Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics) Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics)

Chapter 8 Propulsion system characteristics 50,000lb. Calculate the thrust at an altitude of 3km at Mach 0.6.

Problems 8.1~8.19

P8.1. The General Electric J79 turbojet produces a thrust of 10,000lb at sea level. The inlet
diameter is 3.19ft. If an airplane equipped with the J79 is flying at standard sea level
with a velocity of 1,000ft/ s, estimate:
a) the jet velocity relative to the airplane and
b) the propulsive efficiency

P8.6. The Allison T56 turboprop engine is rated at 4,910 equivalent shaft horsepower at
zero velocity at sea level. Consider an airplane with this engine flying at 500ft/ s at sea
level. The jet thrust is 250lb, and the propeller efficiency is 0.9. Calculate the
equivalent shaft horsepower at this flight condition.

P8.2. The Cessna model 310 twin-engine propeller-driven airplane is powered by two
Continental 10-520-M engines rated at 285Hp each at 2,700rpm at sea level.
McCauley three-blade propellers are used, with a diameter of 6.27ft. The maximum
speed of the airplane at sea level is 238 mi/ h. Assume the performance of the
propeller is given by the propeller efficiency curves in Fig. 8.6.5, and that the
propellers are variable-pitch so as to obtain the maximum efficiency. Calculate the
maximum horsepower available from the engine-propeller combination at sea level.

P8.3. Consider the design of turbojet engine intended to produce a thrust of 25,000lb at a
takeoff velocity of 220ft/s at sea level. At takeoff, the gas velocity at the exit of the
engine (relative to the engine) is 1,700ft/ s. The fuel-air ratio by mass is 0.03. The exit
pressure is equal to the ambient pressure. Calculate the area of the inlet to the engine
necessary to obtain this thrust.

P8.4. A turbofan engine on a test stand in the laboratory operates continuously at a thrust
P8.7. The specific fuel consumption for the Teledyne Continental Voyager 200
level of 60,000lb with a thrust specific fuel consumption of 0.5h-1. The fuel reservoir
liquid-cooled reciprocating engine is 0.375lb/ (bhp.h). When installed in an airplane
feeding the engine holds 1,000galon of jet fuel. If the reservoir is full at the beginning
which is flying at 200mi/ h with a propeller efficiency of 0.85, calculate the
of the test, how long can the engine run before the fuel reservoir is empty? Note: A
equivalent thrust specific fuel consumption.
gallon of fuel weighs 6.7lb.

P8.5. The thrust of a turbofan engine decreases as the flight velocity increases. The
maximum thrust of the Rolls-Royce RB211 turbofan at zero velocity at sea level is
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 Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics)
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P8.8. A General Electric J79-GE-15 turbojet engine is one of two propelling a
McDonnell F4C airplane is powered by two General Electric J79-GE-15 turbojet
engines. F4C has the following characteristics: wing area S=49 m2, engine inlet area
A1=0.6 m2, cruise Mach number M0=0.82, and flight altitude of 30,000 ft. The drag
coefficient of the aircraft under these conditions is 0.045. Determine:
a) The net thrust of the engine
b) The mass flow rate through the engine
c) The gross thrust of the engine
Then, if the exhaust pressure Pe=P0
d) Estimate the exhaust velocity Ve assuming that the turbine exit stagnation
temperature (which is the nozzle entry stagnation temperature) as T0e=1005.4 K
e) Estimate the exit static temperature Te
f) The exit Mach number Me
P8.9. A turbojet engine powers an aircraft flying at a speed of 245 m/s, which has an
exhaust speed of 560 m/s and a specific thrust of 535 N.s/kg. Using the three
different formulae, calculate the propulsive efficiency. What are your comments?
(Neglect the fuel-to-air ratio).
P8.10. A turbojet engine is powering an aircraft flying at 9 km (ambient temperature and
pressure are 229.74 K and 30.8 kPa). It has the following data:
m a  40kg / s, f  0.02, ue  950m / s, Pe  100.0kPa, Ae  0.25m 2
Plot
a) The relation between the propulsive efficiency ηp and the speed ratio (u/ue)
b) The relation between the thrust force and the speed ratio (u/ue)
The flight speed u varies from 0 to 500 m/s.
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT
Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics)
P8.11. A turbojet engine is being flown at a velocity of 230 m/s. It is burning a
hydrocarbon furl with a heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. The specific thrust is 500
N/(kg.s), and the thrust specific fuel consumption is 0.08 kg/(N.h). Calculate:
a) Fuel-to-air ratio
b) Overall efficiency
c) Exhaust speed of gases
d) Propulsive efficiency
e) Thermal efficiency
P8.12. The GEnx high-bypass-ratio turbofan engine at maximum static power (V0=0)
on a sea level, standard day (P0=101 kPa, T0=288.0 K) has the following data:
Total air mass flow rate through the engine is 1000 kg/s, bypass ratio is 9.3, the exit
velocity from the core is 360 m/s, the exit velocity from the bypass duct is 265 m/s, and
the fuel flow rate into the combustor is 3750 kg/h. For the case of exhaust pressures equal
to ambient pressure (P0=Pe), estimate the following:
a) The thrust of the engine
b) The thermal efficiency of the engine (heating value of jet fuel is 43,000 kJ/kg)
c) The propulsive efficiency and thrust specific fuel consumption of the engine
P8.13. A commercial airliner has a dry operating mass of the aircraft 600 tons and has a
range of 9000km using 150 ton of hydrocarbon fuel. Estimate the range of the
aircraft when burning the same volume of hydrogen (both gaseous and liquid). The
hydrocarbon heating value is 43,000 kJ/kg and its density is 804 kg/m3. The gaseous
and liquid hydrogen has heating value of 120 MJ/kg. Density of liquid and gaseous
hydrogen is 70 kg/m3 and 0.08 kg/m3.
P8.14. A fighter aircraft flies at speed of 650 m/s at an altitude of 9.0 km. It is powered
by a single turbojet engine having an inlet area of 0.35 m2. Assuming the exhaust
speed is constant and equal to 700 m/s, the fuel to air ratio f=0.025 and the nozzle is
unchoked. Calculate:
a) The thrust force
b) Propulsive efficiency
P8.15. What is the equivalent specific fuel consumption (ESFC) of a turboprop engine
that consumes 600 kg of fuel per hour and produces 1.2 kN of exhaust thrust and
2300kW during flight at 425 km/h. The propeller efficiency is 0.9.
P8.16. The below figure shows space shuttle Endeavor, sitting atop of carrier NASA
Boeing 747-400, which is powered by four turbofan engines GE CF6-50E. If the
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 Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics) Lecture notes: (Chapter 8: Propulsion system characteristics)

thrust force is expressed by the relation:   m ue  u  u 2 u 

where C  p   ec 
 2  ec   (1   ) 2  p 
(i) Prove that the thrust is a maximum when: u  0.5ue  u   u 
(ii) The carrier Boeing 747-400 is only considered here. Four engine types are considered in the below table:
It has the following data: Turboprop High bypass ratio turbofan Low bypass ratio turbofan Turbojet
 Gross mass 396,890 kg β 30.0 10.0 1.0 0
 Wing area 525 m2 ηp 0.9 0.75 0.62 0.5
 Drag coefficient 0.035 uec/u 1.05 1.2 1.4 0
 Exhaust jet speed 600 m/s 1. Calculate ueh / u  for each case
 Engine thrust force 106 kN 2. Comment
 Air density 0.414 kg/m3
 Engine inlet area 3.14 m 2 P8.18. The range of an aircraft is given by Eq. (8.32) as:
Calculate: u 1  L   m1 
S    ln  
g TSFC  D  m2 
a) Minimum flight speed
b) The maximum thrust that the engine can develop if (u=0.5ue)
c) Maximum acceleration where u is the air relative speed including the effect of wind (for either head-or
(iii) Consider the assembly case with space shuttle atop of Boeing 747 as shown in tail-wind conditions). The military aircraft has the following data:
figure. Space shuttle has the following data: Maximum range 3700km, L/D=10; TSFC=0.08kg/N.h, m2=10,300 kg, flight
Gross mass 110,000 kg speed=280 m/s.
Wing area 343 m2 If the maximum fuel capacity is 4700 kg, what is the maximum value for head wind
Drag coefficient 0.025 to reach this destination?
For the same minimum flight speed calculated above, calculate the maximum
P8.19. Consider an airliner flying from airport A to airport B, with A as the alternate
acceleration of the space shuttle-Boeing assembly.
field. The distance A to B is 6000 km. Maximum range cruise power will be used,
giving a fuel flow (FF) of 800 l/h. The aircraft can carry 9000 l of useable fuel
without exceeding the maximum AUW. The fixed reserve is 1500 l. The used fuel
for taxi and the climb are 100 and 500 l, respectively. A 15% of fuel is next
maintained to provide a variable reserve. At this power setting, the planned TAS
(true airspeed) is 800 km/h and a 100 km/h tailwind is forecasted A to B. Calculate
the distance of point of no return (PNR) from the departure airport A.

P8.17. For a two stream engine (turboprop or turbofan engines), prove that the ratio
between the exhaust speed of hot stream and the inlet speed (ueh/u) is expressed by
the relation:
ueh 1  1  pC

u p

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