UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES BAGALKOT

COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE MUNIRABAD

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Company:Naturacrop care

Trainer: Prabu P

Trainees:-

Sl Name Id no
No
1 Abhishek B UHS17UG3665
2 Chandrappa UHS17UG3678
3 Deepika UHS17UG3680
4 Kiran V UHS17UG3687
5 Netravathi UHS17UG3696
6 Nithin B K UHS17UG3699
7 Pradeep UHS17UG3702
8 Rajanagouda UHS17UG3704
9 Rajesh Lamani UHS17UG3705
10 SachinKumar UHS17UG3710
11 Sahana B UHS17UG3711
12 VijayKumar UHS17UG3719
13 Vinay Kumar UHS17UG3720
Content

Introduction

I Introduction to the company and its products

Bio pesticides and Bio fertilizers

Commercial bio-control agents

Training
 Lab sterility test
 Media and its uses
 Primary study of bio agents
 Quality control
 Formulation
  Inoculum, mass production and harvesting

Introduction
Introduction to Company and its products
Natura crop care is an agro based industry which produces bio pesticides and bio fertilizers to
meet the demand of residue free. All the products are suitable for organic farming .
The products as follows:
Bio pesticides
ARKA KRISHI KAWACH
ARKA KRISHI RAKSHAKA
ARKA KRISHI SAMRAKSHAK
ARKA KRISHI VRIDDHI
ARKA KRISHI VEERA
Bio fertilizers
KRISHI NITRO BOOSTER
KRISHI RHIZOBIUM
KRISHI NITROGOLD
KRISHI BACIRICH
Micronutrients products
hi7-Arka Banana Special
hi7-Arka Vegetable Special
hi7-Arka Mango Special
hi7-IISR Ginger Rich
Pomegranate Special
Grape special
Papaya special

Bio insecticide – Solution for sucking pests, soil pest,caterpillers,mites etc….

Metarhizium:- Metarhiziumanisopliaeis a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the
world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasite, and it is a potential Bio
control agent of thrips, mites, termites, mosquitoes, and cattle ticks

Beauveria bassiana:- for control of insect pests. Because this fungus can grow inside plants
without affecting their health or growth, Researchers discovered that B. bassiana isolate can
control damping-off of tomato, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani.
Bio Fungicides -Solutions for soil and air borne fungal diseases

Trichoderma harzianum:Disease Control: Trichoderma is a potent bio control agent and used
extensively for soil borne diseases. It has been used successfully against pathogenic fungi
belonging to various genera, viz. Fusarium, Phytopthara, Scelerotia etc.

Trichoderma viride:T. viride found naturally in soil, it has been shown to provide protection
against such pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Pythium and even Armillaria and is effective as a seed
dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including Rhizoctoniasolani,
Macrophominaphaseolina and Fusarium species
Bio nematicide: solutions for root knot nematodes

Paecilomyces :-Paecilomyces lilacinus, an opportunistic bio-control agent, in controlling root-knot

nematode Meloidogynejavanica on tomato in greenhouse conditions. P. lilacinus, effectively promoted
the growth of plants inoculated with Meloidogynejavanica/ Meloidogyne incognita by suppressing its
pathogenesis as root galling

Pochonia chlamydosporia :The fungus can remain saprophytic in soil in the absence of both
plant and nematode hosts. In the rhizosphere, several Pochonia species have even been
reported to show endophytic behavior in some Gramineae and Solanaceae species—a growth
habit that may result in benefits to the host plant defense against soil-borne pathogens
Decomposer - Fungal strain for faster organic waste decomposition

Aspergillus heteromorphous Aspergillus species are highly aerobic and are found in almost all
oxygen-rich environments.This strain highly potential in decomposing organic waste material by
producing different enzymes viz., lignocellulolytic, amylase, protease and pectinase

Bio fertilizers – solution for N, P, K, Zn,

Azotobacter spp:-this species are gram negative free living they help to N fixation it improves
seed germination and helps to increase nutrient availability and to restore soil fertility.
Azospirillum spp:- Azospirillum spp are Gram negative free living N fixing rhizosphere bacteria
it can positively influence plant growth, crop yield and N content of the plant and increases the
rate of nutrients uptake by the plants.

Pseudomonas spp:- pseudomonas spp are Gram negative Species of bacteria lives in the soil and
has both the ability to support the growth of different crops, and to protect plants from the attack
of different pathogens
Rhizobium spp:- Rhizobium is a genus of Gram negative soil bacteria that fix N Rhizobium spp
form an endo symbiotic N fixing association with roots of legumes

Commercial bio control agents- Bacterial strains

Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, Use of P.putida  is preferable to some other
Pseudomonas species capable of such degradation, as it is a safe species of
Bacteria. Species of bacteria lives in the soil and has both the ability to support the growth of
different crops, and to protect plants from the attack of different pathogens
Pseudomonas florescence

Pseudomonas fluoresces is a Gram-negative bacteria belongs to plant Growth Promoting

Rhizobacteria (PGPR), many strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence are known to enhance plant
growth promotion and reduce severity of various diseases.

Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis is a gram positive bacteria isolated from cow dung (CD) had several beneficial
attributes, which included bio control, plant growth promotion, sulphur (S) oxidation ,
phosphorus (P) solubilizing  and production of industrially important enzymes (amylase and
cellulose).
Bacillus pumilus  
B. pumilus is a gram positive bacteria used in field conditions would be employed as an efficient
bio control agent to replace commercial fungicides in all flower cropping system. In addition,
this isolate makes potent strain for biological control application in agriculture.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 
B. amyloliquefaciens is a gram positive bacteria, considered a root-colonizing biocontrol
bacterium, and is used to fight some plant root pathogens in agriculture, aquaculture, and
hydroponics
Lab sterility test
 Need of sterility test
 Contamination can be detected in the specific area of the lab
 Reduction of unwanted microbial species by sterilization
 Protocol: Take sterile Petri plates and add Nutrient Agar and Potato dextrose Agar to
them
 Allow the media to solidify
 Place the plates in different areas of the lab, for about 5-10 minutes keeping the lid of
plates open
 Keep the plates for 24h of incubation in room temperatureDifferent fungal ad bacterial
colonies can be observed in the plates which will indicate the contamination Techniques
Wiping with 70% Ethanol
The surface like platform of laminar air flow cabinet hands of operator are sterilized by wiping
them thoroughly with 70% alcohol and alcohol is allowed to dry

UV Sterilization
UV rays are used to sterilize the inner portion of the inoculation chamber and eliminates
atmospheric condition UV rays is given for 10 to 20 min before the use of LAF chamber
Flame sterilization
Metallic instruments like forceps scalpels needle are sterilized by dipping in 95% ethanol
followed by flaming and used after cooling
AUTO CLAVE
It operate at high temperature and pressure in order to kill microorganisms and spores. They are
used to decontaminate certain biological waste and sterilize media, instruments and lab ware

HOT AIR OVEN

A hot air oven is a type of dry heat sterilization. Dry heat sterilization is used on equipment that
cannot be wet and on material that will not melt,catch fire, or change form when exposed to high
temperatures.

Training
Media and its uses:
Potato dextrose broth(PDB): Potato Dextrose Broth is used for the cultivation of fungi in a
laboratory setting (in the form of liquid media).
Potato dextrose agar (PDA): Potato Dextrose agar is used for the cultivation of fungi in a
laboratory setting (in the form of semi – solid media).
Nutrient broth: It can grow a variety of types of bacteria. It contains peptone, beef extract &
yeast extract.
Nutrient Agar(NA):It can grow a variety of types of bacteria and fungi. It contains many
nutrients which help for bacterial growth.
Jensen media: Nitrogen free media and used for the isolation of nitrogen fixing microorganisms.
King’s B media(for 1ltr): Kings Medium B Base is recommended for non-selective isolation,
cultivation and pigment production of Pseudomonas species
Aleksandrow media: Used for isolation and detection of Potassium solubilizing bacteria from
soil samples. 
Ken knight media: Ken knight media is used for isolating Antinomies species from soil samples

Primary study of bio agents

Compatibility test for bacteria and fungi
 A state in which two or more organisms are able to exist or occur together without
problems or conflict is known as compatibility.
 Combinations of biocontrol agents for plant diseases have included mixtures of fungi,
mixtures of fungi and bacteria and mixtures of bacteria. Most of these reports on mixtures
of biocontrol agents showed that combination of antagonists resulted in improved disease
control. Hence it is necessary to check the compatibility between fungi and bacteria
which are used as a mixtures.
Requirements:
Bacterial strains Fungal strains

Pseudomonas fluorescence(PF) Trichoderma viride (TV)

Bacillus arahant(BA) Paecilomyces lilacilus(PL)
Pseudomonas taiwanensis(PT)
Azotobacter tropicalis(AT)
Bacillus subtilis(BS)

Petri plates:-NA and PDA media

Compatibility test
 Strains- ( PF TH) and(BS TH ) strains-(AT,PT and BA)

Inoculation, mass multiplication and harvesting

Microbial inoculants : Microbial inoculants also known as soil inoculants or bio inoculants are
agricultural amendments that use beneficial rhizosphericic or endophytic microbes to promote
plant health
Inoculation: Inoculation meaning in microbiology is that transfer from culture for their growth.
It is the direct transfer from the culture of microorganisms to inoculation needle.

Mass multiplication
incubator: An incubator shaker (or thermal shaker) can be considered a mix of an incubator and
a shaker. It has an ability to shake while maintaining optimal conditions for incubating microbes

Rotary heavy duty shaker: These Shakers are ideal for uniform mixing and development of
microbial cultures.
Fermenters: Fermenters is a vessel that maintains optimum environment for the development of
significant microorganism used in large scale fermentation process and the commercial
production.Unique formulation technology delivers a high standard product Stringent quality
norms followed to ensure zero contamination in the product

High-speed separators :High-speed separators are critical components in several bio-based

chemical production steps, for example microbial cell removal. And high-speed
separator efficiency greatly affects yield, and it is essential that they deliver peak performance
Formulation:
Powder formulation:
Carrier used:

Lignite talc
Protocol:
100ml of culture is mixed uniformly with 1kg of powder
Stabilizer:CMC 10 gram/kg (maintains cell count up to 6 months)
The sample will be tested for the quality analysis like moisture content and CFU Then the
sample is allowed for packing
2 Liquid formulation:
Stabilizer: Glycerol 10ml/L and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10g/kg.(maintains cell count up to 1 yr)
Protocol:250ml of culture is mixed with 750 ml of inert material and 20 ml of stabilizer The
sample will be tested for the quality analysis like moisture content and CFU Then the sample is
allowed for packing
Liquid formulation. Powder formulation

Capsule formulation:
It contains more number of cell count
Easy transportation
Easy to store
Cells can be seen in 1012
6. Inoculum, subculture and mass production
6.1 Flowchart
Bacterial/fungalculture

Media

Sub culturing on plate/slant tube

Incubate at RT for 24hr/3-5 days

Store as mother culture (at 4oC)

Inoculum preparation in 100ml NB for each strain separately

Incubate at RT for 48hr for bacteria/3-5 days For fungi
Inoculate 2% broth culture to small scale media (eg.5Lflask)
(Place on shaker incubator at 150 rpm)

For large scale production

Inoculate in the fermenter with autoclaved media (NB/PDB)

Aeration and agitation for 24hrs/3-5 days

Formulation
(Liquid/talc powder/lignite powder) By
Quality analysis
Quality testing
Moisture analysis
It is used to determine the moisture content of a sample with the loss on drying principle.

C.F.U (colony forming unit)

CFU stands for Colony Forming Units, a microbiology term used to quantify how many bacteria
exist in a solution. Depending on the concentration of your sample, you need to perform serial
dilutions and plate the different samples onto Petri dishes.

Gram staining Applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to A heat-fixed smear of a bacterial
culture. Heat fixation kills some bacteria but is mostly used to affix the bacteria to the slide so
that they don’t rinse out during the staining procedure.The addition of iodide, which binds to
crystal violet and traps it in the cell Rapid decolonization with ethanol or acetoneCounter
staining with safranin. Carbolfuchsin is sometimes substituted for safranin since it more
intensely stains anaerobic bacteria, but it is less commonly used as a counter stain.
Commonly used as a counter stain
Application of Reagent Gram-positive Gram-negative
Primary dye crystal violet purple purple
Trapping agent iodine purple purple
De colorizer Alcohol/acetone purple colorless
Counter stain Safranin/carbolfuchsin purple pink

Gram positive Gram negative

Hemocytometer: The Hemocytometer (or Hemocytometer or counting chamber) is a
specimen slide which is used to determine the concentration of cells in a liquid sample.
NATURA CROP CARE FARM UNIT
Farm Deatails:
There are five polyhouses in the farm each having 1 acre.
Two polyhouses are cultivated in soilless (cocopeat) media.
Three polyhouses are cultivated in raised bed.

Introduction of poly house

There are 5 poly houses each of 1 acre of land.

1st and 2nd Polyhouse cultivated under hydroponic condition with the use of cocopeat.

In hydroponic the quality of fruit is good compared to the soil condition.

Under hydroponic the nutrients supplement to the plant is completely under controlled
condition. Here the nutrients are supplied to the plants according to their requirements and at
a specific dose.

Here the daily reading of Ph and EC is taken .

1st Polyhouse
Here the grow bags are used for growing.

2nd Polyhouse
Here the grow packs are used for growing.

2nd polyhouse have some disadvantages such as,

Plant lodging, More competition for water and nutrition, stunted growth and blossom end rot
appearance is more.
3rd, 4th and 5th Polyhouses
These are cultivated under raised bed cultivation.

Compared to hydroponic here the attack of pest and diseases is more.

Here nutrient suppliment is not fully under controlled condition as plant take some of the
nutrients from soil.

Spacing

3rd and 5th polyhouses – 30cm *30cm

4th polyhouse – 45cm*45cm

PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF CAPSICUM

Land preparation:
Land prepared by two times deep ploughing .
Application of compost at the rate of 5tonne/acre.
Rotavate the soil by two time.
Nursery
Selected variety are bachata and inspiration from Rizik Rizwan company and some of own
veriety Arka athulya

Seed sowing
Seeds are sown in protray that contain media coco peat.
Cocopeat must contain EC < 1, PH – 6.5 and sterilize the cocopeat.
Germination will take place in 7 to 10 days. After 14 to 15 days nutrients, NPK should be given.
After 21days systemic fungicides given for damping off, powdery mildew.
Transplanting of seedling to the field after 30-35 days of sowing.
Height of the bed is 30cm , width 65cm and path 1metre.
Apply basal dose of N:P:K(20:25:20) and enriched neem cake.

Transplantation
12000-15000 seedling/acre

Spacing :30cm×30cm Application of preventive

fungicides after two days once for damping
off

First fertigation programme schedule started

from 7th day(N:p:k=11:4.2:11)

Every three days interval fertigation

programme scheduled
 Irrigation generally given in the early hours( 6-
8am)

Each capsicum plant trained to retain only

two stems and each stem is tied along the
ropes
After 15-20 DAT first pruning Started. After 100days ,
Pruning is done once in 10 day’s Interval and first yield
start from 75days after transplanting

Media for hydroponics

Media contains cocopeat(70℅) &cocoshell chips(30℅). This media is sterilized .
Media can be used for 3 years. 3kg of media used per bag

Training
After 3weeks of transplantation, the capsicum plant trained to retain only two stems and each
stem is tied along the ropes.
Pruning and fruit thinning
First Pruning starts after 15-20days after transplantation. Remove all older and true leaves and
tie the first single thread.

Every 7 days interval we have to prune the plant.

After 100days , Pruning is done once in 10 day’s Interval.

Fruit Thinning:-
Remove the undesirable, malformed, diseased and misshapened fruits
Irrigation and Fertigation system
Irrigation system
First fertigation given after 7DAT

Irrigate the plant 8hrs/day and maintain the EC(1.6ds/m) and PH(6.5) through plain water .
Rain water harvesting
Major water source for hydroponics of capsicum cultivation is rain water harveting that having
an capacity to store 1crore litre

Fertigation system
All the fertigation system are fully automated.

Fertigation system contains total 7 tanks.

In which 3 tanks contains micronutrients,another 3 are macronutrients and 1 is PH tank.

1st tank contains nitrates (Potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate )

2nd tank contains sulphates

3rd tank contains acids to maintain PH

Fertigation are given twice in a week

Nitric acid is used to maintain the PH of water at 6.5

Harvesting and Yield
First harvesting starts from 75DAT and subsequentely 1-2 flucking in a week

Duration of crop upto 8-9 months

Yield:-3-4kg/ plant

Grading
Grading is done according to size, shape, colour and quality of fruit

Grade ‘A’: Above 140gm

Grade ‘B’ : Below 140gm

Packaging and Transportation
Packing is done with CFB boxes

Pests, Diseases and Deficiency

Diseases:
1.Damping off
Causal organism-Pythium aphanidermatum

Symptoms - Pale green seedling, brownish water soaked lesions on the basal portion of the
stem, girdling of stem, rotting of tissue and collapse of seedlings.

Management – Proper drainage, seed treatment with thiram or captan @2-3gm/kg of seed and
soil drenching with bordeaux mixture 1% or COC 0.3%.
2. Powdery Mildew

Causal organism – Leveillula taurica

Symptoms – Upper surface of leaf contain yellow mycelium growth and lower Surface of leaves
contains white mycelium growth at later stages entire leaves surface is with dirty white growth

Management – spray hexaconazole and mancozeb Spray wettable sulfur at 0.3% or

carbendazim.

Pests:
1.Leaf curl

Causal organism – Chilli leaf curl virus

Vector – Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)

Symptoms – Rolling and crinkling of the leaves.

New leaves show chlorosis and older leaves become weathery and brittle. Few fruits set that
too small.

Management – Use of yellow sticky traps. Spray imidacloprid.

2. Thrips
Causal organism – Scirtothrips dorsalis

Symptoms – Leaf curl upwards, early defoliation of leaves

Infested leaves and fruits develop light brown to silvery spots and may show signs of
deformation.

Management – Spray of neem soap and pongamia soap, foliage spray of malathion.
3. Mites
Causal organism – Polyphagotarsanemous latus

Symptoms – Downward curling and crinkling of leaves.Leaves with elongated petiole. Stunted
growth.

Management – Spray abamectin and fenazaquin

4. Fruit Borer
Causal organism – Helicoverpa armigera

Sympoms- Early instars feed on foliage.

Grown up larvae mainly bore into the fruits. Management – spray Emamectin benzoate and
spinosad.

Deficiency of nutrients :
Nitrogen – plants remain stunted growth

Leaves turn yellow (chlorosis)

Iron- yellowing from petiole of leaves and extensive chlorosis of younger leaves .

Manganese-chlorotic and necrotic spots in the interveinal areas of leaves.

Magnesium- yellowing of veins and margins of leaves.

Boron- lack of flower formation and fruit drop and deformed fruits.

Calcium – Blossom End Rot and Cuppling of leaves.

The bio pesticides and bio-fertilizers used for cultivation of capsicum

in farm of natural crop care products
Arka microbial consertium(AMC)

All-rounder

Trigun

Darakshak

Neem soap and pongemia soap

Thank you