FUNDAMENTALS

OF WATER SUPPLY
WATER & ITS TREATMENT METHODS,
STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

PREPARED BY AR. FROILAN CABIGON

 WATER
• Basic human need
a colorless, transparent, odorless
• Universal solvent liquid that forms the seas, lakes,
• Equally important as air to rivers, and rain and is the basis
human life of the fluids of living organisms.

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USES OF WATER

ORNAMENTAL &
NOURISHMENT HYGIENE LIVELIHOOD PROTECTIVE CEREMONIAL
• Drinking • Bathing • Farming • Fire Fighting • Landscaping
• Cooking • Laundry • Manufacturing • Crowd Control • Religious Rites
• Cleaning • Production

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 PROPERTIES
OF WATER
Water Supply in buildings
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL must meet a minimum
level of quality based on
the following

https://www.usgs.gov/science/science-explorer/Water
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PHYSICAL

TURBIDITY ODOR COLOR TASTE TEMPERATURE

• Cloudiness • Depends on • Not entirely • Generally • Freezes at 0°c
• Suspended the elements colorless tasteless • Boils at 100°c
Solids present in • Slight tint of blue
the water

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 ACIDITY BASICITY
PH level lower PH level
than 7 greater than 7
CHEMICAL
Characteristics of water
determined by the
presence of chemicals and
minerals
VISCOSITY HARDNESS
“Thickness” of Amount of calcium
water and magnesium
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 BIOLOGICAL
Quality of water determined
by the presence of bacteria,
viruses or pathogens. Water
supply should be free of
these contaminants

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HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

EVAPORATION TRANSPIRATION CONDENSATION PRECIPITATION INTERCEPTION

• Liquid to gas • Evaporation • Water vapor • Rain • Precipitation
• Water Vapor from leaves turns into liquid • Hail or snow intercepted by
leaves & plants

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THROUGHFALL INFILTRATION
Water droplets Water enters
from the leaves the soil

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

PERCOLATION SURFACE RUNOFF

Water being Water that’s
filtered by soil “running off” over
land 11
SOURCES OF WATER
Where we get water for our consumption

GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER RAINWATER 12

 PLUMBING
WATER CYCLE

Plumbing fixtures
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www.valueofwater.ca
WATER
PURIFICATION
PURIFICATION PROCESSES OF
GROUNDWATER, SURFACE WATER AND
RAINWATER

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SURFACE WATER PURIFICATION
1. NATURAL STORAGE
• Natural process
• Matter sink in the bottom
• Disease-producing organisms
die out
3. COAGULATION &
2. AERATION FLOCCUALATION
• Water is sprayed or cascaded • A coagulant (Aluminum sulphate.
E.g. Tawas) is introduced in water
• Absorb additional oxygen
• Water gets clearer as impurities
• Removes iron compounds clump together
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SURFACE WATER PURIFICATION

4. SEDIMENTATION 5. FILTRATION 6. DISINFECTION

• Process by gravity • Water passes through a • CHLORINATION
multitude of filters • UV DISINFECTION
• REVERSE OSMOSIS

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FULL SURFACE
WATER
PURIFICATION
PROCESS

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GROUNDWATER PURIFICATION
1. PERCOLATION
It is the process of
rainwater being filtered
by the soil where it
eventually reaches the
water table.

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GROUNDWATER PURIFICATION
2. DISINFECTION

Ground water sources are

naturally and presumably
purified by a compact and
thick filter layer of sand, soils
and rocks. Hence, disinfection
is may already enough for
water consumption.

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RAINWATER PURIFICATION
1. FILTRATION
2. DISINFECTION

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GROUNDWATER
EXTRACTION
HOW WATER IS EXTRACTED FROM NATURE

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 DUG WELL BORED WELL

s
A hole made in the earth
to reach a natural deposit
– be it water, oil or gas

DRIVEN WELL DRILLED WELL

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WELLS

DUG WELLS BORED WELL

• Shallow • Constructed using an earth auger
• Commonly 60cm dia. • Earth augers may be manual or power-driven
• Lined with masonry or • A well-casing, usually a pipe, is lowered to the bottom of the
concrete hole
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WELLS

DRIVEN WELL DRILLED WELL

• A long perforated steel tube is driven • Essentially the same as a bored well but a
into the soil drilling rig used to drill the hole
• Deep and large-scale applications

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WATER STORAGE
COMMON METHODS IN BUILDINGS

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WATER STORAGE

UNDERGROUND ABOVE GROUND OVERHEAD

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