes ust legal expacity to give consent toa contrac, | 40 | | ist ‘Sensen SONTAG, geomet ee frm int ad sy she cesta ti on to sa ete conte veda sagt PM gy er ormistake (An. 1331, Bp wolnes rea 6) ian rey ay © cote tees A apes (9 dor dec (a a) sata cones SE ee 1) De beara pl etna a Taha nier eee aera ee aime cus aan ay Or wa while the later ae moro while he sed, ART. 1331.In oder that mistake may invalidate consent, it should rete to the substance of te thing which isthe object ofthe contrac ort thooe tonations which have principally moved one or ‘oth partes to enter Inte the contac. Mistake a tothe identity of qualttatons of cone of the partis will vitte consent only when ‘such Identity or qualifications have been the principal cause of the contract ‘Asmple mistake of account shall ie rise to ts comection, (12663) Meaning of mistake or ero, Mitt or errs false rosin oa thing or afac mate tothe contract.se eLaraNoncaswoceNITS atm Nate of mistake (0) Mistake may be offic o f n enea, rst] the maage whch rile 151 fers tmnt An iy aero grace rack of wedge, he, (Themis conte lis stn ofp bats pty wo at ave ies hae ly Lise esa Hence nat every make ot Corot nde sonra vob vita, (The mae may beat! eg, 2nd cnly one pty is mistaken about a material fact oc nese ‘atu wen both partis ae in error. Generally, a pera! ‘alesse coe aod by thence een Ieshows that he was free offaultut negligence. less ite of fact to which aw refers ‘node tat isthe may vit conse it mas ee (1) the sobtne ofthe thing which isthe bjt contsor 8 ae (2) these andions which have pinpally mo ‘hp teri econ oe me (6) the deny or qualications of one of the provided the same was the principal nse ofthe conta No.1 above ines mistake regarding the nature of contrac 25 when the contacting paris believe tha he Salngwhen nth andn fac otha bung, Mistake of fact which does not ‘iat consent (1) reas ep te cet of hg oe pats. scanty Sree of) a ten be Fe ra cect eo nano eee ‘Party. (see Art. 1338.) a ameegeed yt Coe FOC fs take a gun oe em das ton ie ie a iecene ion meson oe fp) Encephale, eta Ws cert Sein se at fhe ote Be tre 1) Mistake sepa the dio iy Maen - ‘of qualifications have ao auld ed re Se cigars seen face lwaing eal a p agency, ommodeim pany gan and obvious tat nobody conta made ‘Biante consent. wi BAMPLES: (1) Mite geting oh. — i yg. tom vg coin San town 0) Mite going em of mt ~ A ns oe trent en ea ae eee Sidley po nines )- Mie prin ey ais — (0) Awl harto 8 Adoupe toa snot et des fem tenet ie sue O), Acomedbnar AS wna saute Lead we ‘at beenyabeeucotmatot itty wardepncprametemestne pares (Ne cl eh me — onl ee pete pot at ) asary = LAW ONCELEATINS NO CONTRACTS fy sco mp at seesiceree decimate Seat roteesieeeraeene Eorucieetcnysauracneee Serta dear aes overt se propery ee ea veoeite ietee st beta Roce town hy may cemveed oes eae ctontattact Wy maces ~ Atpica cnn toate setieem atic se sure er memtepes WS tag ee a alee eat ec ny come tas Siren laaldeecyeet os Or gle tepetn te we als ieee nae or sate tetas cuted wiattremerae res veto connection by ating the te amounts eam eee ep oe ape eg Seat ce et eieieinareeengaweties shoes imams mimetic ART. 1382. Whon one ofthe partis Is unable ‘the terms thereof have bean fully explained tothe former. (n) eseTAL RUT comg ” a cf proof incase omit ea. ‘eo rile — We 5 praca en dos 0 em ges the conte oie ed eg ne Sosd ec tine Feo et aponhin pve schon ema i catia om " = Atle 1 wane shes oe abe prs wnaictcien geese se Ning ot enero yin, step Peseta dpponmd once ogee es ee ad an temo ol ind tothe formeinalngsne enn yo oe ues fe cpm. ~ "The in ey ee Pups wh wisn er net ca tt ee 2 gran up in English or Spanish” (Report ofthe Code Zeon BO Wh ea pa Prong cn dpe eae roe ART. 1293, There I no mistake ifthe party aging Tt knew the doubt, contingeney or ik ‘Heating the abject ofthe contract.) eect of knowledge of risk fa party knew beforehand the doubt, contingeney ok afecingln objet ofthe contac isto be astumed athe was ‘fino the chances and carool there, dir mista (ee ators vs Coutt of Appel, 56 SCRA 67) Tis pecly tr where the contracts alstory i nate? BXAMPLE: Bought apace of land tecnica pf tthe ‘nie Ce the damon foo S wh need lo Sand waimsvesnsigtona "MaELAWONORLICATENS AND CONTRA, ISSETALAEQUT og fey | TBF tn cae the an se Itr on by, . = ai iat ener hee 2 jue fr pptn ‘might neon bereaved by ay irate 2 ART. 134, Mut ro" 38 othe oa og, Fate tog te nay anagroment vite thera! purpose fine net | st ‘Pinata, may wate consort (a) tay Thee mst ta fp) asbestos Seated ee a oust frustrate the te pup op ns Mate of as isa which css fom an a no i, some provioneiaw oom anerenccus ieee | pants rennin, o fom anertoneous conclusion asto the econ exo 1050 fa tmagrenent on the part of ono the pates “eg ” 000 eee om ay syetaentate etmanie et tet of mith oan Hee negate see [As a rule, mistake of law docs not invalid . “4 1 law excuses no = this case, the contact is Seca gore of te ay exces Toone fom camp, | ganglia} OM dicated by expediency and necesi Public poy, {@) In the same example he pris ely pedo, Ere foe ane na, sale but the document 35 ween dicey s mnpegt eet si ear na et ‘When mistake of law vitiates consent. — Fei pmaer: tee ab of lw det ot perl ae samy, ae eyes ae wierthaessmitaiesn san suas amet | gy ihn eae Seaton or epteicn oe een nt aeateiece misaol ct nthe mac oigrtaenmies | mal ete teh Comes ote cine now) sald reson | gunstigneateent i | ceca ag OEE iio attinsntaats arpa | Al ed es inall controversies ona legal question are wrong, why shave ‘employed. cacwmecnmmermpwrens | ae renee imac | Tn nel tn Bo | na well-grounded fear of an imminent and grant ‘evil upon this person oF property, of upon the oa oe rs cane erroow me raverrotcensenocaiten me To etormine the degre of hn tna gator coon tog, ‘the person sp . ‘borne in mind. hall be nae ett ts aa cantata cet £8 ‘doos not vitiate consent. (1267a) ‘egal, Nature of violence or force, iene requis the employment of physic fon, Arie 135, to make consent defective the foe mga Pe tether sero ies. nether ese coer ot (Report of the Code Commission, p. 136), Pot, 1 i essential that the force employed. muse _dsermining cue or rason in giving consent. be te AML UX signs document because erty tine he ey thebteta gun wich owes od too ‘heres lece beau sersour or este fo ae emia venom 1 ce Xi ne soma nd ac eds aly. We his hand sign thew which moves ina eastern ay wee Pj end henge pc dean ee Ets toch i ee (Vales vs, Villa 35 Phil. 768.) ba Nature of lntimidsion or threat Under the above acc, for intimidation to vite the consent ofa party toa conte, the flowing reqlses ms preent| fag is Produce «sonable and well ground fr (2). Theevil must be imminent and gave; (5) The vd mst be upon his pron or propery or atch sg decendonts ran ond m ssomatneugay (9 item ei, | atmidation need ot sr phyuey | goal wl ences edema! iidteg o ie @ exAMPLE cepa eae (na ee oy, eeacecaie yy Seine ‘maton woul wean 77 Rs eae Ba fx ws meri ie Yard th later hd 0 gat he i fe 8 ty rman conte in Arg one gfe Kap eter, tepr t MEte er sne ‘Sin ot he ame a len law? (2) 1 the cone of Xs and ar ‘aleved that the threat amouns tntimetn Me ®t se einer nae Heteerento nes pe ee tal eet are fre oe rene hope ay alo fat ee ee See eeeore aaa ea aoe moe cheyenne Selene eee ea caret TWweat to enfore Justo egal claim. The threat of court action aa means efor 3a lea cai justified and does no vitae cose.= THELINONCUKATESSANOCONTEACS A ny tise practice flowed by creditors to demand paymen, thea ete pe edo aa (Beebe need in cour Such threats proper wan Tee Row ase means t enforce cletton. Sa et ‘Shae conte dues eve ifthe cm proves mt se eee inieera washing todom et se NCBNY 02 Fi 3B) EXAMPLES. (0) DowesCFSQI0.ID isto poy soit tyChnthe wold entre callecion through aout ace Batik ht Di moog 1 i 0D py (crs cea lngerarount reuse of the thea Semditonsfcento vite coset. (2). Xeon vlan of hens soe oi unles theater gseshin FSO "PX Then of ¥ amounts nation Bees bis ein ota ee” ART, 1296. Violence oF intimidation shail annul the obligation, although It may have been ‘employed by a third person who did not tke part inthe contract. (1268) Violence or intimidation by a third person. lence crinfimidaton maybe employed by athind penon who did not ake put in the contact. However to make be ‘crac voidable or anlable, ris necessary that he voce (iniidation mus be of the charac equied in Article 18. ART. 1337. There is undue influence when & person takes improper advantage of his power ‘over the wil of another, depriving the Iter of & ‘easonable freedom of chalee. The following c- ‘cumstances shal be considered: the confident, ‘amily, spiritual and other relations between the et et ae souseran we ‘Cret MS Ss to ft hat epee patil noes was ute e ot beat ecw eterna 5 jog ot und Iutct exci LA tea repeat ae adap wettest lay sed pecs ey sown judges ed deco, ae fund ine secs at ad al Tier tscfecton the posn red tm cope widens so pa vie oncom er ie emotes a nat as een Bier ag ce an SH) creumstances tobe considered. ‘The following ate examples of Greumstarces which sal ecoridered to determine whether undue idence has ben sed: (0) confidential, family, spat! and thr elas between the partis, (2) mental weakness, (8) ignorance, or (nancial distress ofthe person allege 1 fave Ben unduly influenced, (Art 1397; 36 A182) panne vert innndl Rap hann nic fetes SRST iano ‘Svea enemetroasaee ora= "HELAW @NORICATIONS AND CONTRACTS fy dog oti tpn bts 7 ‘x because fie naa cnditon, the sale may oye the ground of undue iene. may sides pgremants between lender and borower are sept i ey tay gh Sy ART. 1338. There Is fraud when, through Insidious words or machinations ‘of one of ‘contracting parties, the other Is Induced to ene Into contrat which, without them, he would net hhave agreed to (126 Meaning of causal fraud, Causal frou she fraud commited by one (1) or atthe time ofthe celebration of the contact to Sith nigh dey apr 10 ee into contact without which the later fave agreed ta a ‘The fraud contemplated inthis articles causal fad ang :mustbe distinguished from the aud dealt within rte in How causal raud committe. Causal fraud may be committed through insidious word ‘ox machinations (Ar 1388) or by concealment (Art 538) Es sidious words or machinations” include any misrepresenghcy in words or actions done witha fraudulent purpose ithe fraud didnot have the effec of cus ra, that it id not by itself alone cause the other contracting party te pe fs consent. it gives ise only to an action for dan become iy for damages (see pue Requistes of causal fraud. "Notalformsoffaud ean vtte consent. nore that aud ‘may anal consent, the following requisites mast be present 2) There mast be misrepresentation or concealment ot ‘material fact with koowledge of salty (Arts 138 503.) in Md a a a) est bserous (A 34) ust have been OO pres. (Bid) Fred se SH cm ot st Fe consent nl inne pe . Peon fot reat wit the krowlege ec Satan een teleord ag mst mide nba ho ig Ata besorgen in ig) 1 mist have ded te puny (rt 1338 and (6) Tims be alleged nd proved by darn oevnng ‘onset of the oer ieee The ality of he epresention sat pened fn Tentaton isl and be dentures oer Ciomode XAMPLES (1) Soffer tse 2B eg cing at sen sheng damond 5 krows Ut et dane tern poe 11 bus the ing. ejiagon eth fe pesto the sale may be sealed rhe pode ad (2). Swsld 0B paroled mpeg at he sne was “aclely fe ofl ens nd encunbrart§ pee (Gover on the fh of Bs epsertton Wen he wae i was found that I pn os ws cated ‘Sette of he land ‘The concesiment costs fou sha jie th sidine ofthe sland nie Biodome (3) old to hose and et, serpmenig tt ace was easy atest mens pub pron The Ee olde one pound fd Based ve Fsconent mane fe eprint, ‘seni Rg wd XMS Coma,= reuwocmonosmoromon 1 pr te propery wit nse, 5, Ns mibtaben bebel tot i was acessbe dose vise Sone ee ey ina Sdtenete tng eA ~ ART, 1339, Failure to disclose facts, when there is 2 duty to reveal them, a8 when the partes are bound by confidential relations, consiutes frau. (0) Fraud by concealment. Mg wales o ant a Soman an cteham meson gh et a Te iap til asec oa ted a non Shyamalan Repent esears c1aty Re tne Eidevomaesengannrae ens We een eta ten ee Sonnet ateireele pet AMPs: (Xana aveporecsengopedinthtealesttebsinn, Hersh pres am bound by conden restos 8 es AIC wisest nbuyig ein part and oe the priehip eve fr ah pee Wiha ntorming hte, sbi ke ¥ sl bie OD is) sae in the pace Then Xl held op pa nth caseXis ply fault concealment este ves under tedaty we medion of cts having tee onthe valu lhe nt of Vin he partrsip hich ee, ‘othaown oe Ae D6) the se ws ate insiave oY, end X wintry ‘sed inform of Cs ae the css fos anne as ‘ocerron he part, OE a ee SOMALREUTISCF COM a ‘on ’ = mins eee Oh ce Car ae a seinfina Macectypes ay « Sen naw ht rah Sa ART. 140. The Usa exaggeaton i, A ae pny ee a ae oe eatibansan aggeratos inde, rotraltndengy br mechan _Nibeatons in tt tengo mae tage ne PO, now a ee fee to know te =. ‘mses ten Thy eee oo bers seme er dott Seacetiais etaan ies ae epecel fo ino how i a ee a eedincha ones ea goign Sele 37 Pt) ae Thee. the ln dost rot csr ch eapein Sra fay pty akg en Sng cotta wilt te val ef nse Tea, Stel Ma cowcmtin ea neta pao et “Pinot mere expression of n opinion. (ia ete Deer a order a a eprint he fcr ofthe con sn eS nd ter ee pa he Acme Cy 2.2) ae Se ‘pesos cadens “The ig hat wi eyo maki Fouben ey “the ther ed” Do yuan your uo pig Ten Xiomtinpo Ssot ™ TIELVONORIEATIASAXOCONTIATS hy yg “Festa qual” “The ein tls” ART. 1341, A ere expre88I0n of an opinion loos not signify fraud, unless made by an expen land the other party has relied on the forge ‘special knowledge. 0) Expression opin, To sed he miseprtraon mae (cs nl epons Ordtuiy ner tpreson ote nner bat amo iow one mate pe ae (0) rmustbe made by an expert (Th ther contracting pay has alld on the xp pinion and ee ee ae ice Stas tener okra fae owe recone See cree anes apie etomidate satan faa erae oe vette rc emt seen ie ie tae act Smal renee pen tetie ‘per. istakinga meepesentatono! aan he a Ih byexprssigtin form otanopnon, ART, 1342, Misroprosentation by a third Person does not vate consent, unless. such Ilsrepresentation has created substantial mistake ‘andthe same Is mutual (n) a | ime SENT REQUSESr ey Conen NMS i aowesresn al o General | Person has io ‘Consequently, & misrepresent oe eal enn Gee of athe in believing the fc SH the inp Peon, 2 rs ra of nption is that bth cont id 8 Pus a adg (@)_Eseption. — I the miseresnation his cn va te wa a Bipot incon my bsleas by a hia oo eee eS eee St yo a etic fowetn ence my er ce soe ca vo Fy ete south mantel en nw agi gid gre eet ie eee BXAMPLES: (0). Bboughhe dot fr P20 persue mea The sonable pe of lnds in thames 3250 psp ‘Bete but eld tony or P20 persue ese Chad ‘Eecred hi reguraig ialtae tnthincase the cota cnet be seuledunsstanbe shown that B wan pat tobe ue (2) _B wants fo by pact land co which bud» oust Sownee undonwhibewonstocomatecimne Telling ete Band tte who Beles ‘akleatsone Band thence acral futhat eae sa ceric == Under th facts the ee may be arid bso staal lt whch ART. 1343, Mlaropresenation made in gpa Mraudulent but ay const (8) aeMELoooRCMMENECIEE nn et of misrepresentaton made ingood tah te misepresntstion sat ntentoal but may {sith (he peso mating the fae statement bel EA Shc baceere agate ‘ore ser than mith: hens he fa Suet reser iat. en anes Suda hg Sonat ere a wasndamcnd eg mcbou area aes “Dewiieprsain sl meratees ‘vida on ba oun nd net on epee ART. 1344. In order that fraud may make ‘contact voidable, It should be serious and shows ‘not have been employed by both contacting {ocdental fraud only obliges the person em ploying ito pay damages. (1270) ‘wo kinds of fraud inthe making of contract. Article 1344 distinguishes to (2) kinds of (vi fad in the making of contract (2) the cna fraud which a ground forthe annulient ot ‘contact (par. 11) although it may aso give se toanaton ot damages and (2) the incident! fraud, which only renders the pat who ‘employs it lable for damages because the fraud was not he principal inducement hat led the other to give his consent. pa 2B Incidental fraud mit not be confused with the feud fn Aries 1170 and 1171 which refers to that inte performance of a contract without affecting is vali Bott [Binds of incidental fraud do novitiate consent. jones oF 00s fad dealt te ig ee | Hee edeanme ai | naont ott sng, ea base a | gy Weilestenbetn tee, pli, ee it ig, et sso hf scious el nts rng camstances does et menses cote sg pat, Bas imporce The ae be serius exces light and wan gre ad sl Sato om sagan 0 A 31) ‘When fraud isemployed by bhp nether aor Jest a the fraud of one evra ato ech hg ets therefor, considered val. Thera ia sins sei principle hat “be who comes to ort mas ne oh hands” (ee Valdes a Stas 7AL 0) AMPLE cold to D a psf ad ld at ie we 30) coconut treo te nel ah ele dat ie er {ob tough ead ingest “he ud here eat Ban ate ei ott contacs her er ieee a Som Aen tnd ay ote ems ong og fSvsatectvidatle BtBhaepinceettontecnn Bethe amount psig be hee xo ‘ART. 1245, Simulation of conc my be solute or relative. The fomer takes pte whan thepartes do ot intndtobebowndat aie nn the parties conceal thre 2 | biecktt oo eeeos "THELAW ONOHLAGHTIONS AND CONTRACTS ‘ART. 1346. An absolutely simulated or fettiou, Contracts vod. A relative simulation, when it does ‘ot prejudice a third person and isnot intended for any purpose contrary to law, morals, ‘customs, public order or public polley binds the parties to ther real agreement.) Meaning of simulation of a contract. Sinn of cour he ac of dlDeraelydeceng cher by feigning or pretending by agreement, the appear? of aconract which either non-existent o concealed ane 504) Kinds of simulation. ‘They are: (0) Absolute simation. — when the contract doesnot realy exist and the parties donot intend tobe bound atl, (ae 1545, Absolutely simulated or ftiious contracts are nese, and voi. (At. 1386 140912) 1471) AMPLE: D indeed oC Upon ing tat song efor ‘sc, Dpndedosciicundwt hater ered {etree sang ena orth anscn anh o {s pom of ela a he conc wae ery ince do Thr eo contacto ae i cae a the prs dct ‘nnd bebo a 2) et smi — when he contac entered ina by the partis thes tue agreement. (Art. 1345) The panies are bound by ther real agreement provided it doe: ‘not prejudice a third person and isnot intended fr psp onary to la, mera good cntome, pubic oer ee Policy. (Art, 1346.) eo Pn ~ bry SSETALATQASTA CFO MPL ‘Dand Centered nt acon. tm gage, It was made to appesn BE Bit wa onan rons Here hee aT t40 3 rid te Sct contacto le) ct of mops) nel igs DimdC ree eee, Sense Sy i etn et heer TSE pe wae etcmpeetcssjenee eseretsininset Bice anes SE ae etppel ented a enema Sot ccna oes a ose hdd (cnt re sere & 000 STUDY GUIDE L Defiitions Define or give the mening ofthe flowing 1. consent 2 acceptance; 3. natural clement 4. option contracts ristake of ew Discussions 1 When contact wile or nla? 2 it sways eg at he who eg ‘or mistake im entering into» con i allegation? Explain.ee ‘MELAW on oHLCATIONS AO COMTRACIE 2. Givethe requisites in order that intimin, ilae or ann onset ofa party 3 contrac, Umapeirenonay tere, sea itt aS he S Wbacioaitereoe step lorept hepa erm Probleme arian aieseeae sae ea rt ‘acceptance by the offeree? When isthe offere allowed ‘withdraw his offer even after acceptance? . ae sky CS Pn et ae rae eet cr mepreoom 3 eer ca tb Sees iy cg ore, = 4. 'S sold to Ba commercial land for PL conte. $ soured B that its certaln tht in to years im the ang ‘would increase in market value by 80% or PLSO0000 ‘tured out tha! the market value ofthe land even deceased to about P0000. able to B for misrepresentaon? ‘5 Suppose in the same problem, wit § sod 8 are owner ar S00 bags of cement Shad every son to believe thatthe pice of cement woul go down. {oro wees, i did go down. Has 8 the right f have esl annulled? —000— SECTION? — Objet of Conn a ART :ABAT, Al things which ag amt of eg ta at Wy be the object ofa corer an : Set nnn may cece contracts. No contrat may be ented in von tary iaptanee een es een shares byw Al services which am not conta to lay, monis, 90d custons pike we a foty may tKewse be te chet es cote fiarta) ART.A348/ Impossible tings or sane cannot be the objec of eonats (i2} Concept of object ofa contact “The objvct ofa camimet i its sabject matter (Art 1318[2)) aaa ocak ni icase ELMAN NOOMET Ao Requisite of things as object of contract. In onder that things may be the cbc of « fotiowing auc mat be preset oak aug? Rem bempome eally & PRaty ag ©) temas be a eitence or capable essen As HSL 18 18S SNE (4) met be deeminte oF determinable with gy the pares. (Ar. 1398 pact Requistes of services as object of contact In ender that service may be the objet ofa cn Iotlowing requisites mast concur tT the o : » ast physio ey (a, aT mint pte fig mat Pmt on ies sycarteeeaenmmtctrete 9¢ by stipulation, or by provision of law, (par. 1, Art om 0) Outade the cmmere of men — dings of pie ‘grmebip uch dewaa, pub pnes bridges ste es ‘re tt coon erry sah on aight f 1 ee elas seamen conn” omenaunatl i space titatey te icnay ER pete ne : | i eee ra ronan yasepiate Saee ioe oe Saleh te hn ting bee er AP a ts oy nr al ca 2 tony nal oa cemragen Shimer paicoda ce enna © penton of future inertance. ay ery oh nan te sq dpile of determination se tn ofthe enue at zim inet inthe oe (sm Se 1 SCRA Espo having only an expectancy op ey wee Inbestance cee to be fn wen the dh drodet or dessa ty of orc vpn tie ‘morc, en Rl Exner aid sy Peta cng a ene Yon 2) xpi — Th iw pos eins ee we (in he ae of ven ta po sis yr mai See ert a) reOe. 3) ne oa THELAWENOMLEATINCANDEONTEACTS gy “9 1a an, tpwihewvent dy ty Morty hana aceon eae y (0) inthe cae of partition of property by ay exe by a puso Ge, daring the eine af he Source of the property) o tke effect upon his day 1080.) “ Kinds of impossibly. nee na an tcl sci eee ie beer Mec en a ee eee peat firaletae (b) Rélalive. — when it atives’ from’ thie! 9p sete fs fo Sree sme meetin. ea es ed le ph Pane emigre real aid osm chrina ig wre ctoeyni ea che ing i ran sma se cm reco ri oy ans Souths ara latent ei oat ana yz inner gemma aa dein ee pore ear area e ensernitd eng ART. 1249. The object of every contract must bbe determinate a8 to ts kind. The fact that the ‘quantity is not determinate shal not be an obstacle fexistonce of the contract, provided it Possible to determine the samo, without the need ‘of a new contract between the parties. (1273) - seas * ect of contract, atidertsasenina ots cont mise F ‘he inabl wot hence ge 2 ng 1 teres pliner es Ten ‘ihe contac Rsuticon ge Spec same salen ee bee the oblgtion consis in he ve ot | nose quality and Srumtancs tare nai oe | Ses tae gers | es | PMG) sald jo te hse hs pty te be | ae ual itn) ecm te ty etrined can eased wit nena a Mngt aw contr, oper va state eaten a ern can TAS ett ieee tesa ree reams ess ee ahaa Sonne een woh suena rp eutiracaaeat ci enhearmtet it sates Senet Se ing ne ened, ee hng wis eerie Te memes anes case sss QUEM COMA alCae THELMONOHLEATE ACOA wn tral 8 ry tw lts kind” nor iit “capable of being made determinate = the reed ef anew ofthe acement betmeen the pea an T462) J ~o00— STUDY GUIDE Definitions Define or give the meaning ofthe following 1. futur inher; 2 physical impossbiny. Discussions 1 Givethe requisites ofthings as cbject ofa contac, 2 Givetherequisitesofservicess object ofacontac 3. Mayecontactbeenteredupon futureinhestance? Problems Explain or state briefly the rule or reason for your 5 sold to B for P102000 a parcel of land belonging, to located im his hometown without specifying is ane location and area. Is the sae valid? 5 has several pigs. Under a contrat of sale $ binds et ee i 8 fr FAD he pig hn ‘weight of at ast 30 le. State the binding fect of esl — we. SECTION 3.— Cause of Contracts mimes es too. ae coca sera enone Petco mney ema sitio ses ne sarin of cause. (esti theese reson or pup wih he sang pares have ie hae eer te sta. It 8 something bargained fo x pen by py a ‘Shange for legally enor promise cane isthe Civil Code term or cnidertnin Arg Aran cecomen lav. Cause estingushed from object Ina bilateral or reciprocal conc ke prs and le, thease for one i the subject ater je rete nd seer Hence, the distinction scaly ate viewpoint. eee le afew fm ie an a pt sometatenega tanec Sacer Ceitepventn—o » TELAVONORUGATINGANDCONTAACTS ppg Te caer 5s he dy le adr deve ute 8 eae Be eet kane Ser cease oa : i anyone eh py» Bat et og pene at ih mal pea et curries Classitcation of eontocts according tocause. They ae (0) Omran oon the caus of which foreach conta te ptt pm of hg sev ‘Sher nthe words ths contrac the parce obligated to each other. ow xAMrLEs Sake lee of hing: partnership. 2). Remmnertry or raumertioe or one the cause of which fs the service or bench which i remunerated, The purpose of the contact i to reward the service that had been previo rendered by the party remunerated. AMPLE: amobargaetemrmet a 6) rats or ane theca of whi the benefactor or giver. ise Ge Roca EXAMPLES Como pure donation: usranty or srtyship ees there ea stipulation othe cantay (At 248 morgage en 19. hed pron oc a pon of at sp) uns» eonsderation als aid or auch morgage SENTALREQLIESOF Cea we Coewcmne pepcause thereof (1) rom, 1 of motive. ei the purely penne vate en ie fo nt tee se esni ase estingushed from mative ‘he diferences areas follows: ) Causes the immediate or diet mason, we metve sate emot or indirect reason (2) Causes lays known othe ther contacting pry, eile motive may be unknown; (9), Cause is an essential element of conta, while rotve is ot; and. (The illeplity of the couse affect the valdy of » contact, while the legality of one's motive does nt ene the contact void. ‘The motive may be regarded a the casein aco fit ‘sfounded upon feudolent purpose to per a hid po fs eerste oes Seaiseinaree = eer ieed nim! atueln eee dateteiena Seessea cy PELMONORATENSOCONMIC A ART. 1952. Contracts without cause, or with ‘unlawful cause, produce no effect whatever, cause is unlawtul If Is contrary to law, moray goed customs, pubic order or public poicy (12753) ART. 1953. The statoment of false cause in contracts shall render thom voi, iit should not oe proved that they were founded upon another cass whichis true and lawful. 1276) Requistes of cause, The following ae the requisites of cause: (1) mast exist a the time the contacts entered inp (ans 1352, 10913.) (2) emustbe lawful i) and @) emustbe true or eal (Art 1358) Effet of absonce of cause. ene ant of ae esas thal theres allah any valid consideration forthe contact. Contracts without cause confer no right and produce no legal fect whatever This, (Acar whichis bel simulated or stouis Incite and vid Crs. 6 1093}) 2) Where herent no consideration eg pike he Statement of one in he cotcac (a wll st uli eg nde the ul Aric 1353 ating ase conse ©) Promises to makes git orto render ome patious servinth ees toelpainendpasnl easatans tolend «cr over the weckend) a ot elonnabe see Because they contin no consideration (0) Sits, promises made in gratite for god des of others canot Be efor for they contol mora nt ‘do miners! i = . ot fallure of cause, pee of should be dis eral eit gern est ty | da stom fale of sewn : eter fa tare ea |e LD td | gob oee greta ogcone Se inten aya me ms | See tance pire a ieee ei rn eee ae pct of iegalty of cause, | gt fs ils he bce esa | iota Conta wi una caue esomilandoid t | ss tip ace Avs 1 12 ee) pee art oe stotdiad bean weltwhd clue tnt cine are cel a int ee a ohms i cease ga hin pve sum of ty santa be ego es pm mmc | SENG PSs Gongs ris cal ears See Sees | Het of flsty of cause iy of ease sent th i or ss 2 nao shauch ster ee sroneous or sted The fst | gf lt cause may be onc sini Th | vays renders a contact voi. the caseeee a NEENAH AOC yy Br wo terete me atl oes nt a, 19.) The sco doy ot ays produce soe becom happen that hidden but ne cause ssa {0 support the contac I the pats can show that tee ser cause and that sal cause te and Taw the attics sal be Bound by ti tre agreement (Art. 34a XANES (1D promi to gv 0 P1098 payment fo, service alge tended by C which oth andi fettreionhortrseriowhsrinknowns Deca too tow the cue for, the service miners or iy oi oC sl th cra, ren a bd [Eeeteve to beeing bt ely inset 2) $s wo 8 3 pare of ld. the ded of san, L000 i sted a the peo end is see fae then hee a contacto ee Hower i can pov that he ota founded peg another consideration o when 8 hae exchanged hasan a, inten the contact of tar exchange lot sh ee ‘aid In ths ae he statement ofthe pit sia ee iis willy made (ee As 15,1346) Otherwise tae, ieinfct el conidratonbatthesame nthe one see fhecontact ART. 1354, Although the cause Is not stated In the contrac, Iti presumed that if exists and 's lawl, unsss the debtor proves the contary. (am ‘Cause presumed to exist and awl ein necesary thatthe cause be expel tt nthe cog Th proponent se tls the debtor prove the contary. Tis presumes ‘cco withthe natal ordeo tings Oninceye seen ‘otpat with is propery unas thc contain ‘The presumptions net concave but oly pin iad maybe cantadied by contery eden ‘SSENTIALREQUITES OF con ” ‘Casein TS rs 1E ‘tet’ Se POD 1 done ato. the JW presumes Bat nang 28 fe mim iee ati netoe wt ie ten hehe the bude prvehe sgn ME {871955 4 in ees sped sono nadeausey of eure se ‘et ners ter habeer ca ea ssgue influence. (0) © paning of tesion. ons any darage caused by thet a te peo alan Banter) " iis the jury suffered in conseuene of eat anon by one py wha dos ntti ae [thathe pies nacommuecontc ines anaes tSepconany p15) tect fasion or inadequacy of eause. (1), General rade ~ Lesion oriadeguney of cane does ot sfiselfinvalidate contract. ‘person who willingly eres into a contact willbe hed tour by its terme though the exchange often may seem > einagutableor unfit hi. Thelaw assumes tht the pares themelves remain the best judges of how much tha bargin is vont ‘The reason for the rules explained by the Supee Court nis wise, “Courts canot follow every step of en's ie and ‘extricate him from bad bargains, poet him oa_— ™ TMIELAWONOOATONSAND CONTRACTS any lnvesimens lee him fom onde conan, thetevofatsacs Courscet cosa hg sui re Cs ere ma Sen pon fas or overcame by © Semone pen een dele oreo tS Nanay on gh le nace pt met hap tig coronene {hey haven he word Bt not rat age ta iar nd tre There mus be ‘lation of th commision of wha he 8 {asic te oar nae oo Feriesoand nny ern ain 173; see Cebu Potand Cement Co's Dome 28) ant (2) Expos — Lesion wl validate ¢ contre — (2) when there has been fa, mistake, og lntuence (Ar 1355)-and Sora (0) incase specified by aw (Pa. 1an42 Ant 5, 1098, 170) 7 “Alt 7a. Go inadequcy of ce doe a contract of sale, except as it may indicate a defect in the — rth te pres ely end doaton or aoe ie cree AMPLE S odo Bhi land wor P6000 fr ony 80000 ‘contact of sl is alld alhough the pie iadegons Bo {oct hat the gin i unegilecas of edegas at when both partes ae in psiton to frm av depres Judgment concring the wasacon ot suet peg the canclitn of contact Pos ce berefts pes ag ‘stl barging ae ha basis ot competion Howerec itis showe Bat induced St el th and through ru, mak, or undue nue the cnc ay sled neoure —100— eo coon STUDY GUIDE Definitions Define ose he mearngo heat 1. cause; a4 2. motive: 3. inadequacy of cause, 1p Discussions 1. Givethe remiss inset, 2. Siattheeetithecmest ase ae feds 2, hal the obj nd wh is he nae ng ‘Problems Espla o ae byte or ea rr owe 1, Stok is hing st ob wot ou he testo smugalng Ison eaten 2. Sold to Ba spect parc of land fr P500000. 8 fed to pay. Has Cte gt ohne heeded ‘eld by the court onthe round ote ef cme Payment ofthe pe? 3. Xave P0000 ¥ who ged pt ing “This ito Scknowldge payment y Xn ese hn camps atest forthe PI000n bound oem be 0007 4. SecldioBhiscr works nam Thi no gue at pute p's Inadguste Has the ight tohve besa red Wo~~ @ Chapter 3 FORM OF CONTRACTS, ART. 1356. Contracts shall be obligatory, in ‘whatever form they may have boen entered Tate, rovidedallthe essential requisites for thelr val, ‘are present. However, when th law requires that ‘contract be in some form inorder that it may be ‘ald or enforceable, or that a contract be proved ‘na certain way, that requirement is absolute an Indispensable, in such cases, the right of the Panes stated in the following article cannot be exercised (12783) ing of form of contract The form fe contrac refers tothe manne in which a contact Isexevied or marifested. Forms of contract, (2) The contact may be orl o in writing, or pasty on and partly in writing Min wring i may be Bs pablo Private atom. 2) may be express wher he panes expres set frth thei intentions or ipl when ther lentone maybe nes ftom thei aeons or tonduct ‘When contract considered in written form, sel ely meg at be ten nl ‘wens atte nwtng Sa aeons pooh nace erty ols ing tah ee a A “Manuel vs. Rodriguez, 109 Phil. 1,) . Lael ree ee oe the fc cra ah oe et tw 9 efor tei validly are prevent (An 1:56) seal cr aa cay tral cotract may be oa cr wien nny he Po mpi from the onda Pare lo enh cont rth Betta oben acorn gpeatog ye EY neta sees regarding form of contracts, ign fre Sc eisesbe reciprocally by the contacng pore, wees ca fom Wid be cna een 231 galthe thee (3) este requisites consent bjt ood ra vty te pro fo seranaes se vec conn hayeatcia es ‘cor ir matuent via olewagay nese ee bing ce thle pes Gosh pee Salone BeAMPLE: Bef ante in the tore of fering PLD for ble i sein, The lowing day Seale By plene acxping ofr {iB who promi wo pay the next dey The note and the ont conte 4 ply cnfreble contrat an bth Band Saray boon (2) Exceptions. — The form, howeret i equ inthe lobowing cases: (when the law rules that contrat ein sme form tobe valid, |ae 2 REL OHERUEATONS HOCTINTS Aa (©) hen the Ia requires that a contrat be {orm tobe enfrceabe or proved ina certain way (2 when ee ein tha one eg. fame Recon lepat serene ‘ego ae ee Form for valid of contract, ‘There are rare cases when the aw requires {na certain form forthe validity of the contract. EXAMPLES. 0) Donation of real property, ~ 8 ust be in instrament (ar 19) Pebie 2) Dentin of pou! ppey ese wi 00 ~ te dna eps men ra that a contrat be ©) Sle of tnd trough an eg. — the suthoity of he agent most bein wing thers esl wl CA (9) _ Statin to py inet. ~ Wt ust bein wt ethers ror id ar 356} 9) Contac of patie. — it immovaes re conc ‘ed it mat bin ubinruent to which sal se 4 heed inventory ofthe immovable propery conics tre iim) Form for enforceability of contract. the case of contacts covered by the Saat of Fads, {he lw egies that tey ben wring ubscbed by e paey charged or by his agent (Art. A012 I the cons ion ‘esting the contract val assuming lhe cence = Prsen bot canot be proved and econ, cet be enforced by ether party if te ber plus fpr te ‘ntact une itis rated by theater C10) "Unenforeabe contracts are discussed under Chapter & ART. 1357 f the law requires a document or ‘other special form, as In the acts and contracts ronsor covers euerte ih 10¥e9 see, te, Stes may compel each one encenting i ence cnt fas rpg Ia may beens nen ante Contes. amtortho convenlance ofthe parts, peaemere all | isan Secwin ot ef 2 tenn ‘set be eistered inthe prope ey ace eee sept ee afore yom | Setzompliance withthe rete form would net aie | Reece ah feet rao ay serene Sse! une ries ef ei goigretyinwmar beater ere fed ee ay ee mi ces Nera oe Scere erent ‘SCRA 1276.) ene ea we easreigener ate ree pore tier Secor ee peaaa seme a Sage hiecac saree wimgra merece eae seer eae? «Sabaneta see laRESEDA SRE, I ee cia eeeuan et somdecsi empl ret ints gain heanguouedte nti tet OR a pnts escereeeteeea “Src ann Seana oycen ncn oe nt ART. 1358. The following must appear in a public document: (1)_-Aots and contracts which have for their ‘object, the creation, transmission, modification ‘oF extinguishment of rel rights over immovable property; sales of real propery or of an Interest {horein re governed by Articles 1403, No.2, and 1405; (2). The cossion, repudlaton of renunclaton of hereditary rights oF of those of the conjugal partnership of gains; (@) The power to administer property, or ny other power which has for its object an act ‘appearing or which should appear in a public ‘document, or should prejudice a third person; (4) The cession of actions or rights proceed- Ing from an act appearing in a public document, Allother contracts where the amount involved exceeds Five hundred pesos must appearinwting, ‘even a private one. But sales of goods, chattels oF things in action aa governed by Articles 1403, No. 2 and 1405, (12803) Contracts which must appear ‘Ina public document. The contracts covered by this article are valid and ‘enforceable though ‘not contained ia a publie document ot es (reo, 3 in writing. The pubic document is req ect al grated ny ft ora binding span! ted perce a Se aaa reg "eet eta a teins ge cr eke iceman Pelion dns crgenristet Ce cathe oun © a a ct yi ot Seater srriemntnembecsae ony Sete nah dr Syma See teense tare kt ety pees eee see op mere es at ceeact fitnie mene oe a so a Pr pey ery =n sails nares gates atsge his property thse he sath of Ao ari Seren eat or ne gage Orewa cn te etn smesomeescituteapetoee Somes =o: ect tenmenint at |ne "ELAWoNCMLCATONS AND CoNTRACKS STUDY GUIDE Definitions Define a gve the meaning ofthe following: 1. formof eontact; 2. informal contre. Discussions 1. What may be the form ofa contrat? 2. I dhelaw requires contact tobe in wr thecontractbe invalid ite natin wring? "ML Froblems Epi or sate bily the mule or reason for your 1.5 Gale) and 8 Quy entered Into cont ef sal ofa pare ofa Te slew embodied a Blt dace dot na publ aumento Rwasrot cknonindgd fee oty pele mseed bby law. Is the sale valid? oe 2. In the stme example, what rights, if any, are secure by he conteing pay EN * —000— Chapter 4 REFORMATION oF INSTRUMENTS (n) ART 188: hen hrs having an meeg i tro mings ofthe partes tos conn enon f ot exresed in an a tg to embody he epee, era, au negtabe enor Seen tae pts may atk ore aor SE iesvumont tothe nd tha sch women eyo expreste. If mish, fou, Inegutable cond, of acide ne prevented a mesng tte ds of earn te proper ere) tomate ‘fasion bt aan the one weaning of reformation. Reformation sthat ema lowed by why mesnschich a wten instruments amended or etfed ss tempest ‘Mor to the real agreement or intention of the paties when [fnason of mistake, fad, nequtabe conduct or acide the ‘rumen falls to express such agreement rintenton. nis toe distinguished from interpretation (Chap. Reason for reformation, “Equity orders the reformation ofan irae in oder duh lato ofthe corrartng pats may e npese- the “Te courts do no attempt 0 make anotber contract foe pins, The rationale of the doctrine i that t would be jest