Introduction

to
History
Presentated by Group 1
 Objectives:
Understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be
01
familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline.

02
Know the difference between primary, secondary sources and tertiary

03 Examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources

04 Appreciate research method in history

 History:
Introduction and
Historical Sources
 Let's Try It Again?

Let's Go Back To The Past?

 History
It refers to the study and
interpretation by a historian on
the data and other source of the
past human activity, people,
societies and civilizations leading
to the present day.
 There are three important
concepts in the definition.
History as we all know is based on past
events.
It is interpreted by someone usually by
historian. They gather, discard and
interpret the sources that they
encounter.
The most important history rely on data
and documents which historian call as
historical sources
 History’s
Subject Matter
 Subject Matter

Like other social science the subject

matter of history is the life of people
and humanity . But history has
always been known as the study of the
past.
 Etymology
The word history came from the Greek word Historia which means
inquiry.
Clearly the word Historia does not mean past
events. It denotes asking question or investigation
of the past done by person trained to do so or by
persons who are interested in human past.

We can say that historical account must be based on

all available relevant evidence.
Are You
Familiar?
Have you
ever heard
her name?
So here's the tea!
Ever heard the taong-ahas story? The half
human, half snake creature that
supposedly stalked the ladies room of one
of the department store in Manila. The
most famous victim of this creature was
supposedly the actress Alice Dixson. It
happened three decades ago when Alice
Dixson was only 21 years old. Because it
happened in the past, would that story
qualify as history? Or would that story
classify as gossip or urban legend?
 History
and the
Historian
Historian is an expert or student of history, especially that of a
particular period, geographical region or social
phenomenon.

Duties of a historian:

Seek not only historical evidence and facts but also to interpret these
facts.
Gives meaning to these facts and organizes them chronologically.
A person who must be able to recognize the evidence, decide how
useful it is and come to a conclusion based on what he has found out.
responsible for reconstructing the past.
According to Gottschalk, historian is many times removed
from the events under investigation.

He added that only a part of what was observed in the

past was remembered by those who observed it, only a
part of what was
Objetive 01
remembered
Objetive 02
was recorded; only
Objetive 03
a part
of what was recorded has survived, only a part of what
was survive has come to the historian attention.
Moreover only a part of what is credible has been
grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped
can expounded or narrated by the historian.
Some authors define
history as a study of
historical
perspective.
In reconstructing the past, a historian can be subjective;
after all he is human, fallible and capable error.

People’s memories are filled with bias, self righteousness,

pride, vanity, spinning, obstruction and outright lies.

Each has his own frame of reference or a set of

interlocking values, loyalties assumptions interest and
principle of action.
The historian is influenced by his own environment,
ideology, education and influence. His interpretation of
the historical fact is affected by his context and Blind Men & Elephant parable
circumstances.
Historiography
the study of how history was
written, by whom and why it was
recorded as such.

concerned with how historians

have presented history.
Historical Method
a core protocols historians’ use for handling
sources. An agreed ground rules for
researching and writing academic research or
professional history.

An objective historian must verify sources, to

date them, locate the place of origin and
identify their intended functions. It is
important for a historian to base their
accounts on source materials.
 Sources of
History
-tangible remains of the past. It is
an object from the past or
testimony concerning the past on
which historians depend in order to
create their own depiction
of the past.
 Three Kinds of Sources

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Source Source Source

immediate, first-hand offer an analysis, sources that index,

accounts of a topic, interpretation or a abstract, organize,
from people who had a restatement of primary compile, or digest
direct connection with sources and are other sources
it. considered to be
persuasive.
 Primary Sources
A primary source is a testimony of an individual who was a
participant in or a direct witness to the event that is being described.

It is a document or physical object which was written or created

during the time under a study.

Those sources were present during an experience or time period

and offer an inside view of a particular event.

Characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are

available in original format, in microfilm, in digital format or in
published format.
 Five main categories of primary sources

most common source

They are written or printed materials that have been
written
produced in one form or another sometime in the
sources
past.

2
any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten
numerical
form.
records
 Five main categories of primary sources

any form of statement made orally by an eyewitness.

oral It maybe through video recordings, audio recordings,
statements or transcribed.

any objects whose physical or visual characteristics

can provide some information about the past. These
relics include artifacts, ruins and fossils.
Five main categories of primary sources

It includes photograph, posters, paintings, drawing

images
 Primary Sources :

Nelson Mandela Anne Frank

Primary Sources : Written Sources

Travelogue Newspaper
Primary Sources : Written Sources

Archival material Memoir

Primary source: Numerical Records

Printed numerical graph

 Primary source: Oral statements

Franklin Roosevelt Barack obama

During the Great Depression During the 2008 election Barack

and World war II, televisions Obama had many interviews
had not been invented yet. that were televised.
 Primary
source:
Relics

Artifacts (Balanginga Bells)

Fossil (Callao man)

Ruins
 Primary
sources: Images

Photograph (Bud Dajo Massacre) Painting

 Primary
sources: Images

Cartoon Map (Murillo Velarde map c.1734)

 Secondary Sources
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
sources.
These sources are one or more steps removed from the
event.
It is prepared by an individual who was not direct witness to
an event, but not who obtained his or her description of the
event from someone else.
May have pictures, votes or graphics of primary sources in
them.
Examples
of History textbook biographies

Secondary
Sources

nonfiction text such as newspaper,

printed materials (serials or magazine, journals, works of
periodicals which interpret previews criticism and interpretation.
research)
 Tertiary Source
It provides third-hand information by reporting ideas and
details from secondary source. .

An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony at second

hand, which is more reliable than hearsay or tertiary
sources.
This does not mean that tertiary sources have no value,
merely that they include potential for an additional layer of
bias
 Some wikipedia

examples of social media

Tertiary encyclopedia
almanac sites

Sources youtube

message
Dictionaries
boards search sites
Three Kinds of Sources

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Source Source Source

Original Interpretati Summaries

documents ons or or
or firsthand summaries compilations
accounts. of primary of secondary
sources. sources.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES:

https://www.williamcronon.net/researching/periodicals.htm

https://crk.umn.edu/library/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-
sources#:~:text=These%20are%20sources%20that%20index,
repackage%20ideas%20or%20other%20information.