Achieve lean and sustainable production

system facilities with the right strategies

Driving today’s energy transition

Global Energy Transition

• The global energy transition refers to the shift from

fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.
• Malaysia sets target of net zero by 2050
• Rise in energy costs
• Sustainable energy
– Energy efficiency, reduce energy wastes

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 Overview of Building Load Systems
“Buildings are currently responsible for 39%
of global energy related carbon emissions”
Electric
distribution World Green Building council
Condenser/
Cooling tower compressor
Registers
VSD Windows,
HVAC
doors, walls,
roof

Leakage

Overview of Building Systems + RE + New Load

DC-AC

Solar PV System
Load #1
Load #2

MSB

SSB Disconnect

Starter
Sub-panel Sub-panel
#1.1 #1.2 Disconnect
Disconnect

EVSE

Motor Compressor
Loads: Lighting, computers etc.

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 Renewable Energy Trends - Decarbonise

Solar PV is the preferred technology by

most of the ASEAN countries due to high
annual solar irradiation in the region.

• Malaysia: Targets 31% RE by 2025 in

terms of primary energy supply
• Solar PV (includes ground mounted,
rooftop and floating installation)

Challenges in Solar Installation

1. Inverter efficiency: The inverter is a critical
Typically component of a rooftop solar power system and its
producing 100KW efficiency can greatly affect the performance of the
to 1MW of power system.

2. Power Quality: The power quality of the solar

power generated is not always consistent and
stable, and can be affected by various factors such
as shading or weather conditions. This can cause
issues for equipment connected to the grid.

3. Maintenance: Rooftop solar systems require

regular maintenance to ensure optimal
performance, including cleaning and checking for
damage or wear and tear.

4. Safety: The safety of the system should be

considered during the design, installation and
operation of rooftop solar power systems,
including fire safety, electrocution and fall
protection.

3
 What could go wrong in PV installation?

Here are main potential challenges that you could face:

• Arc faults that spark fires
• Arc flash leading to explosions
• Shock or electrocution from energized conductors
• Energy wastage due to inefficiencies

Source: AC Solar Warehouse

IEC Testing Requirements for PV Systems

IEC 62446-1
Grid connected photovoltaic systems – Minimum requirements for system
documentation, commissioning tests and inspection

Critical PV tests based on IEC 62446-1:

 Protective resistance earth (RLO)
 Voltage on open circuit, including polarity (VOC)
PV Installers & Utilities & 3rd
Party Service
 Short circuit current (ISC)
Maintenance Techs.
Techs.
 Insulation resistance (RINS)
 Irradiance, temperature, lt, cardinal direc on

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 Fluke 393 Multifunction Tester Fluke BT521
Clamp Meter Battery Tester

Fluke Ti480 Pro

Thermal Camera

*Applicable to all
areas
Fluke IRR1-SOL
Irradiance
Meter
Fluke 1625-2 Fluke Norma 6004+ Fluke 1777
Earth Ground Tester Portable Power Analyzer Power Quality Analyzer
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Fluke 393 Clamp Meter Multifunction Tester

IEC 62446-1 Category 1 and 2 checks:
1) Continuity & Polarity
2) Voltage (Voc) and Current (Isc)
3) Insulation Resistance
4) Power AC/DC
5) Diode Test

 CAT III rated 1500 V Clamp

 1500 V DC measurement range
 IP54 rated for harsh conditions
 MC4 connector

Irradiance Meter
Measure:
1. Solar irradiance
2. Ambient and PV
module
temperature
3. Array orientation
4. Tilt angles

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5
 Earth Ground Testing
What’s a good ground resistance value?
Telecommunications /
NFPA & IEEE NEC
Solar Systems
 25.0 ohms or less
 5.0 ohms or
 5.0 ohms or less  1 ohm or less
less
(facilities with sensitive
equipment)

Selective method Stakeless method

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Stakeless Testing Method

• Measure earth ground loop resistances for multi-
grounded systems using the stakeless test method
• Eliminates the need of disconnecting parallel
grounds, as well as the process of finding suitable
locations for auxiliary ground stakes
• Perform earth ground tests in places you have not
considered before: inside buildings, on power pylons
or anywhere you don’t have access to soil.

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 Methods of earth ground resistance test

Soil Resistivity (using stakes) Fall-of-Potential Testing

Selective Testing Stakeless Testing

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Battery energy storage test - Why measure impedance?

Measuring battery
cell voltage with a
multimeter

Applications: • Impedance, an internal ohm test according to IEEE 1188

•Peak Shaving • Battery Impedance is a key health indicator
•Microgrids  Establish baseline, observe the trend over time
 Resistance goes up as a battery loses capacity
•Uninterrupted power supply

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7
 Fluke BT521 Battery Analyzer

✔ ! ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ X ✔

Comprehensive logging
All measured values are
automatically captured during
testing and can be reviewed on the
instrument before downloading for
on the-go analysis

Maintaining backup battery systems Key Measurements:

for maximum usage and reliability
 Internal battery and strap impedance
 Ripple voltage
 Temperature
 DC / AC voltage
 DC / AC current
 Frequency Fluke Battery Management software

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DC-to-AC

AC
DC/AC Fluke 1777
Power Quality Analyzer
 At-a-glance power
quality health for faster
troubleshooting
 Never miss a critical
Fluke Norma 6004+ power quality event
Portable Power Analyzer  Capture fast transients
 Gauge performance of inverter efficiency up to 20MHz, 8kV &
 High quality sine wave inverters are rated at 90-95% efficiency. supraharmonics
 Lower quality modified sine wave inverters are less efficient - 75-85%

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8
Onsite Solar Inverter Efficiency Measurement

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Energy waste in electrical installation

• Electrical energy consumption waste – where is the no useful work done?

• Non-linear load (e.g. inductive motor)
• Scope waveform details the non-linear profile
• Power Quality example - Harmonics presence
• Power Factor reduction

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 Harmonics

• All harmonics tend to distort the original

fundamental 50 Hz sine wave
• Failures in neutral conductors
• Motors and transformers run hot, decreasing
efficiency and shortening lifespan
• Reduced transformer efficiency

19

Harmonic Impact
Sequence Rotation Effects (from skin effect, eddy currents, etc)

Positive Forward Heating of conductors, circuit breakers, etc. N

Negative Reverse Heating as above + motor problems

Zero None Heating + neutral current in wye systems

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10
 Causes of waste: Overheating motors and transformers

PQ Health Overview on Energy Analyze +

Check operating current – are the
devices close to their maximum
operating limit? EN50160

•Identify overall power quality health

•Are there excessive 5th /7th harmonics
or unbalance
•A clear Power Quality Health
summary quickly shows where
problems might be

Ensure other equipment is not creating unbalance,

consider installing filters to reduce harmonics

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3 Steps in Minimizing Harmonics

1) Use a power quality analyzer to identify the harmonic frequencies present and their
magnitudes.
2) Verify that total harmonic distortion (THD) for voltage does not exceed limits
3) Take corrective action.
 May include adding a harmonic filter on the input power
 May require relocating or isolating the problem equipment or load.
Victim:
• Harmonics
Grid distribution Generators • Power factor
transformers
• Voltage
unbalances
Source:
• Inrush currents
Source: Source:
• Low power factor Source:
• Harmonics • Frequency Source:
• Load-created variations • Current
Victim: sags unbalance
• Voltage unbalance • Frequency Victim:
• Voltage unbalance Victim:
• Harmonics variations
• Voltage and • Voltage
• Frequency • Low power factor
frequency variations
variations
variations • Transients
• Under/Overvoltage
Motor loads Dynamic loads Nonlinear loads Sensitive loads Unbalanced loads

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11
 Mitigation Solutions for Voltage Dips/Sags/Interruption

Power supply before UPS Power supply after UPS

Power quality event occurs UPS Power quality event corrected

Utilization of UPS/Voltage Sag Compensators

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Fluke Energy Analyze Plus (Software)

Events captured at-a-glance Easily generate reports
based on EN50160, IEEE519, IEC61000-2-2

View waveshapes

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13
 Electrification infrastructure for EV

• Current distribution power – Understand peak power demand

• What happens when adding 22kW EVSE to existing building utility?
• Harmonics condition after adding to the line
X
• There can be numerous effects of faulty charging stations,
including:
– Operational issues and equipment system failures
– Overloads of the power supply system
– Electrical safety concerns Connectors according to IEC 62196-2

• It is particularly evident from public charging station failures how

important initial testing and approvals are as well as periodic
testing.

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Charging Station Requirements

1. Electricians that install or perform maintenance of EV

stations Mode 2/3 outdoors/commercial

2. All stations are recommended to comply with IEC-61851 /

or varies with the local regulations e.g. TR25 in Singapore

3. Installation and O&M end-users require a tool to run IEC-

61851 / IEC-60364 maintenance procedures on the station

4. Numerous tests are typically performed on the EVSE to

ensure it is functioning properly
• Ground fault checks
• Insulation of wires
• Check voltage at the actual contact on the charger
itself
• Ensuring after the installation that the charger can
communicate and deliver power to a vehicle

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14
 Importance of EV Charging Station Maintenance

Previous Workflow
• The electrician would need to open the electric vehicle charging
station and use multiple test and measurement equipment to test
and certify the station.
• To ensure the electric vehicle charging station is operational, an
electrical vehicle would be brought onsite to make sure the
station could connect to and charge it.

New Workflow Using FEV300

• The FEV300 comes with a Type 2 or Type 1 (optional) connector
that simply plugs into the connector socket of the station.
• The FEV300 simulates the presence of a connected electrical
vehicle, by allowing the station to release a charging output
voltage.

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Full Solution for Station Testing

Fluke 87V Connect the multimeter to view

nominal voltage and maximum
charging current (duty cycle)
without opening the station’s charging
cycle.

Fluke 1736
Connect power logger to view and
record line phases and total
harmonic distortion (THD).

Fluke 125B
Connect the scope meter to view
the Control Pilot
communication (vehicle
emulation) and DC waveforms.

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15
 Fluke FEV300

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Summary

DC-AC

Solar PV System
Load #1
Load #2

MSB

SSB Disconnect

Starter
Sub-panel Sub-panel
#1.1 #1.2 Disconnect
Disconnect
Next

EVSE
Next

Motor Compressor
Loads: Lighting, computers etc.

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33

Email Fluke South East Asia:

fsea.info@fluke.com

For related product information:

https://www.fluke.com
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