jet Prapas: 7.

3
Free from vibration
Chapter
High speeds (over 3000 kmhi can be achieved
JET PROPULSION Power production is continuous
Weight to power ratio is low ie., lighter than recprocating engne for
same power.

INTRODUCTION Fuel with

large of mixture strergth
a

Houever it has the following discdoantages

can be used.
Jet propusion units are used to drive
araaft at
very high speed. Such Shorter life
speed is possibie because they are capable of high
a developing
comparatively smal weight and simpie construction. The enormous poweT with Less efficient at low speed
to few unit is reläable due
comporents ard Material cost is high
subsystems.
Working o
et engines (jet propulsion units) is More noisy
motion. In theses units the based on Newtons laws
energ of fuel is comverted into kinetic Specific fuel consumption is very high
of gases. The
propusive force is obtained from the reaction of the energy of a jet Thrust at take off is less and require thrust
wtich are discharged with a jet of gases augmentation methods.
very high velocity from the rear side
Layout of jet engine : The layout of jet
of the unit. TYPES OF JET PROPULSION UNITS:
egine is shoWn in
external component. This gas turbine actsFig.
the gas turbine as it 7.1. It consists According to the method of operation all the jet engines jet propulsion units) are
for the jet nozze as a gas
generator classified as
1. Atmospheric jet engines
(a) Turbo-propeller unit (enginej
- TUeNE (b) Turbo-jet unit (engine)
(c) Ram jet engine
2. Rocket engines.
The atmospheric jet
engines obtain the required oxygen from the
air. Their
performance depends upon the atmospheric pressure atmospheric
temperature. and
ELISTY The Rocket engine carries its
Fz GASES own oxidiser for the combustion of fuei.
performance its
The enpansion in the turbine is limited to the
is independent of the atmosphere.
extent such that the turbine
is just sufficient to drive the powerT ETBCES
compressor. The gases at the turbine exit are
expanded through the nozzle to generate thrust due to the reaction of
expanding
gases on the nozzle body. As the nozzle body is fixed to the aircraft the thrust
ATMOSPHERC ET ENGNES
force acts on the aircraft and propels the vehicle. ROKETBGNES
Advantages of jet propulslon over other systems
TURBO TURBO ET RAM ET
The advantages of jet propuision over other system aree: PROPAIER EWSIE
EGE
Simple in construction
Fig 1.2 Classification of Jei Propulsion Units (Emgines)
Radiant's)
Radiaat's
{AP)
 7.4 |Chapter-7
let Propukion 7.S
7.2.1 Turbo-Propeller Unit: Thermal Engincering-I1
DIRECTION OF MOTION
The turbo-propeller unit is shown in Fig. 7.3.
it consists of an
open cycle gas turbine i.e., a
turbine and a propeller added to the compressor, combustion chamber,
engine.
JET PIPE
AIR
REDUCTION GEARS
PROPELLER

TURBINE
cOMPRESSOR
COMB. CHAMBER-

F i g . 7.4 Turbo-jet Engine

High air fuel ratio (about 50 to 70) limits the temperature of hot gases. The hot
gases is then expanded through the exit nozzle in which the thermal energy of the
TURBINE
hot gases is converted into kinetic energy. The jet of gases is discharged out
COMB CHAMBER .
LcoMPRESSOR through the rear end of the unit. The reaction of the
jet provides the thrust to
move the unit in the direction opposite to that of the
Fig. 7.3 Turbo-Propeller Unit jet.
The turbo-jet engines are most suitable for the air-crafts moving with the
Air enters into compressor where it is speed
compressed to a high pressure. The above 800 km/hour.
compressed air is then entered into combustion chamber in which the combustion
of fuel takes place. The
products of combustion (hot gases at high temperature DUferences between turbo prop and turbo jet engines:
and pressure) are forced into the gas turbine. The The
power produced in the turbine working of turbo prop and turbo-jet engine is same, except the
is used to drive the
compressor and propeller. A set of reduction gears is used differences. following
to reduce the speed of rotation for the
propeller. The jet of exhaust gases leave Turbo Prop Engine
the unit from its rear end. Turbo Jet Engine
Approximately 80 to 90 percent of the thrust
(propulsive force) of the turboprop engine is produced by propeller and about Expansion in turbine is longer
Expansion in turbine is shorter.
10 to 20 percent of the thrust is produced
by the reaction of the jet at exit. Turbine power is sufficient to Turbine power is just sufficient
drive compressor and propeller
7.2.2 Turbo-Jet Unit: Thrust is produced by propeller
to drive compressor
Thrust is produced by the
The turbo-jet unit is shown in Fig.
7.4. The turbo jet unit consists of an open and reaction of jet reaction of jet only
cycle gasturbine (compressor, combustion chamber and turbine) with a diffuser
infront of the compressor and an exit nozzle added to the turbine end. 7.3 RAMJET ENGINE
Air enters
compressor through a diffuser where it is compressed. Small
into
pressure rise in the entering air is caused in the diffuser, but the major part of
The ram jet engine consists of an inlet diffuser, a combustion chamber and an
exit nozzle. It has no compressor and turbine.
pressure rise (nearly upto 3.5 bar) is accomplished in the compressor which is
The velocity of a ntering the diffuser is decreased and is accompanied by an
driven by the turbine. Compressed air passed into the combustion chamber in
increase in pressure. This pressure rise due to decrease in
which fuel is injected at high pressure. Combustion of fuel takes place at velocity of incoming
air is known as ram effect. The air at
constant pressure. Due to combustion temperature and volume of the product of high pressure is passed into combustion
chamber by fuel nozle. The mixture is ignited by a spark plug (or ignition bars)
combustion (hot gases) increases considerable.
(Radiant's A.P
 7.6
Thermal Engineering-I Jet Propusion 7.7
The temperature of combustion
products is not limited as in the case of turbo jet However it has the following disadvantages
engine. Air-fuel ratio of around 15 to 1 is used. This
produces exhaust gas - Difficult to start
temperatures in the range of 1950 to 2200*C. High pressure and temperature gases
pass through the nozzle where the pressure energy is converted into kinetic Low thermal efficiency
The high velocity jet leaving the nozzle exert a thrust to the ram energy.
jet engine. Specific fuel consumption is more.
The ram engine is shown in Fig. 7.5. It will fly with a supersonic speed.
FUEL NOE
4ROCKET ENGINES
VENT Rocket engine carries both the fuel and the oxidising agent. As a result this type
THROAT of engine is independent of the atmosphere. From this point of view rocket
TO engines are most attractive and can be operated in the vacuum. However the
EXHAUST propellant (oxidiser and fuel) consumption is very high.
GASES
Fig.7.7 show a simple rocket. Ît consists two tanks; one containing fuel (alcohol)
BXHAUST
FUEL Lcoe CHAMEER NOZZLE and other oxidiser (liquid oxygen), two pumps (p, and p,), a steam turbine (ST)
DFFUS
NOZE and a combustion chamber. The fuel and oxidiser are supplied to the combustion
F 7s Ren jer Engine chamber by the pumps. The pumps are driven by steam turbine. The steam
required for turbine is produced by mixing a very concentrated hydrogen
In ram
travelling at a speed less than super-sonic speed, the air
jet engines, with calcium permanganate. The oxidiser and fuel bum in the
enters through grid.
Grid valves (shutter valves) are operated automatically
peroxide
combustion chamber producing high pressure gases. The high pressure gases
by
the pressure difference on either side of grid. are passed through the nozzle where pressure is converted into kinetic energy.
If the pressure in the combustion chamber is more, the valves are The gas jet is ejected to the atmosphere at supersonic speed
closed. The through the nozzle.
pressure in the combustion chamber decreases due to expansion of gases, then The jet produce the thrust on the rocket engine, and rocket is
propelled into sky
the valves are automatically opened and air flows into the in the direction opposite to the jet.
diffuser.
The schematic diagram of such a ram jet engine is shown in Fig. 7.6.

FUEL HOT IGTON

BARS

T FUEL TANIK
HT HYDROGEN PEROxIDE TANK

oxosER TANK
STTER
COMS VENTURJ EGiAUST ST STEAM TURBIE
VALVES
SPARK PLUG "aHAweER NOZ7LE
THAOAT P,Pa PUAS

ST cC coMBLSTION CAMBER

Advantages and disadvantages of Ram jet engine HG HOT GASES

N NOZDE
The ram jet engine possess the following aduantages
Develops greater thrust per unit weight
Wide variety of fuels may be used
CASES
No moving parts F 17 Roctet Engiae
(A. P - (Radiant's) (Radiant's- AP)
 7.8
Thermal Engineering-I1 Chapte Jet Propulsion 7.9
Applications of rocket engines :
Rocket engines are employed in the following applications
Summary
1. All type guided missiles Jet propulsion units are used to drive air crafts at high speed. Working of
2. Pilot less air crafts these units is based on Newton's laws of motion.

3. Long range artillary Jet propulsion units can be classified as

4. For signalling and firework display 1. Atmospheric jet engines obtains oxygen from atmosphere
5. For satellites and (a) Turbo propeller unit or engine
6. For spaceships (b) Turbo- jet unit or engine
(c) Ram jet engine
Comparison of Jet Engines and Rocket Engines
2. Rocket engines carries oxidiser for combustion.
1. Jet engines carry only fuel, and atmospheric air is used on an oxidiser
whereas Rocket engines carry both fuel and an oxidiser required for
fuel combustion.
2. Jet engines are only suitable for operation in the atmosphere whereas
rocket engines are capable of operating both in the atmosphere and in
space.
3. In jetf engine thrust produced depends on altitude and flight speed.
Production of thrust in rocket engine does not depend on altitude.
compared with rocket
4. Jet engines have higher thermal efficiency as

engines.

G.5 FUELS USED IN JET PROPULSION

calorifie value and
The fuels used for jet propulsion should possess high
such aviation petrol, aviation kerosine,
low freezing point. Light fuels as
natural gas are commonly used fuels in jet
gasoline, paraffin, alcohol and
propulsion.