9

CONSUMER
CHEMISTRY
First Quarter
Module 3: CLASSIFICATIONS
ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Classifications Aliphatic Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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 9
Consumer
Chemistry
First Quarter
Module 3: Classifications Aliphatic
Compounds
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

(Classification Aliphatic Compounds) !

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Classification Aliphatic Compounds. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Learning Objectives

1. Define and identify alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic hydrocarbons.

2. List some properties of hydrocarbons.
3. Identify and name simple (straight-chain) alkanes given formulas and write
formulas for straight-chain alkanes given their names.
4. Define structural and geometric isomers.
5. Write condensed structural formulas and draw line-angle formulas given
complete structural formulas for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic
hydrocarbons.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which among these is not associated with aliphatic compounds?

a. They contain (4n+2)pi electrons
b. Contain straight chain compounds
c. Contain branched chain compounds
d. Has appropriate number of H-atoms and functional groups

2. The simplest hydrocarbon is.

a. CH2 b. CH3 c. CH4 d. C2H4
3. In ethene, the two carbon atoms are joined by a
a. Single bond b. double bond c. triple bond d. Ionic bond

4. Which compound is alkane?

a. C4H7 b. C4H8 c. C4H6 d. C4H10

5. Organic compounds are broadly classified as _________

a. Open chain compounds and acyclic compounds
b. Open chain compounds and linear chain compounds
c. Cyclic compounds and alicyclic compounds
d. alicyclic compounds and acyclic compounds

6. The hydrocarbon in which all the 4 valencies of carbon are fully occupied is called
as __________
a. Alkene c. Alkane
b. Alkyne d. Cycloalkane

7. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds with element __________

a. Hydrogen c. Carbon
b. Oxygen d. Both hydrogen and carbon

8. Find the odd one out.

a. Aromatic c. Alkynes
b. Alkanes d. Alkenes

9. The simplest member of organic compounds is?

a) Methanol c. Formaldehyde
b) Methane d. Formic acid

10. What is the general formula of alkynes?

a. CnH2n-2 B. CnH2n+2 C. CnHn D. CnH2n
Lesson
Classifications Aliphatic
1 Compounds
An aliphatic compound or aliphatic hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
hydrogen and carbon atoms that are usually linked together in chains that are
straight.

The term Aliphatic has been derived from the Greek word “Aleiphar” which
translates to “fat”. It is used to describe hydrocarbons that are obtained by the
chemical degradation of oils or fats.

The simplest organic compounds are those composed of only two elements: carbon
and hydrogen. These compounds are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons
themselves are separated into two types: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on chains of C
atoms. There are three types of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkanes are aliphatic
hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that
contain at least one C–C double bond, and alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a
C–C triple bond. Occasionally, we find an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a ring of C
atoms; these hydrocarbons are
called cycloalkanes (or cycloalkenes or cycloalkynes). Because alkanes have the
maximum number of H atoms possible according to the rules of covalent bonds,
alkanes are also referred to as saturated hydrocarbons.

Note

The word saturated has the same meaning for hydrocarbons as it does for the
dietary fats and oils: the molecule has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds (C=C).

Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons, while alkenes, alkynes, and

aromatic hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated.

What’s In

An aliphatic compound is an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen

joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings. It is one of
two broad classes of hydrocarbons, the other being aromatic compounds.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into three main groups according to the types of
bonds they contain: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes have only single
bonds, alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond, and alkynes contain a carbon-
carbon triple bond.
 ALKANES = CnH2n+2

ALKENES=CnH2n

ALKYNES=CnH2n-2

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons (compounds

containing only CARBON AND HYDROGEN).
Each of these form a homologous series (a group of organic compounds
having a common general formula/ or in which each member differs from the
next by A CH2)

What’s New

Answer the following questions.

Saturated compound pentane unsaturated compound

Isomers hydrocarbon alkenes
alkynes substituent alkanes
Alkyl group
1. What alkane has 5 carbons? ETNNAEP
2. What homologous series has a functional group of C=C? EESNLKA
3. Organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen? DROBONRACYH
4. A hydrocarbon with only one covalent bond. LANEKA
5. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. ERSMOSI
6. A hydrocarbon that contains triple covalent bonds. YLKNEA
7. A hydrocarbon that derived from an alkane. KYLLA OUPRG
8. An atom or group of atoms that can take place of a hydrogen atom.
TUEITTNBSUS
9. Organic compound containing double or triple carbon bonds. DETARSATUUN
OOUPMNDC
10. Organic compound containing max amount of hydrogen atoms. URATEDTAS
OOUPMNDC

What is It

The simplest organic compounds are those composed of only two elements: carbon
and hydrogen. These compounds are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons
themselves are separated into two types: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on chains of C
atoms. There are three types of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkanes are aliphatic
hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds. Alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons
that contain at least one C–C double bond, and alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons
that contain a C–C triple bond. Occasionally, we find an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a
ring of C atoms; these hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes (or cycloalkenes or
cycloalkynes).

Alkanes

The simplest alkanes have their C atoms bonded in a straight chain; these are
called normal alkanes. They are named according to the number of C atoms in the
chain. The smallest alkane is methane:

Figure 9.2.19.2.1 Figure 9.2.19.2.1.

Three-dimensional representation of methane © Thinkstock. The methane molecule
is three dimensional, with the H atoms in the positions of the four corners of a
tetrahedron.

The diagrams representing alkanes are called structural formulas because they
show the structure of the molecule. As molecules get larger, structural formulas
become more and more complex. One way around this is to use a condensed
structural formula, which lists the formula of each C atom in the backbone of the
molecule.

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA

The condensed formulas show hydrogen atoms right next to the carbon atoms to
which they are attached, as illustrated for butane:

The ultimate condensed formula is a line-angle formula (or line drawing) , in which
carbon atoms are implied at the corners and ends of lines, and each carbon atom is
understood to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to give each carbon atom four
bonds. For example, we can represent pentane (CH 3CH2CH2CH2CH3) and
isopentane [(CH3)2CHCH2CH3] as follows:
 Structural
Formula

Ball and Stick

Model

Space Filling
model

Name Methane Ethane Propane

Condensed
Structural CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3
Formula
Molecular
CH4 C2H6 C3H8
Formula

Line angle
drawing

Homologous Series

Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8) are the beginning of a
series of compounds in which any two members in a sequence differ by one
carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms—namely, a CH2 unit. The first 10
members of this series are given in Table 9.2.19.2.1.
 Table 9.2.19.2.1 The First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes
Condensed Structural Name
Molecular Formula
Formula
CH4 CH4 methane
C2H6 CH3CH3 ethane
C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 propane
C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3 heptane
C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3 octane
C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3 nonane
C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3 decane

Note

Parentheses in condensed structural formulas indicate that the enclosed

grouping of atoms is attached to the adjacent carbon atom.

Consider the series in Figure 9.2.29.2.2. The sequence starts with C3H8, and
a CH2 unit is added in each step moving up the series. Any family of
compounds in which adjacent members differ from each other by a definite
factor (here a CH2 group) is called a homologous series. The members of
such a series, called homologs, have properties that vary in a regular and
predictable manner. The principle of homology gives organization to organic
chemistry in much the same way that the periodic table gives organization to
inorganic chemistry. Instead of a bewildering array of individual carbon
compounds, we can study a few members of a homologous series and from
them deduce some of the properties of other compounds in the series.
Figure 9.2.29.2.2 Members of a homologous series.

The principle of homology allows us to write a general formula for alkanes:

CnH2n + 2. Using this formula, we can write a molecular formula for any
alkane with a given number of carbon atoms. For example, an alkane with
eight carbon atoms has the molecular formula C8H(2 × 8) + 2 = C8H18.

Naming (IUPAC Nomenclature)

A systematic way of naming hydrocarbons and other organic compounds

has been devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC). These rules, used worldwide, are known as the IUPAC System of
Nomenclature. A stem name in Table 9.2.19.2.1 indicates the number of
carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain (LCC). Atoms or groups
attached to this carbon chain, called substituents, are then named, with their
positions indicated by numbers.

Table 9.2.29.2.2Stems That Indicate the Number of Carbon Atoms in

Organic Molecules
Stem Number of C Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10

Note

A continuous (unbranched) chain of carbon atoms is often called a straight

chain even though the tetrahedral arrangement about each carbon gives it a
zigzag shape. Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes called normal alkanes,
and their names are given the prefix n-. For example, butane is called n-
butane. We will not use that prefix here because it is not a part of the system
established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes

Organic compounds that contain one or more double or triple bonds

between carbon atoms are described as unsaturated. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons have less than the maximum number of H atoms possible.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules that contain one or more double bonds
are called alkenes. Carbon atoms linked by a double bond are bound
together by two bonds, one σ bond and one π bond. Double and triple bonds
give rise to a different geometry around the carbon atom that participates in
them, leading to important differences in molecular shape and properties.
The differing geometries are responsible for the different properties of
unsaturated versus saturated fats.

Note

The word unsaturated has the same meaning for hydrocarbons as it does for
the dietary fats and oils: the molecule has at least one carbon-to-carbon
double (C=C) or triple bond (C=C).

Ethene, C2H4, is the simplest alkene. Each carbon atom in ethene,

commonly called ethylene, has a trigonal planar structure. The second
member of the series is propene (propylene) (Figure 9.2.69.2.6); the butene
isomers follow in the series. Four carbon atoms in the chain of butene allows
for the formation of isomers based on the position of the double bond, as
well as a new form of isomerism.

Structural
Formula

Ball and
Stick Model

Space
Filling
model

Name ethene propene 1-butene

Condensed
Structural CH2CH2 CH2CHCH3 CH3CH2CHCH2
Formula
Molecular
C2H2 C3H6 C4H8
Formula
 Line angle
drawing

The name of an alkene is derived from the name of the alkane with the same
number of carbon atoms. The presence of the double bond is signified by
replacing the suffix -ane with the suffix -ene. The location of the double bond
is identified by naming the smaller of the numbers of the carbon atoms
participating in the double bond:

Alkynes

Hydrocarbon molecules with one or more triple bonds are called alkynes;
they make up another series of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Two carbon
atoms joined by a triple bond are bound together by one σ bond and two π
bonds. The sp-hybridized carbons involved in the triple bond have bond
angles of 180°, giving these types of bonds a linear, rod-like shape.

The simplest member of the alkyne series is ethyne, C2H2, commonly called
acetylene. The Lewis structure for ethyne, a linear molecule, is:

The IUPAC nomenclature for alkynes is similar to that for alkenes except
that the suffix -yne is used to indicate a triple bond in the chain. For
example, CH3CH2C≡CHCH3CH2C≡CH is called 1-butyne.

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes and alkynes are named in a similar fashion. The biggest difference
is that when identifying the longest carbon chain, it must contain the C–C
double or triple bond. Furthermore, when numbering the main chain, the
double or triple bond gets the lowest possible number. This means that there
may be longer or higher-numbered substituents than may be allowed if the
molecule were an alkane. For example, this molecule
is 2,4-dimethyl-3-heptene (note the number and the hyphens that indicate
the position of the double bond).

Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes

Ethylene (the common industrial name for ethene) is a basic raw material in
the production of polyethylene and other important compounds. Over 135
million tons of ethylene were produced worldwide in 2010 for use in the
polymer, petrochemical, and plastic industries. Ethylene is produced
industrially in a process called cracking, in which the long hydrocarbon
chains in a petroleum mixture are broken into smaller molecules.

Halogens can also react with alkenes and alkynes, but the reaction is
different. In these cases, the halogen reacts with the C–C double or triple
bond and inserts itself onto each C atom involved in the multiple bonds. This
reaction is called an addition reaction. One example is

The reaction conditions are usually mild; in many cases, the halogen reacts
spontaneously with an alkene or an alkyne.

Hydrogen can also be added across a multiple bond; this reaction is called
a hydrogenation reaction. In this case, however, the reaction conditions
may not be mild; high pressures of H2 gas may be necessary. A platinum or
palladium catalyst is usually employed to get the reaction to proceed at a
reasonable pace:

CH2=CH2+H2→metalcatalystCH3CH3(9.2.2)(9.2.2)CH2=CH2+H2→metalc
atalystCH3CH3

Geometric Isomers (Cis-Trans) Isomers

With a molecule such as 2-butene, a different type of isomerism called

geometric isomerism can be observed. Geometric isomers are isomers in
which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms
in space is different. The double bond in an alkene is not free to rotate
because of the nature of the pi bond. Therefore, there are two different ways
to construct the 2-butene molecule. The image below shows the two
geometric isomers, called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene.

The cis isomer has the two single hydrogen atoms on the same side of the
molecule, while the trans isomer has them on opposite sides of the
molecule. In both molecules, the bonding order of the atoms is the same. In
order for geometric isomers to exist, there must be a rigid structure in the
molecule to prevent free rotation around a bond. If the double bond in an
alkene was capable of rotating, the two geometric isomers above would not
exist. In addition, the two carbon atoms must each have two different groups
attached in order for there to be geometric isomers. Propene has no
geometric isomers because one of the carbon atoms has two single
hydrogens bonded to it.

Physical and chemical properties of geometric isomers are generally

different. While cis-2-butene is a polar molecule, trans-2-butene is nonpolar.
Heat or irradiation with light can be used to bring about the conversion of
one geometric isomer to another. The input of energy must be large enough
to break the pi bond between the two carbon atoms, which is weaker than
the sigma bond. At that point,the now single bond is free to rotate and the
isomers can interconvert.

As with alkenes, alkynes display structural isomerism beginning with 1-

butyne and 2-butyne. However, there are no geometric isomers with alkynes
because there is only one other group bonded to the carbon atoms that are
involved in the triple bond.
 What’s More

Provide the following name of the compound.

Example: what is the name of the eight carbon alkane?
Solution: the stem that refers to eigth carbon atoms is oct plus the suffix-ane
for an alkane, so the answer is Octane

1. Three carbon alkane ________________

2. Five carbon alkyne ________________
3. Three carbon alkene ________________
4. Seven carbon alkene ________________
5. Six carbon alkane ________________
6. Ten carbon alkene ________________
7. one carbon alkane ________________
8. five carbon alkane ________________
9. nine carbon alkyne ________________
10. six carbon alkene ________________

What I Have Learned

Fill in the name or formula for the following open-chain hydrocarbons.(no

cycloalkane)

1. C3H8 _____________ 6. __________ ethyne

2. C8H16 _____________ 7. __________ propene
3. C4H10 _____________ 8. __________ butene
4. C5H8 _____________ 9. __________ nonene
5. C7H16 _____________ 10. _________ pentane
 What I Can Do

Test I
Answer the following questions.
1. Define hydrocarbon. What are the two general types of hydrocarbons?
2. What are the three different types of aliphatic hydrocarbons? How are they
defined?

Complete the table.

Condensed Structural
IUPAC Name Molecular formula
formula
1. Butane
2. CH4
3. propene
4. CH2=CHCH2CH3
5. C2H6
6. Propane
7. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-
CH3
8. Ethyne
9. C5H12
10. Heptane

Assessment

Read and answer the following questions.

1. alkanes are distinguished from other hydrocarbons because they are
A. Only single carbo-carbon bonds
B. Both double and triple carbon-carbon bonds
C. One triple bonds
D. One double bonds
2. The naming of organic compounds follows a definite pattern, depending on
the number of carbon atoms in its longest chain. Select the correct root for the
molecules that has 5 carbon atoms in its longest chain.
A. Prop B. Pent C. Eth D. Hept
 3. The diagram shows the structural formula for which molecule?
H H H H H H

H C C C C C C H

H H H H H H

A. Octane b. Hexane c. Propane d. Hexene

4. In ethene, the two carbon atoms are joined by a

A. Single Bond B. Double Bond C. Triple Bond D. Ionic Bond

5. Which of the following formulas represents an alkene?

A. CH3CH2CH3
B. CH3CH3
C. CH3CH2CHCH2
D. CH3CH2Cl

Test II
6-10. Classify each compound as saturated or unsaturated. Identify each as an
alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne.
a.

b.

c.

d.
 e.

Additional Activities

Answer the following questions.

1. Define hydrocarbon. What are the two general types of hydrocarbons?
2. What are the three different types of aliphatic hydrocarbons? How are they
defined?
 Answer Key

What I know? What New? What’s More?

1. A
2. C 1. Pentane 1. Propane
3. B 2. Alkenes 2. Pentyne
4. D 3. Hydrocarbon 3. Propene
5. D 4. Alkane 4. Heptane
6. C 5. Isomers 5. Hexane
7. D 6. Alkyne 6. Decene
8. A 7. Alkyl group 7. Methane
9. B 8. Substituents 8. Pentane
10. A 9. Unsaturated 9. Nonyne
compound 10. hexene
10. Saturate
d compound

What I have What I Can Do

learned 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 & C4H10
1. propane 2. METHANE & CH4
2. octane
3. CH2=CH-CH3 & C3H6
3. butane
4. 1-BUTENE &C4H8
4. pentyne
5. ETHANE & CH3-CH3
5. heptane
6. CH3-CH2-CH3 & C3H8
6. C2H2 7. Pentane & C5H12
7. C3H6 8. & C2H2
8. C4H8 9. PENTANE & CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
9. C9H18 10.CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 &
10. C5H12 C7H16
Assessment Additional
1. A activities
2. B 1. Unsaturated
3. B hydrocarbons have
4. B double or triple
5. C bonds and are quite
6. Alkene-unsaturated reactive, saturated
7. Alkyne-unsaturated hydrocarbon have
8. Alkane-saturated only single bonds
9. Alkane-saturated and are rather
10. Alkene-unsaturated unreactive
2. An alkene has a
double bond, an
alkane has single
bonds only
References

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_Chem_330_-
_Adventures_in_Chemistry_(AlviarAgnew)/09%3A_Organic_Chemistry/9.2%3A_Aliphatic_H
ydrocarbons
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=657&ei=tqYbX9LmNpmtoASK8LKgBQ&q=s
ample+activity+of+aliphatic+compounds+with+answers&oq=sample+activity+of+aliphatic+co
mpounds+with+answr&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgcIIRAKEKABMgcIIRAKEKABOgQIA
BBHOg4IABDqAhC0AhCaARDlAjoECAAQQzoLCC4QsQMQxwEQowI6BQgAELEDOgUILh
CxAzoICAAQsQMQgwE6AggAOgYIABAWEB46CAgAEBYQChAeOggIIRAWEB0QHjoFCC
EQoAFQtM1LWJH3TGCDkE1oAnABeAeAAdYZiAHs4QGSAQw1LTkuMTAuNC4xLjOYAQC
gAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEGwAEB&sclient=psy-ab
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Winona_State_University/Klein_and_Straumanis_Guide
d/10%3A_Alkynes/10%3A1_Naming_Alkynes
opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/hydrocarbons-2/
cliffsnotes.com/study
carbonchemistry pinterest.com
Chemistry textbook Estella E. Mendoza and Teresita F. Religioso

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