Engineering Geology Laboratory

March 2, 2008 [ENGINEERING GEOLOGY]
MINERALOGY:
MINERALOGY IS A BRANCH OF GEOLOGY WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF MINERALS.
MINERAL: A MINERAL IS A “NATURALLY OCCURING HOMOGENEOUS, SOLID, and

INORGANICALLY FORMED, HAVING A DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & ORDERED ATOMIC
ARRANGEMENT” ACCORDING TO THIS DEFINITION A MINERAL WILL HAVE FOLLOWING
CHARECTERISTICS
1. IT MUST HAVE FORMED NATURALLY.

2. EVERY MINARAL WILL HAVE UNIFORM/HOMOGENEOUS COMPOSITION. 3.
IT MUST BE A SOLID, BBUT RECENTLY COAL, and PETROLEUM IS ALSO INCLUDED UNDER
MINERALS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:
1. HABIT/FORM: MINERALS ASSUME DIFFERENT SHAPE WHICH DEPENDS UP ON THE INTERNAL

STRUCTURE OF THE MINERALS.
IMPORTANT TYPES OF MINERAL FORMS OR MINERAL SHAPE:
SL. TYPE OF REPRESENTED BY EXAMPLES

NO. STRUCTURE
1. TABULAR THE MINERAL IS FLAT THAN ELONGATED. CALCITE,
ORTHOCLASE
2. COLUMNAR THE MINERAL IS COMPOSED OF THIN & THICK HORNBLENDE
COLUMNS.
3. ACICULAR THE MINERAL CONSISTS OF THIN, SHARP & NATROLITE
SLENDER NEEDLES.
4. BLADED THE MARGIN APPEARS AS IF IT IS COMPOSED KYANITE
OF THIN BLADE LIKE PARTS.
5. FIBROUS THE MINERAL IS MADE UP OF THREAD LIKE ASBESTOS
FIBRES.
6. RENIFORM THE MINERAL POSSESSES ROUNDED HAEMATITE
PROMINENCES LIKE THOSE OF KIDNEYS.
2. COLOUR: COLOUR IS AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF MINERAL, WHICH DEPENDS UP

ON THE LIGHT WHICH IT REFLECTS.
THE COLOUR OF ANY MINERAL DEPENDS UP ON THE REFLICTION OF THE SAME COLOUR &
ABSORPTION OF THE DIFFERENT COLOUR OF THE WHITE LIGHT.
IF THE MINERAL ABSORBS ALL THE COLOURS OF WHITE LIGHT THEN IT APPEARS BLACK.
PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 1

IF THE MINERAL REFLECT THE ENTIRE COLOURS OF WHITE LIGHT THEN IT APPEARS WHITE.
EX: CALCITE.
SOME MINERALS AND THEIR CHARECTERISTIC COLOURS:
MINERALS CHARECTERSTIC COLOUR

PYRITE BRASS-YELLOW
HORNBLENDE GREENISH-BLACK
BIOTITE BROWNISH-BLACK
MUSCOVITE COLOURLESS
SULPHUR YELLOW
3. STREAK: STREAK IS THE COLOUR OF THE MINERAL IN IT`S POWDERED FORM.

STREAK CAN BE SEEN WHEN THE MINERAL IS RUBBED AGAINST THE STREAK PLATE. SOME
MINERALS HAVE THE SAME COLOUR IN THEIR POWDERED FORM.
EX: NATURAL GOLD IS YELLOW IN COLOUR BOTH IN IT`S FORM & STREAK.
COLOURS OF SOME MINERALS FROM THEIR MASSIVE FORM TO THEIR POWDERED FORM:
MINERALS CHARECTORISTIC COLOUR-STREAK COMBINATION

COLOUR STREAK
HAEMATITE BLACK CHERRY RED
CHROMITE GREENISH-BLACK GREENISH-BROWN
PYRITE BRASS-YELLOW BLACK
4. LUSTRE: LUSTRE OF A MINERAL IS ITS`S APPERANCE IN A REFLECTED LIGHT, WHICH IS

INDEPENDENT OF IT`S COLOUR.
SOME DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUSTRE:
SL.NO TYPE OF LUSTRE REPRESENTED BY EXAMPLE

1. VITREOUS LUSTRE MINERALS HAVING GLASSY SHINE QUARTZ,
CALCITE
2. PEARLY LUSTRE MINERALS HAVING PEARLY SHINE MICA,
MUSCOVITE
3. METALLIC LUSTRE MINERALS HAVING METALLIC SHINE HAEMATITE
4. SILKY LUSTRE MINERALS HAVING SILKY SHINE ASBESTOS
5. RESINOUS LUSTRE MINERALS HAVING GREECY SHINE/LIKE THAT TALC
OF A RESIN
6. ADAMANTINE MINERALS HAVING A DIAMOND LIKE SHINE DIAMOND,
LUSTRE ZIRCON

5. HARDNESS: IS THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY A MINERAL TO ABRASION, WHICH IS

DETERMINED BY OBSERVING THE COMPARATIVE OR DIFFICULTY IN SCRACHING IT WITH
ANOTHER.
IT IS ALWAYS EXPRESSED BY MOH`S SCALE OF HARDNESS.
HARDNESS OF SOME OF THE MINERALS:
STD. MINERALS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION HARDNESS NO.

TALC MgSiO[OH] 1
GYPSUM CaSO4 2
CALCITE CaCO3 3
FLUORITE CuFeS2 4
APATITE Ca;[F,Cl,OH][PO] 5
ORTHOCLASE-FELDSPAR KAlSiO3O8 6
QUARTZ SiO2 7
TOPAZ Al,[Si C][S OH] 8
CORUNDUM Al2O3 9
DIAMOND C 10
6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A SUBSTANCE IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF IT`S

WEIGHT TO THE WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A MINERAL DEPENDS UP ON THE WEIGHT & SPACING OF IT`S ATOMS.
EX: AMBER HAS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY “1-1.1”. SIMILARLY,
DIAMOND-3.5
TALC-2.7
BERITE-4.5
7.CLEAVAGE: THE CLEAVAGE OF A MINERAL IS IT`S TENDENCY TO SPLIT ALONG CERTAIN

PARELLEL PLANES PRODUCING MORE OR LESS SMOOTH SURFACE.THESE ARE THE DIVISIONAL
PLANES IN MINERALS.
1) PERFECT, GOOD OR DISTINCT: WHEN A MINERAL CAN SPLIT UP WITH A GREAT EASE & GIVES
A SMOOTH SURFACE. EX: MICA, FELDSPAR.
2) POOR, IMPERFECT OR NONE: WHEN A MINERAL DOESN`T SPLIT UP WITH AN AVERAGE

FORCE. EX: QUARTZ.
BASAL CLEAVAGE: ONE SET OF CLEAVAGE. EX: MUSCOVITE.

PRISMATIC CLEAVAGE: TWO SETS OF CLEAVAGE. EX: HORNBLENDE.
8. FRACTURE: THE FRACTURE OF THE MINERAL MAY BE DEFINED AS THE APPEARANCE OF IT`S
BROKEN SURFACE, WHEN THE MINERAL IS HAMMERED & BROKEN.
1) EVEN FRACTURE: WHEN THE MINERAL BREAKS WITH SMOOTH SURFACE. EX: MICA.
2) UNEVEN FRACTURE: WHEN THE MINERALS BREAKS WITH VERY ROUGH & COARSE SURFACE.
EX: CHROMITE.
3) CONCOIDAL FRACTURE: WHEN A MINERAL BREAKS WITH A CURVED SURFACE OR
CONCENTRIC RINGS OR HALF MOON SHAPE. EX: QUARTZ.
4) HACKLY FRACTURE: WHEN A MINERAL BREAKS WITH IRREGULAR SURFACES HAVING SHARP
EDGES. EX: NATIVE COPPER.
5) EARTHY FRACTURE: WHEN THE BROKEN SURFACE IS SOFT & ALMOST SMOOTH. EX: CHALK.
9. TENACITY: IT IS THE BEHAVIOUR OF MINERALS TOWARDS THE FORCES THAT TENDS TO

BREAK, BEND, CUT OR CRUSH IT.
SL. TYPE OF REPRESENTED BY MINERAL

NO TENACITY EXAMPLE
1. SECTILE THE MINERAL CAN BE CUT WITH A KNIFE, THESE TALC & GRPHITE
ARE VERY SMOOTH MINERALS.
2. MALLEABLE THE MINERAL CAN BE FLATTENED INTO SHEET, SILVER &GOLD
WHEN HAMMERED & IT CAN ALSO BE CUT WITH
KNIFE.
3. BRITTLE THE MINERAL CRUMBLES TO GRAINS OR POWDER QUARTZ,
WHEN HAMMERED. FLUORITE,
CALCITE
4. FLEXIBLE THE MINERAL CAN BE EASILY BENT. CHLORITE
5. ELASTIC A FLEXIBLE MINERAL ON BEING BENT REGAINS IT`S MUSCOVITE &
ORIGINAL POSITION AS THE BENDING FORCE IS BIOTITE
REMOVED.
10. DIAPHAENITY: IT IS THE PROPERTY OF A MINERAL THROUGH WHICH THE THINGS ARE CAN
OR CAN`T BE SEEN.
1)TRANSPARENT: WHEN THE MINERAL ALLOWS THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH IT. IN THE CASE
OF TRANSPARENTMINERALS THE OBJECT CAN BE SEEN CLEARLY THROUGH SUCH MINERALS.
EX: QUARTZ & CALCITE [COLOURED VARITIES]
2)TRNSLUCENT: WHEN THE MINERAL ALLOWS ONLY A LESS PART OF LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH.
THE OUTLINES OF ANY OBJECT CAN`T BE SEEN CLEARLY THROUGH SUCH A TRANSLUCENT
MINERALS. EX: QUARTZ & CALCITE [MILKY WHITE VARITIES]

3)OPAQUE: WHEN THE MINERAL DOESN`T ALLOW ANY PART OF LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH. THE
OBJECT AREN`T SEEN THROUGH AN OPAQUE MINERAL. EX: BAUXITE, MAGNESIA, HAEMATITE.
GEOLOGICAL MAPS
A GEOLOGICAL MAP OF A REGION IS A PLAN WHICH SHOWS THE OCCURRENCE &
DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION: A GEOLOGICAL SECTION SHOWS THE ROCKS IN A VERTICAL PLANE
WHEN CUT ACROSS THE MAP ALONG A GIVEN SECTION LINE[X-Y].
CONTOURS: CONTOURS ARE IMAGINARY LINES OF EQUAL ALTITUDES DRAWN ON A PLAN.
THEREFOR ALONG A CONTOUR LINE WE GET THE SAME HEIGHT. THE CONTOURS ARE
GENERALLY REPRESENTED BY DOTS *………+ OR BY DASHES *----------] &THEIR HEIGHTS ARE
MARKED ON THESE LINES [IN METERS].THE CONTOUR INTERVAL IS THE DIFFERENCE B/W TWO
SUCCESSIVE CONTOUR LINES. THIS CONTOUR INTERVAL WILL BE CONSTANT FOR THAT
PARTICULAR MAP.
SLOPE: VERTICAL EQUIVALENT/HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT=CONTINUOUS
INTERVAL/HORIZONTAL DISTANCE IN ANATURAL SCALE, THE VERTICAL SCALES & HORIZONTAL
SCALE USED ARE THE SAME.
OUTCROP: WHEN A ROCK IS EXPOSED ON THE EARTHS SURFACE WE SAY IT IS OUTCROPPING.
IN OTHER WORDS WHEN A ROCK MASS OR A BED IS INTERSECTED BY THE TOPOGRAPHYOF A
REGION, WE GET AN OUTCROP.
A BED: A BED OR STRATUM IS A LAYER OF ROCK. NATURALLY A BED WILL HAVE TWO PLANES,
LOWER &UPPER BEDDING PLANES. THE FORMATION OF BEDS BEING MAINLY DONE BY A
PROCESS OF SEDIMENTATION, WE EXPECT BEDS BEING LAID DOWN HORIZONTALLY ONE OVER
ANOTHER. THUS THE BED AT THE BOTTOM WILL BE OLDER IN AGE WHILE THE BED AT THE TOP
WILL BE YOUNGEST IN THE SERIES.
WHEN THE BEDS GET TILTED [INCLINED] WE SAY THAT THE BEDS ARE DIPPING. A DIP OR AN
ANGLE OF DIP MAY BE DEFINED AS ‘THE INCLINATION OF A BED *OR OF THE BEDDING PLANE+
FROM THE HORIZONTAL PLANE.WHEN THE BEDS ARE HORIZONTAL THEY WILL HAVE NO DIP.
THE ANGLE OF DIP IS EXPRESSED IN DEGREESAND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIRECTION IN WHICH IT
IS DIPPING.
STRIKE & DIP: WHEN THE BEDS ARE DIPPING THEIR BEDDING PLANES WOULD BE OUTCROPING
AS LINES. WHEN THE GROUND IS PERFECTLY HORIZONTAL, THESE BEDDING PLANES WOULD BE
FORMINGSTRAIGHT LINES WHICH ARE TERMED AS “STRIKE LINES OR STRIKES”. THE STRIKES
CAN BE DEFINED AS THE DIRECTION OF LINES FORMED BY THE INTERSECTION OF THE BEDDING
PLANES AND THE HORIZONTAL PLANES.

THE DIP SHOULD BE MEASURED IN THE DIRECTION AT RIGHT ANGLE TO THE STRIKE. IN THIS
DIRECTION THE DIP WILL BE MAXIMUM AND IS CALLED AS “TRUE DIP OR DIP”. WHEN THE DIP
IS MEASURED IN ANY OTHER DIRECTION THAN THE RIGHT ANGLE [DIRECTION] IT WILL BE
TERMED AS ‘APPARENT DIP’ AND IT WILL BE LESSER THAN THE AMOUNT OF TRUE DIP.
IN A GEOLOGICAL MAP BEDS OR SERIES OF BEDS, CONTOURS AND OTHER STRUCTURAL
DETAILS ARE SHOWN IN A PLAN WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF CONVENTIONS. OUR AIM WOULD BE
TO DRAW A SECTION ALONG A GIVEN SECTION LINE [X-Y], FOLLOWING ARE SOME
PARTICULARS RULES AND REGULATIONS. IN ORDER TO WORK ON GEOLOGICAL MAP WE
REQUIRE STRIKE LINES, STRIKE INTERVAL, AMOUNT OF DIP AND DIRECTION OF DIP OF THE
BEDS AS WELL AS OF THE OTHER STRUCTURES LIKE DYKE, SILL, FAULT, UNCONFORMITIES,
FAULT e.t.c.., WHEN PRESENT.
(1) HOW TO DRAW STRIKE LINES:

THE STRIKE LINES FOR A BED MUST BE DRAWN WHERE A BEDDING PLANE CUTS A PERTICULAR
CONTOUR LINE AT TWO DIFFERENT PLACES IN THE MAP. JOIN SUCH INTERSECTION POINTS
AND EXTEND THE LINES TO THE BORDER OF THE MAP OR BORDER OF THE SERIES.
FOLLOWING THE SAME PROCEDURE DRAW OTHER STRIKE LINES FOR THE OTHER [NEXT
IMMEDIATE] CONTOUR LINES AS WELL AS FOR OTHER BEDDING. THE STRIKE LINES FOR A
SERIES OF BEDS MUST BE PARELLEL TO ONE ANOTHER. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIRECTION OF THE
STRIKE LINE IS THE “STRIKE “OF THE BED OR BEDS. IF IN A MAP, A BEDDING PLANE IS NOT
GETTING INTERSECTED BY A CONTOUR LINE, THEN WE CANNOT DRAW THE STRIKE LINES. IT
MEANS THE BEDS HAVE NO STRIKE LINES AND THAT THEY ARE HORIZONTAL.
(2) HOW TO FIND OUT ‘DIP’ AND IT`S DIRECTION:

IN ORDER TO FIND OUT AMOUNT OF DIP, CHOOSE ANY BEDDING PLANE [IN A SERIES] WHICH
HAS THE MINIMUM TWO STRIKE LINES DRAWN FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE CONTOUR LINES AS
PER FOLLOWING STEP-1 OF ABOVE. THE DISTANCE IN CENTIMETERS, B/W TWO STRIKE LINES
ALONG THE SECTION LINE, [X-Y+ GIVES US ‘STRIKE INTERVALS *S.I+’ WITH THE HELP OF THE
FORMULA.
S.I = [CONTOUR INTERVAL X Cot θSCALE, WE GET THE DIP, θIN THIS CASE S.I, IS THE
DISTANCE B/W TWO STRIKE LINES.
DRAWN FOR SAME BEDDING PLANE: CONTOUR INTERVAL IS THE DIFFERENCE B/W TWO
CONTOUR LINES AND SCALE IS 1c.m= 100m. THE θ IS ANGLE OF DIP. SUPPOSE S.I IS 2, THEN
CONTOUR INTERVAL = 100 AND SCALE=100.
THEREFORE 2= (100 X Cot θ/100, 2= Cot θ THEREFORE Tanθ=1/2, THEREFORE θ= 11°-18”.
(3) HOW TO FIND OUT THE DIRECTION OF DIP: CHOOSE ANY BEDDING PLANE FOR
WHICH TWO OR MORE STRIKE LINES HAVE BEEN DRAWN. WRITE DOWN THE VALUES OF THE
CONTOURS ALONG THE STRIKE AT THE INTERSECTION OF THE SECTION LINE. THE STRIKE THUS
MARKED WILL BE KNOWN AS “STRATUM CONTOUR”. THE DIRECTION OF DIP WILL BE FROM
HIGHER STRATUM CONTOURS TO LOWER STRATUM CONTOURS. CONFIRM THE DIRECTION
CHECKING AT OTHER BEDDING PLANES. THE DIRECTION OF A DIP FOR A SERIES WILL BE THE
SAME.
G.P.S, G.I.S, TOTAL STATION & REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING: REMOTE SENSING IS THE SCIENCE & ART OF AQUIRING INFORMATIONS
ABOUT AN OBJECT, AREA OR PHENAMENON EMMITTING ENERGIES IN THE DIFFERENT WAVE
LENGTH WITHOUT MAKING ANY PHYSICAL CONTACT. WITH THE OBJECT OR AREA UNDER
INVESTIGATION.
REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM: THIS TECHNOLOGY HAS DEVELOPED RAPIDLY DURING THE
RECENT YEARS WITH CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH IS INCREASING EVERY DAY.
REMOTE SENSING IS THE FAST DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY, BECOMING THE MOST EFFECTIVE
TOO FOR MONITORING POLLUTION, AIR CRAFT, e.t.c…… ORIGINALLY USED FOR REMOTE
SENSING ORGAN THIS CAN SENSE THE OBJECTS. IN “INDIA” WE ARE HAVING THE REMOTE
SENSING SATELLITES LIKE, “INSAT, PSLV, ASLV” e.t.c…….
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING: THE APPLICATION OF THIS MAY BE GROUPED INTO A

FOLLOWING CATAGORIES.
1) RESOURCE EXPLORATION: SCIENTISTS ARE USING THE REMOTE SENSING TO STUDY THE
VARIOUS DEPOSITS LIKE OIL, FUEL, MINERALS, and SEDEMENTORY FORMATION. WATER
SOURCE, & GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURE OF THE EARTH.
2) ENVIRONMENTAL: IT CAN BE USED TO STUDY OCEAN, CLOUD, RAINFALL, ANALOGICAL

STUDIES, POLLUTION, HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, LIVING BEINGS, &
ANY HARMFULL CAUSES.
3) LAND USE: REMOTE SENSING IS USED TO PREPARE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP, GEOLOGICAL

MAP, and MAP OF FOREST AREA, AGRICULTURAL AREA, INDUSTRIAL AREA, and RESIDENTIAL
AREA & MOUNTAIN BELT.
4) NATURAL HAZARDS: REMOTE SENSING IS USED TO PREDICT & ACCESS THE EFFECT OF
EARTHQUAKE, VOLCANO, LANDSLIDES, FLOODS, WIND EFFECT, e.t.c…..
IN RECENT YEARS REMOTE SENSING IS USED TO PREDICT THE EFFECT OF CYCLONE & TIDAL
WAVES, e.t.c…….

TOTAL STATION: IT IS A MODERN SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENT
THROUGH WHICH THE FOLLOWING SURVEYS CAN BE OPERATED, WHICH ARE: DATA
PROCESSING, DISTANCE MEASUREMENT, ANGULAR MEASUREMENT, e.t.c… THE TOTAL
STATION TOTAL STATION AUTOMATICALLY MONITORS THE INSTRUMENT OPERATING STATUS
& DATA COLLECTOR OR THAT RECORDS &PROCESS FIELD DATA. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
ELECTRONIC TACHOMETER INSTRUMENT [E.T.I]. THE MICROPROCESSOR NOT ONLY CONTROLS
BOTH ANGLES & DISTANCE MEASURING SYSTEM BUT ALSO USED AS A SMALL COMPUTER THAT
CAN CALCULATE SLOPE CORRECTION, VERTICAL COMPONENTS, RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATES
& IN SOME CASES ALSO STORES OBSERVATIONS DIRECTLY USING AN INTERNAL MEMORY. THIS
INSTRUMENT WAS MANUFACTURED BY “SOKKIA COMPANY LTD.” IN JAPAN.
TOTAL STATION IS USED TO FIND HORIZONTAL DISTANCES, ELEVATION OF POINTS, and

LOCATION OF MAPS OF AN AREA, PROFILE & CROSSECTION LEVELLING, CONTOURING, and
SETTING OUT OF ROADS, RAILWAY, and WATERSUPPLY & SANITORY PIPE ALIGNMENTS. IT CAN
ALSO BE USED TO SET OUT CENTER LINE OF BUILDINGS.
STUDY OF MINERALS, ORES AND ROCKS:
STUDY OF QUARTZ MINERALS:
MILKY QUARTZ: WHITE DISTINGUISHED CHARACTER MILKY.
ROSY QUARTZ: ROSY DISTINGUISHED COLOUR.
SMOKY QUARTZ: SMOKY IN COLOUR.
AMETHYST: VIOLET IN COLOUR.
FLINT: DARK GREEN DCOLOUR, CONCOIDAL FRACTURE.
AGATE: PARELLEL COLOURED BANDS.
JASPER: REDDISH-BROWN COLOUR.
CHERT: LIGHT GREEN COLOUR [OLIVE GREEN], SUBCONCOIDAL FRACTURE.
CHALCEDONY: LOOKS WAXY.
OPAL: VIOLET GRAY COLOUR, CAVITIES ARE PRESENT.




STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “QUARTZ GROUP” MINERALS:
NAME OF THE MILKY QUARTZ ROSY QUARTZ SMOKY QUARTZ

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR MILKEY ROSY SMOKY
STREAK PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT
LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS VITRIOUS
HARDNESS 7.0 7.0 7.0
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.8 2.8 2.8
CLEAVAGE ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
FRACTURE UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN
TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE OPAQUE OPAQUE
DIAGNOSTIC MILKY ROSY SMOKY

PROPERTIES
MODE OF IGNEOUS ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK

OCCURANCE FORMING MINERL FORMING MINERAL FORMING MINERAL
CHEMICAL SiO2 SiO2 SiO2

COMPOSITION
USES MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENT & ROAD BALLAST,

GLASS, ORNAMENT, DECORATIVE GLASS
ROAD BALLAST PURPOSE, IT IS A MANUFACTURE
GEM

NAME OF THE AMETHYST ROCK CRYSTAL FLINT

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYSTAL CRYSTAL CRYPTO CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR PURPLE or VIOLET COLOURLESS GREEN
LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS VITROUS
FRACTURE UNEVEN UNEVEN CONCOIDAL
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE TRANSPARENT TRANSPARENT
DIAGNOSTIC CRYSTAL VIOLET CRYSTAL DARK CRYSTAL

PROPERTIES
MODE OF IGNEOUS CAVITY IGNEOUS IGNEOUS

OCCURANCE FILLING MINERAL
CHEMICAL SiO2 SiO2 SiO2

COMPOSITION
USES USED AS JEM JEM & DECORATIVE DECORATIVE

PURPOSE PURPOSE

NAME OF THE AGATE JASPER CHALCEDONY OPAL

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYPTO CRYPTO CRYSTALLINE CRYPYO

CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR COLOURED REDDISH COLOURLESS REDDISH

BANDS ARE BROWN
SEEN
STREAK PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT
LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS WAXY VITRIOUS
HARDNESS 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5
SPECIFIC 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6

GRAVITY
CLEAVAGE ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
FRACTURE UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN
TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE OPAQUE TRANSLUCENT OPAQUE
DIAGNOSTIC BANDED REDDISH CRYPTO CRYPTO

PROPERTIES CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE &
VESICULAR
MODE OF IGNEOUS IGNEOUS IGNEOUS IGNEOUS

OCCURANCE
CHEMICAL SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2nH2O

COMPOSITION
USES DECORATIVE DECORATIVE & USED IN EARTH MANUFACTURE

PURPOSE INDUSTRIAL FILLING OF ORDINARY
GLASS

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “FELSPAR GROUP” MINERALS:

NAME OF THE ORTHOCLASE MICROCLINE PLAGIOCLASE

MINERAL
COLOUR GREY WHITE GREENISH REDDISH BROWN
LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS PEARLY ABSENT
CLEAVAGE PRESENT, CURVED PRESENT PRESENT
DIAGNOSTIC GREY COLOUR, GREENISH POTTASH REDDISH BROWN

PROPERTIES CURVED CLEAVAGE
MODE OF ACID IGNEOUS, ROCK ACID IGNEOUS, ROCK ACID IGNEOUS, ROCK
OCCURANCE FORMING MINERAL FORMING MINERAL FORMING MINERAL
CHEMICAL KAlSi3O8 KAlSi3O8 Na(AlSi3O8)

COMPOSITION
USES CERAMIC INDUSTRY CERAMIC INDUSTRY CERMIC INDUSTRY

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “MICA GROUP” MINERALS:

NAME OF THE MUSCOVITE BIOTITE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM FLAKY, FOLIATED, LAMINAR FLAKY FOLIATED
COLOUR WHITE SILVERY GRAY DARK BROWN MICA, IRON MICA,

BLACK
STREAK PRESENT PRESENT
LUSTRE PEARLY PEARLY
HARDNESS 2.5 2.5
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3.0 3.0
CLEAVAGE PRESENT, BASAL PRESENT, BASAL
FRACTURE UNEVEN EVEN
TENACITY BRITTLE FLEXIBLE
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE TRANSLUCENT
DIAGNOSTIC FOLIATED, FLAKY, PEARLY FLAKY, FOLIATED

PROPERTIES
MODE OF ACID IGNEOUS, ROCK FORMING ACID IGNEOUS, ROCK FORMING

OCCURANCE MINERL MINERAL
CHEMICAL KAlSi3O8 SILICATE OF Mg, Fe, Al, K

COMPOSITION
USES

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “SILICATE GROUP” MINERALS:

NAME OF THE TALC OLIVINE SERPENTINE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM FLAKY, FOLIATED CRYSTALLINE FIBROUS
COLOUR WHITE GREENISH OLIVE GREEN GREYISH GREEN
LUSTRE PEARLY VITRIOUS SILKY VITRIOUS
CLEAVAGE PRESENT ABSENT INDISTINCT
DIAGNOSTIC FOLIATED OLIVE GREEN IN FIBROUS

PROPERTIES COLOUR
MODE OF METAMORPHIC BASIC IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC

OCCURANCE METAMOROHIC SLICKENSIDE
CHEMICAL HYDROUS SILICATE MgFeSiOH HYDROUS SILICATE

COMPOSITION OF Mg OF Mg
USES DECORATIVE INDUSTRIAL



NAME OF THE ASBESTOS HORN BLENDE KAOLINE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM FIBROUS COLUMNAR AMORPHOUS, SOFT
COLOUR SILVERY WHITE DARK GREEN YELLOWISH WHITE
LUSTRE SILKY VITRIOUS DULL
HARDNESS 2 5.5 1
CLEAVAGE IMPERFECT PRESENT, PRISMATIC ABSENT
FRACTURE HACKLY UNEVEN IRREGULAR
TENACITY FLEXIBLE BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAGNOSTIC HACKLY, FIBROUS COLUMNAR, GREEN AMORPHOUS

PROPERTIES
MODE OF METAMORPHIC IGNEOUS, ROCK ALTERED FORM OF

OCCURANCE FORMIN MINERAL FELSPAR
CHEMICAL HYDROUS SILICATE HYDROUS SILICATE HYDROUS SILICATE

COMPOSITION OF Mg, Al OF Ca, Mg, Fe, Al OF Ca, Na, K, Al
USES MANUFACTURE OF DECORATIVE INDUSTRIAL

ASBESTOS SHEET

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “SILICA GROUP” MINERALS:


NAME OF THE GARNET CORUNDUM GYPSUM BARRITE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYSTAL CRYSTAL FIBROUS CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR PINK PINK SILVERY WHITE GREYISH
STREAK PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT
LUSTRE PEARLY, VITRIOUS, SILKY VITRIOUS

ADAMENTINE ADAMENTINE
HARDNESS 7.5 9.0 2.0 3.5
SPECIFIC 3.5 3.9 1.5 4.5

GRAVITY
CLEAVAGE ABSENT ABSENT INDISTINCT PRESENT
FRACTURE UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN
TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAPHANEITY CRYSTAL, PINK OPAQUE OPAQUE OPAQUE
DIAGNOSTIC OPAQUE CRYSTAL FIBROUS HIGH LUSTRE

PROPERTIES
MODE OF METAMORPHIC METAMORPHIC RESIDUAL HYDROTHERMAL

OCCURANCE IGNEOUS
CHEMICAL COMPLEX Al2O3 CaSO4 BaSO4

COMPOSITION SILICATE OF Fe,
Mn, Cr
USES JEM, ABRASIVE JEM MANUFACTURE INDUSTRIAL

OF “PLASTER
OF PARIS”

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “CARBONATE GROUP” MINERLS:

NAME OF THE CALCITE DOLOMITE MAGNESITE

MINERAL

AMORPHOUS
COLOUR WHITE SMOKY GREY WHITE
LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS VITRIOUS
CLEAVAGE PRESENT, CLEARLY PRESENT ABSENT

VISIBLE THROUGH
EYE
FRACTURE EVEN TO UNEVEN UNEVEN SUBCONCOIDAL
DIAGNOSTIC REACTS WITH ACIDS SLOWLY REACTS MAGNESIUM

PROPERTIES WITH ACIDS MINERAL
MODE OF SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY DARK ULTRA BASIC

OCCURANCE ROCKS
CHEMICAL CaCO3 CaMgCO3 MgCO3

COMPOSITION
USES MANUFACTURE OF MANUFACTURE OF EXTRACTION OF

CEMENT CEMENT MAGNESIUM,
INDUSTRIAL

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “IRON ORE” MINERALS:

NAME OF THE MAGNETITE HAEMATITE LIMONITE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CUBIC CRYSTALLINE CRYSTAL, BLADED IN CRYSTALLINE

NATURE
COLOUR IRON BLACK IRON BLACK IRON BLACK
STREAK PRESENT CHERRY RED CHERRY RED
LUSTRE METALLIC METALLIC METALLIC
DIAGNOSTIC BLACK STREAK, ORE BLADED, CHERRY RED IRON BLACK

PROPERTIES OF IRON STREAK
MODE OF HYDRO THERMAL HYDROTHERMAL HYDROTHERMAL

OCCURANCE
CHEMICAL Fe3O4 Fe2O3 Fe2O3nH2O

COMPOSITION
USES EXTRACTION OF EXTRACTION OF EXTRACTION OF

IRON IRON IRON

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “ORE” MINERALS:
NAME OF THE CHROMITE IRONPYRITE CHALCOPYRITE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM MICROCRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR TRON BLACK BRASS YELLOW GOLDEN YELLOW
STREAK DARK BLACK IRON BLACK GREENISH BLACK
LUSTRE METALLIC SUB METALLIC SUB METALLIC
SPECIFIC 5.0 5.0 4.1

GRAVITY
DIAGNOSTIC ORE OF CHROMIUM BRASS YELLOW BRASSYELLOW

PROPERTIES
MODE OF ULTRA BASIC IGNEOUS HYDROTHERMAL HYDROTHERMAL

OCCURANCE
CHEMICAL FeCr2O4 FeS2 CuFeS2

COMPOSITION
USES EXTRAXTION OF INDUSTRIAL USE EXTRACTION OF

CHROMIUM COPPER


NAME OF THE PYROLUSITE BAUXITE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYPTO CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS
COLOUR IRON BLACK CONCRETIONARY
STREAK PRESENT, BLACK PRESENT
LUSTRE SUB METALLIC DULL
HARDNESS 5.5 1.5
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4.8 2.6
CLEAVAGE ABSENT ABSENT
FRACTURE CONCOIDAL UNEVEN
TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE OPAQUE
DIAGNOSTIC BLACK STREAK, ORE OF AMORPHOUS, IRON ORE,

PROPERTIES MANGANESE CONCRETIONARY
MODE OF HYDROTHERMAL RESIDUAL (SEDIMENTARY)

OCCURANCE
CHEMICAL MnO2 Al2O3

COMPOSITION
USES EXTRACTION OF MINERALS, EXTRACTION OF ALLUMINA

CATALYTIC AGENT


NAME OF THE GALENA PSILOMALINE

MINERAL
HABIT /FORM CRYSTAL CRYSTALLINE
COLOUR LEAD GREY IRON BLACK
STREAK PRESENT BLACK
LUSTRE METALLIC SUB METALLIC
HARDNESS 1.5 - 2 5.5 - 6
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 8.0 4.8 - 5
CLEAVAGE PRESENT ABSENT
FRACTURE EVEN TO UNEVEN CONCOIDAL
TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE
DIAPHANEITY OPAQUE OPAQUE
DIAGNOSTIC HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ORE OF CONCOIDAL FRACTURE, ORE OF

PROPERTIES LEAD MAGNISIUM
MODE OF METASOMATIC HYDROTHERMAL

OCCURANCE
CHEMICAL PbS MnO2

COMPOSITION
USES MANUFACTURE OF BULLET CATALYTIC AGENT, EXTRACTION

OF MANGANESE

PETROLOGY:
“PETROLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF GEOLOGY WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF ROCKS. THE
PROPERTIES ARE MODE OF OCCURANCE, CONSTITUENT OF MINERALS, TEXTURE AND
STRUCTURE OF MINERALS”
ROCK: IT IS THE NATURALLY OCCURING SUBSTANCE & THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF EARTH
CRUST, MADE UP OF TWO OR MORE MINERALS AS AN AGGRIGATE.
IGNEOUS ROCK:
ROCK THAT HAS FORMED FROM AN ORIGINAL HOT, MOLTEN MATERIAL THROUGH THE
PROCESS OF COOLING & CRYSTALLIZATION IS KNOWN AS IGNEOUS ROCK.
STUDY OF PHYSICL PROPERTIES OF “IGNEOUS PLUTONIC” ROCKS:


NAME OF THE GREY GABBRO DUNITE GRANITE

ROCK GRANITE PORPHYRY
COLOUR LEUCOCRATIC MELANOCRATIC MESOCRATIC LEUCOCRATIC
STRUCTURE MASSIVE MASSIVE MASSIVE MASSIVE

[COMPACTED
TEXTURE COARSE EQUIGRANULA EQUIGRANULA INEQUIGRANULA

GRAINED R, COARSE R, COARSE R, COARSE GRAIN
GRAINED GRAIN
MINERAL COMP. QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, OLIVINE QUARTZ, MICA

FELDSPAR, AGITE
ESSENTIAL--------- MICA
-
HORNBLENDE MATRIX MATRIX HORNBLENDE,
ACCESSORY------- , MAGNETITE MAGNETITE
-
DENSITY 2.8 3.2 2.9 - 3.0 2.8
POROSITY ABSENT ABSENT LESSER [NILL] ABSENT
COMPRESSIVE 800- 800- 600- 800-1500kg/cm2

STRENGTH 1500kg/cm2 2000kg/cm2 1400kg/cm2
DESCRIPTION DEEP SEATED DEEP SEATED DEEP SEATED, DEEP SEATED

ROCK, OVER UNDER OR MONO ROCK, OVER
SATURATED UNSATURATED MINERALIC SATURATED

OCCURANCE PLUTONIC PLUTONIC PLUTONIC PLUTONIC
USES BUILDING, DECORATIVE, DECORATIVE, BUILDING, ROAD

ROAD MONUMENTAL MONUMENTAL BALLAST,
AGGREGATE, DECORATIVE,
DECORATIVE MONUMENTAL

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “IGNEOUS HYPABBYSSAL” ROCK:
NAME OF THE SYANITE DIORITE DOLERITE PEGMATITE

ROCK PORPHYRY PORPHYRY
COLOUR MESOCRATIC LEUCOCRATIC MESOCRATIC LEUCOCRATIC
STRUCTURE MASSIVE MASSIVE MASSIVE MASSIVE
TEXTURE INEQUIGRANUL INEQUIGRANUL INEQUIGRANUL INEQUIGRANUL

AR, AR, AR AR,
PORPHYRITIC PORPHYRITIC PORPHYRITIC
MINERAL FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, QUARTZ

COMP. HORNBLENDE FELDSPAR, AUGITE,
HORNBLENDE MAGNATITE
ESSENTIAL-------
QUARTZ BIOTITE, MATRIX MICA, MATRIX
---
MATRIX
ACCESSORY-----
---
DENSITY 2.9 - 3.0 2.8 3.2 - 3.4 2.6 - 2.7
POROSITY ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT LESS [LESSTHAN

5%]
COMP.STRENG 500-1000kg/cm2 600-1400kg/cm2 1000- 400-800kg/cm2

TH 3000kg/cm2
DESCRIPTION SATURATED OVER DYKE ROCK, OVER

SATURATED, SATURATED, SATURATED
PORPHYRITIC HIGH DENSITY,
HIGH
CRUSHING
STRENGTH

OCCURANCE HYPABBYSSAL HYPABBYSSAL HYPABBYSSAL HYPABBYSSAL

USES DECORATIVE DECORATIVE DECORATIVE, MANUFACTURE

MONUMENTAL OF ORDINARY
GLASS, CAVITY
FILLING, EARTH
FILLING

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “IGNEOUS VOLCANIC” ROCK:

NAME OF THE BASALT [VESICULAR] BASALT [AMYGDOLOIDAL]

ROCK
COLOUR MESOCRATIC MELANOCRATIC
STRUCTURE MASSIVE AMYGDOLOIDAL
TEXTURE FINE GRAIN FINE GRAIN
ESSENTIAL---------- FELDSPAR, AUGITE, QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, AUGITE

MAGNETITE
ACCESSORY--------
MATRIX, OLIVINE MAGNETITE, CALCITE, OR GEOLITE
DENSITY 3.0 2.9 – 3.0
POROSITY NILL 10 -15% [NOT PERMEABLE]
COMPRESSIVE 1000 – 2400 kg/cm2 600 – 1500 kg/cm2

STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION CONCOIDAL FRACTURE, TRAP EXHIBIT VISCICULAR STRUCTURE

ROCK, ABSENCE OF CAVITIES,
WELL COMPACTED
MODE OF IGNEOUS VOLCANIC IGNEOUS VOLCANIC

OCCURANCE
USES BUILDING, ROAD BALLAST, LOW QUALITY BUILDING, EARTH

ROAD AGGRIGATE, DECORATIVE, FILLING, CAVITY FILLING
MONUMENTAL

NAME OF THE RHYOLITE PUMICE

ROCK
COLOUR MESOCRATIC LEUCOCRATIC
STRUCTURE FLOW STRUCTURE [WELL POROUS, SPONGY, CELLULOSE

BRANDED]
TEXTURE EQUIGRANULAR, FINE GRAIN SPONGY CELLULOSE
MINERAL COMP. FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, MICA CONDENSATION OF VOLCANIC

SMOKE
ESSENTIAL----------
MATRIX SMOKE
ACCESSORY--------
DENSITY 2.6 1.5 – 2.0
POROSITY ABSENT [NILL] HIGHLY POROUS
COMPRESSIVE 400 – 700 kg/cm2 LESS THAN 50 kg/cm2

STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION FLOW STRUCTURES, WELL SPONGY, FLOATING STONE

BANDED
MODE OF IGNEOUS VOLCANIC IGNEOUS VOLCANIC

OCCURANCE
USES DECORATIVE MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “SEDIMENTARY” ROCKS:

NAME OF THE SAND STONE LIME STONE

ROCK
COLOUR LEUCOCRATIC [REDDISH] LEUCOCRATIC
STRUCTURE COMPACT, MASSIVE LAYERED CAULIFLOWER STRUCTURE,

MASSIVE, OOLYTIC
TEXTURE EQUIGRANULAR EQUIGRANULAR
MINERAL COMP. SAND LIME

ESSENTIAL----------
ACCESSORY-------- BINDING OR CEMENTING CEMENTING MATERIAL

MATERIAL
DENSITY 2.8 2.7
POROSITY 30 – 40% NEARLY 5%

STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION MONOMINERALIC, OVER MONOMINERALIC REACTS WITH

SATURATED ACIDCORBONATE ROCK
MODE OF SEDIMENTARY, ARENACEOUS SEDIMENTARY, CALCARIOUS

OCCURANCE
USES BUILDING, DECORATIVE, ROAD FLOORING, MANUFACTURE OF

BALLAST CEMENT


NAME OF THE SHALE BRECCIA

ROCK
COLOUR MESOCRATIC MESOCRATIC
STRUCTURE LAYERED MASSIVE [LAYERED]
TEXTURE SUPERFINE HETEROGENOUS ANGULAR

PEBBLE
MINERAL COMP. HETEROGENOUS SUPER FINE HETEROGENOUS ANGULAR

ESSENTIAL---------- CLAY PEBBLE
ACCESSORY-------- CEMENTING MATERIAL CEMENTING MATERIAL
DENSITY 2.6 2.7
POROSITY NON-POROUS 5 – 10%

STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION ARGILLACEOUS SOFT LAYERED ANGULAR PEBBLES RUDACEOUS

ROCK
MODE OF SEDIMENTARY, ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENTARY, RUDACEOUS

OCCURANCE
USES CAVITY FILLING, EARTH FILLING, ORDINARY BUILDING STONE FOR

MANUFACTURE OF ORDINARY RURAL AREA
GLASS


NAME OF THE CONGLOMERATE LATERITE

ROCK
COLOUR MESOCRATIC MESOCRATIC
STRUCTURE LAYERED CONCRETIONARY
TEXTURE HETEROGENOUS, ROUNDED FERUGINOUS CONCRETIONARY

PEBBLE, ELLIPSOIDAL
MINERAL COMP. HETEROGENOUS, ELLIPSOIDAL ALLUMINA & IRON

ESSENTIAL---------- PEBBLES
ACCESSORY-------- CEMENTING MATERIAL CEMENTING MATERIAL
DENSITY 2.6 2.8 – 2.9
POROSITY NEARLY 1 - 5% 40 – 50% HIGH POROUS

STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION RUDACEOUS ROUNDED FERUGINOUS, CONCRETIONARY

ELLIPSOIDAL PEBBLES
MODE OF SEDIMENTARY, RUDACEOUS RESIDUAL

OCCURANCE
USES CEMENTING MATERIAL BUILDING STONE, MANUFACTURE

OF TILES & BRICKS

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF “METAMORPHIC” ROCKS:

NAME OF THE GNEISS QUARTZITE PHYLLITE

ROCK
COLOUR LEUCOCRATIC MESOCRATIC MESOCRATIC

[BANDED] [EMARALD GREEN]
STRUCTURE GNEISSIC MASSIVE CONVOLUTE
TEXTURE GNEISSIC COARSE GRAINED FINEGRAINED

GRANULAR
MINERAL COMP. QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, QUARTZ QUARTZ,

ESSENTIAL---------- MICA FELDSPAR, MICA,
CHLORIDE
HORNBLENDE, BINDING MATERIAL HORNBLENDE,

ACCESSORY-------- MAGNETITE MAGNETITE,
CEMENTING
MATERIAL
DENSITY 2.8 2.8 2.9 - 3
POROSITY NILL NILL LESS
COMPRESSIVE 500 – 1200 kg/cm2 500 – 1200 kg/cm2 400 – 1300 kg/cm2
STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION HIGH GRADE MONOMINERALIC, MEDIUM GRAINED

METAMORPHED EMARALD GREEN METAMORPHOSED,
COLOURED, CONVO;UTE
CONCOIDAL FRACTURE STRUCTURE
MODE OF DYNAMOTHERMAL THERMAL MEDIUM GRAINED,

OCCURANCE METAMORPHIC METAMORPHIC
USES BUILDING, DECORATIVE STONE, LOCALISED

DECORATIVE, PAVING STONE BUOLDING STONE,
MONUMENTAL, ROAD AGGRIGATE
PAVING, ROAD
AGGRIGATE, &

BALLAST



NAME OF THE MARBLE SLATE CHLORIDE SCHIST

ROCK
COLOUR LEUCOCRATIC MELANOCRATIC MESOCRATIC
STRUCTURE MASSIVE MASSIVE, BRITTLE SYSTOSE
TEXTURE FINE GRAINED FINE GRAINED SYSTOSE

GRANULAR EQUIGRANULAR
MINERAL COMP. LIME CHLORIDE, QUARTZ, CHLORIDE

ESSENTIAL---------- FELDSPAR
ACCESSORY-------- CEMENTING HORNBLENDE, BINDING

MATERIAL MAGNETITE, MICA MATERIAL
DENSITY 2.6 – 2.7 3.0 2.6 – 2.9
POROSITY NILL NON-POROUS NILL
COMPRESSIVE 300 – 800 kg/cm2 200 – 600 kg/cm2 100 – 600 kg/cm2
STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION MONOMINERALIC, PLATY, LOW GRADE, MINERALS ARE

ALTERED ROCK FROM METAMORPHIC, THIN AND
LIMESTONE [OR BRITTLE, SLATY ELONGATED,
DYNAMOTHERMAL
METAMORPHISM,
HIGH GRADE
METAMORPHISM
MODE OF THERMAL CONTACT DYNAMOTHERMAL

OCCURANCE METAMORPHISM METAMORPHISM METAMORPHISM
USES DECORATIVE, FLOORING LOCALISED

FLOORING, BUILDING STONE,
MONUMENTAL EARTH FILLING &
CAVITY FILLING

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March 2, 2008 [ENGINEERING GEOLOGY]

MINERAL: A MINERAL IS A “NATURALLY OCCURING HOMOGENEOUS, SOLID, and

1. IT MUST HAVE FORMED NATURALLY.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:

1. HABIT/FORM: MINERALS ASSUME DIFFERENT SHAPE WHICH DEPENDS UP ON THE INTERNAL

IMPORTANT TYPES OF MINERAL FORMS OR MINERAL SHAPE:

SL. TYPE OF REPRESENTED BY EXAMPLES

2. COLOUR: COLOUR IS AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF MINERAL, WHICH DEPENDS UP

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 1

SOME MINERALS AND THEIR CHARECTERISTIC COLOURS:

MINERALS CHARECTERSTIC COLOUR

3. STREAK: STREAK IS THE COLOUR OF THE MINERAL IN IT`S POWDERED FORM.

MINERALS CHARECTORISTIC COLOUR-STREAK COMBINATION

4. LUSTRE: LUSTRE OF A MINERAL IS ITS`S APPERANCE IN A REFLECTED LIGHT, WHICH IS

SOME DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUSTRE:

SL.NO TYPE OF LUSTRE REPRESENTED BY EXAMPLE

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 2

5. HARDNESS: IS THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY A MINERAL TO ABRASION, WHICH IS

HARDNESS OF SOME OF THE MINERALS:

STD. MINERALS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION HARDNESS NO.

6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A SUBSTANCE IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF IT`S

7.CLEAVAGE: THE CLEAVAGE OF A MINERAL IS IT`S TENDENCY TO SPLIT ALONG CERTAIN

2) POOR, IMPERFECT OR NONE: WHEN A MINERAL DOESN`T SPLIT UP WITH AN AVERAGE

BASAL CLEAVAGE: ONE SET OF CLEAVAGE. EX: MUSCOVITE.

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 3

9. TENACITY: IT IS THE BEHAVIOUR OF MINERALS TOWARDS THE FORCES THAT TENDS TO

SL. TYPE OF REPRESENTED BY MINERAL

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 4

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 5

(1) HOW TO DRAW STRIKE LINES:

(2) HOW TO FIND OUT ‘DIP’ AND IT`S DIRECTION:

G.P.S, G.I.S, TOTAL STATION & REMOTE SENSING

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING: THE APPLICATION OF THIS MAY BE GROUPED INTO A

2) ENVIRONMENTAL: IT CAN BE USED TO STUDY OCEAN, CLOUD, RAINFALL, ANALOGICAL

3) LAND USE: REMOTE SENSING IS USED TO PREPARE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP, GEOLOGICAL

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 7

TOTAL STATION IS USED TO FIND HORIZONTAL DISTANCES, ELEVATION OF POINTS, and

STUDY OF MINERALS, ORES AND ROCKS:

STUDY OF QUARTZ MINERALS:

MILKY QUARTZ: WHITE DISTINGUISHED CHARACTER MILKY.

ROSY QUARTZ: ROSY DISTINGUISHED COLOUR.

SMOKY QUARTZ: SMOKY IN COLOUR.

AMETHYST: VIOLET IN COLOUR.

FLINT: DARK GREEN DCOLOUR, CONCOIDAL FRACTURE.

AGATE: PARELLEL COLOURED BANDS.

JASPER: REDDISH-BROWN COLOUR.

CHERT: LIGHT GREEN COLOUR [OLIVE GREEN], SUBCONCOIDAL FRACTURE.

CHALCEDONY: LOOKS WAXY.

OPAL: VIOLET GRAY COLOUR, CAVITIES ARE PRESENT.

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 8

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 9

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 10

PRE. BY SHAMANTH KUMAR D.M 11

NAME OF THE MILKY QUARTZ ROSY QUARTZ SMOKY QUARTZ

HABIT /FORM CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE CRYSTALLINE

COLOUR MILKEY ROSY SMOKY

STREAK PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT

LUSTRE VITRIOUS VITRIOUS VITRIOUS

HARDNESS 7.0 7.0 7.0

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.8 2.8 2.8

CLEAVAGE ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

FRACTURE UNEVEN UNEVEN UNEVEN

TENACITY BRITTLE BRITTLE BRITTLE