Japanese Invasion

 December 8, 1941 - Pearl Harbor was bombed and prompted the US to go to war
 The attack on the Philippines started on December 9, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii. As at Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground.
Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12,
1941.
 Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf on December 22, 1941, and advanced across central
Luzon towards Manila.
 The Japanese planned to move swiftly and win victories before the United States could respond with
force.
 On the advice of President Quezon, General MacArthur declared Manila an open city on December
25, 1941, and removed the Commonwealth government to Corregidor. The Japanese occupied
Manila on January 2, 1942.
 Pres. Quezon summoned Gen. Douglas MacArthur and was assigned Field Marshall of the Philippine
Army. Training of citizen soldiers was undertaken in the preparation for War.
 Air attacks took place at Baguio, Tarlac, and the naval and air installations at Subic, Zambales and
Clark, Pampanga. In the south, Davao received its first air raid on the same day.
 The Japanese landing at Lingayen brought Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, commander of the Japanese
14th Army forces which invaded the Philippines.
 Manila was attacked as early as December 9, 1941.
 January 2, 1942 – The first Japanese contingent entered Manila and Lt. Gen. Homma declared the
end of American rule in the Philippines and imposed martial law in all occupied areas.

Japanese Occupation
 On January 3, 1942, General Masaharu Homma issued a proclamation announcing the end
of the American occupation.
 Japanese Military Forces declared martial law. Rules during martial law:
1. First Order: Surrender of all firearms
2. Detention camps became places of torture.
3. Priests suspected of engaging in subversion activities were also imprisoned.
4. As early as January 14, 1942, Colonel Murosawa head of the religious section of the
Japanese Army issued a Declaration to Christians in the Philippines. By 1943, parish
priests were being required to use their pulpits to convince the people that it was
useless to resist Japanese rule.
5. General Homma allowed the Commonwealth to stay for the moment. He ordered all
public officials to continue to discharge their duties.
6.Curfew first from 8:00pm – 6:00am then from 12:00mn – 6:00am.
7.Total black out was lifted on May 4,1942 after the fall of Bataan.
8. Arbitrary arrests and executions were done by the kempeitai (military police) any
time of the day.
9. “Kura” most feared word (inward wave of hand meant “come here!” signified disaster
and outward wave of hand meant “dismiss” or “scram”).
10. Many were also executed on mere suspicion of being with the resistance movement.
11. No one could travel without a pass from its army. (This prohibition in travel was
lifted after the fall of Corregidor.
12.Taliba, La Vanguardia, Tribune, and Liwayway were allowed to continue publication
but under rigid censorship by the government.
13. Many theaters switched from movies to stage shows.
 Mickey Mouse Money was circulated that provoked inflation in such alarming situation Life
During the War Time Years
 Bataan Death March
 For the next three months, the combined U.S.-Filipino army held out despite a lack
of naval and air support. Finally, on April 9, with his forces crippled by starvation and
disease, U.S. General Edward King Jr. (1884-1958), surrendered his approximately
75,000 troops at Bataan.
  April 9, 1942 – The prisoners were disarmed and was told to march to Bataan 105
kilometers to the north.
 April 10-15, 1942, From Bataan to Camp O’ Donnell, 76,000 POWS were captured.
 Comfort Women – According to a research report of one section of SCAP, there were 12
houses of relaxation (comfort stations) and 5 brothels for privates and non-commissioned
officers.
 The Puppet Government – Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor
and later left for the United States, where they set up a government-in-exile. MacArthur
was ordered to go to Australia, where he started to plan for his return to the Philippines.
 KALIBAPI
 On December 2, 1942 – The KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas), a non-political party, was established.
 KALIBAPI’s aim was to bring about the rapid reconstruction of the Philippines and
the rehabilitation of the Filipino people.
 The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government
structure in the Philippines.
 June 18, 1943 – KALIBAPI members appointed a committee to nominate the
members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI)
 June 19, 1943 – KALIBAPI, only political party that time, held a convention and
“elected” 20 members of Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence
(PCPI, Please Cancel Philippine Independence) as in-charge of framing a constitution
for the forthcoming “Republic”
 The Japanese worked for the enlistment of the Philippines into the Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere. Reforming the Philippine Government
 September 4, 1943: Constitution was brought to the public
 September 7, 1943: Ratification of the Japanese-sponsored Constitution (Preamble
and twelve articles)
 On September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI - under the leadership of its director general
 The New Republic
 To elect 54 members of the National Assembly
 President: Jose P. Laurel
Vice President: Benigno Aquino Sr. And Ramon Anancena
 Problems of the republic:
 Shortages of food, clothing, oil, and other necessities
 President Laurel was faced with many pressures and problems because of war and
Japanese occupation
 HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon)
 The Japanese occupation was effectively opposed by guerilla warfare, one resistance
group in Central Luzon was known as HUKBALAHAP was led by Luis Taruc, a
communist party member since 1939.
 MacArthur’s Return – “People of the Philippines, I have returned!”
 On October 20, 1944, MacArthur waded ashore onto the Philippine Island of Leyte.
That day, he made a radio broadcast in which he declared, Philippine Liberation
from the Japanese
 Sergio Osmena, Sr.as President of the Commonwealth since Manuel Quezon died in
August 1, 1944.
 July 1945, Gen MacArthur took over the Philippines from the Japanese.
 August 15, 1945, Japanese government surrendered to the Americans after the
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan.
 End of war in the Pacific.