PHAST Micro

Tutorial Manual

DNV SOFTWARE
Palace House, 3 Cathedral Street, London SE19DE, UK
http://www.dnv.com/software

© Copyright Det Norske Veritas. All Rights Reserved.

No reproduction or broadcast of this material is permitted without the express written consent of DNV.
Contact software.risk@dnv.com for more information.
 Contents

Chapter 1 An Introduction to PHAST Micro 1

In the first chapter you open an example analysis provided with the program,
explore its main features, and run the calculations and view the results –
without having to enter or change any input data.

Chapter 2 Setting up your own Analysis 14

The second chapter guides you through the process of setting up a Study
Folder for performing consequence calculations for a range of common types
of hazardous event. The tutorial supplies all of the input values that you will
need to complete the analysis.
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1
An Introduction to PHAST Micro

What to Expect of this Tutorial

The aim of this tutorial is to make you familiar with the ideas and techniques involved
in performing a consequence analysis with PHAST Micro, and to give you practice in
defining a range of common types of hazardous events. By the time you have finished
the tutorial you should have a firm understanding of the issues involved, and be ready
to start work on an analysis of your own.
The tutorial is divided into two chapters. In this first chapter you will open an example
analysis provided with the program, explore its main features, and run the calculations
and view the results – without having to enter or change any input data. In the second
chapter you will create a new analysis, defining a range of hazardous events and
performing a consequence analysis for them.
The tutorial should take 1-2 hours to complete. You do not have to complete it in a
single sitting, and can take a break between chapters if you prefer.

Starting the Program Running

When you install the program, the installation process places a DNV Software folder
under Programs in your Start menu, and also adds a PHAST Micro shortcut to your
Desktop. You can use either method to start the program running.

The Main Window

When you start the program running, the main window will open as shown.

The Main Window on Startup

The first line in the Message Log should state that the “Licence is valid”. You must
have a valid license for PHAST Micro set up on your computer in order to be able to
enter data and run the calculations. If the Message Log says that you do not have a
valid license, you should contact product support using the details given under Product
Support in the Help menu.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The window will normally open with no Study Folder loaded – where a “Study
Folder” is a file that contains the definition of a consequence analysis – and you must
open or create a Study Folder file before you can perform any modelling work with the
program. If you wish, you can change the Installation Preferences under the Options
menu so that the program starts by automatically opening a Study Folder (e.g. the
Study Folder you worked on most recently).

Opening the PHAST Example Study Folder

The program is supplied with an example Study Folder called “PHAST Example
Study”, which is used in this chapter to give a quick introduction to the terminology
and approach used in the program.
To open the Study Folder, choose Open
Example… from the File menu. A File
Open dialog will appear as shown,
displaying the contents of the Examples
folder installed with the program files.
There are several file-formats available
for Study Folder files, but the default
format is the *.psu format, and the
PHAST Example Study file is in this
format. Select the file, and click on
Open.
The appearance of the main window changes when a Study Folder is open: there are
many more toolbars, and there is a pane with four tab sections at the left side of the
window, as shown. The pane is known as the “Study Tree” pane, and you work in its
various tab sections to set up the input data for the analysis.

The Main Window with a Study Folder Open

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Study Tree Pane

The Study Tree pane allows you to organise and edit the input data for your
consequence analysis. The pane contains a number of tab sections, each of which
covers a different type of input data, and these tab
sections are described below.
The Models Tab Section
In PHAST Micro, a Model is a description of a particular
hazard event that you want to process through the
consequence calculations. You define these hazardous
events in the Models tab section, and you can define any
number in a particular analysis.
As shown in the illustration, the PHAST Example Study
Study Folder eight different Models, four describing
releases of chlorine and four describing releases of
butadiene.
The Model icons are organised in a tree structure. The
top level represents the entire Study Folder, with the
name PHAST Example Study, the next level is the Study (named example), the third level
contains several Folders, and the fourth level contains the Models themselves. You can
create any number of Studies or Folders, depending on how you want to organise your
analysis.
In PHAST Micro, all eight Models appear inside the folder called Vessel or Pipe Sources
and the other five folders are empty. The PHAST Example Study file does contain Models
inside these five folders, but the Models involve features that are not available in
PHAST Micro; the program automatically deleted these Models when you opened the
Study Folder, and you can see messages about these deletions in the Message Log
pane.
modelling contains ten instances of one Model (the Vessel/Pipe Source Model), and
one instance of each of eight other kinds of Model.
Inserting a Model
You cannot place a Model icon under the Study Folder itself, but
only under a Study or Folder. To add a Model at a particular
point in the structure, select the Study or Folder, and then select Vessel or Pipe Source
from the Insert menu as shown. You can also insert a Model by using the Insert cascade
at the top of the right-click menu, or by selecting the icon for the Model from the
toolbar.
The Weather Tab Section
The Weather tab section contains a folder named Global Weathers
with three definitions of weather conditions. The program
performs a separate run of the consequence calculations for
each separate weather conditions, giving a set of results that
are specific to that Weather.
The Weather tab section also contains a Study icon called
Example Cases. In the Model tab section, all of the Models have
been placed inside the Example Cases Study, but you create and
use any number of Studies in an analysis.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

You can insert Weathers underneath a Study in the Weather tab section. Such Weathers
are known as “Local Weathers”, whereas those in the Global Weathers folder are known
as “Global Weathers”. When the program is processing the consequence calculations
for a given Model, it will perform the calculations for every Global Weather and for
any Local Weathers under the Study that contains the Model, i.e. the Local Weathers
are specific to the Models in that particular Study.
The Materials Tab Section
The program is supplied with a set of System
Materials that contains full property data for more
than sixty materials. However, the Materials tab
section does not show icons for all of these
materials, but only for materials that have been
selected in the input data for the various Models in
the Study Folder, or for materials that you have
added yourself while working in the Material tab
section.
PHAST Micro currently only allows you to define
Global Materials, and the same set of Materials
data will be used in the calculations for all Model.
You cannot currently define Local Materials to be
used only for the Models in a given Study.
There are three types of icon present in the Material tab section of the PHAST Example
Study Study Folder:
Green Icon: a Pure Material
The eight green icons are all pure Materials. Each icon has a green border, which shows
that all of the input fields for the material have the values set for that material in the
System Materials. You can change the values if you wish - e.g. to enter different probit
values for a toxic material – and if you make changes the green border will disappear.
All of the icons in the PHAST Example Study Study Folder are for pure materials that are
supplied in the System Parameters, but the program also allows you to add your own
materials.
Yellow-and-Red Icon: a Mixture
The yellow-and-red icon is a Mixture, and in the PHAST Example Study Folder it
represents the plume of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
produced by a fire in a pesticide warehouse. This is a situation modelled by one of the
Models that is not available in PHAST Micro and that was deleted when you open the
Study Folder.
However, you can also define your own Mixtures, using any combination of the
materials in PHAST Micro, and select these Mixtures for use in the dispersion, fire and
explosion calculations.
Pink Icon: a Pesticide
The six pink icons are all Pesticides, and are not relevant to PHAST Micro.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Map Tab Section

The Map tab section allows you to set up map image and geographic data so that you
can view the regions and features affected by consequence results.
The map image is defined by the powerstation raster image, and you view the image by
selecting Map from the View menu. The Map Window will open in the area to the right
of the Study Tree pane, and you can use the options in the Map menu, the right-click
menu and the Map toolbar to zoom in and out, to move around in the Map Window,
and to control the display of the features of the window such as the scale bar and the
legend.

The Map tab section and the Map Window

The Models are represented by dots on the Map. These dots can sometimes be difficult
to see and to relate to the individual Models, but there are several options that can
make this easier:
Changing the Size and Colour of the Dots
Select Map from the Preferences cascade of
the Options menu to open the Map
Preferences dialog, and then move to the
Model tab section.
By default the colour is turquoise and
the Point Size is 7 pixels, but if you
change the colour to blue and the size to
10 pixels as shown, then the dots will be
easier to see on the powerstation Map.
Displaying the Model Names on the Map
If you move to the Models tab section, select any Model, and then select Labels from the
View menu, the names of all of the Models will be displayed on the Map. To hide the
names, deselect the Labels option.
If there is more than one Model at a given location – as with the Chlorine Models and the
Butadiene Models – then the names will be superimposed and may be difficult to read,
although this will make it clear that there are multiple Models at the location.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Pinpointing an Individual Model

If you select a Model in the Study Tree and then select Pinpoint from the View menu (or
press the F4 key), the dot for that Model will become centred in the Map window and
will also be highlighted (i.e. displayed in a light turquoise colour). This allows you to
locate a specific Model, which is useful if you cannot identify the name for that Model
on the Map.
You can close the Map Window by selecting Close All from the Window menu.

Viewing Input Data

The section above introduced the main types of input data and their organisation, and
this section describes how to work on the details of the input data.
Opening the Input Dialog for the Chlorine Rupture Model
Move to the Models tab section and double-click on the icon for the Model named
Chlorine Rupture. The Vessel/Pipe input dialog will open as shown below.
The dialog contains a large number of input fields organised over fourteen tab sections,
but many of these fields are relevant only to advanced modelling options (e.g. for a
sensitivity analysis), and you will typically only need to supply a small set of input
data when defining a Model for use in an analysis, as you will see in the next chapter.

Input Dialog for the Chlorine Rupture Model

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Getting Help on the Input Data

This tutorial does not attempt to describe every item on input data, but the program is
supplied with comprehensive online Help.
Every input dialog contains a Help button at the bottom right. When you click on this
button, the online Help will appear in a separate window, as shown.

The Help Window

The Help Window will be displaying a description of the current tab section, but you
can use the links inside the topic and the Contents, Index and Search tabs to reach any
topic in the Help system and gain a full understanding of the way that the input data
will be used in the calculations and the appropriate values that you should set for the
hazardous events that you want to model.
Most dialogs also have a “What’s This Help” button in
the form of a question mark at the right of the title bar.
If you click on this button, the cursor will
change to a question mark, showing that
you are in “What’s This Help” mode, and if
you then click on a field in the dialog, a
popup window will appear over the field,
describing the field and giving advice on
setting values, as shown.
After you have finished exploring the input dialog, click on Cancel to close the input
dialog without saving any changes you might have made. If you wish, you can move
to the other tab sections and explore the input dialogs for other types of data.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Running the Calculations and Viewing the Results

In the Models tab section, select the Example Cases Study, and select the Models option
from the Run menu.
The program will process the calculations for each of the eight Models in turn,
performing the calculations for each of the three Global Weathers, and showing the
progress through the calculations. When the calculations for a given Model have been
completed for all three Weathers, the name of that Model will change from black to
blue, which is the colour-coding that the program uses to show that a Model has run
successfully and has a complete set of results. The calculations will take several
minutes to complete, depending on the speed of your machine.
You do not have to run the calculations for all Models. If you select a single Model or
folder, then you can run the calculations just for that Model or for the Models in that
folder.
Viewing the Graphs for the Chlorine and Butadiene Releases
Select the Vessels or Pipe Sources folder and
then select Graph from the View menu, from
the right-click menu or the toolbars. A dialog
will appear as shown, prompting you to
chose the weather conditions whose results
you want to view.
If you had selected a single Model rather
than a folder with multiple Models, then the
dialog would have checkboxes next to the
Weathers instead of radio buttons, and you would be able to compare the results for
several Weathers for that Model. If you choose a single Weather in this situation, then
the graphs will have additional features that are not available when you are viewing
the results for multiple Models or Weathers.
For this example, select the F 1.5m/s Weather. This is the weather with the most stable
conditions, and is likely to give the longest dispersion distances. When you click on OK
there will be a pause of a few seconds, and then the Graph Window will open as
shown in the space to the right of the Study Tree pane.

The Graph Window

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Graph Window will usually contain many tab sections, each with a different type
of graph. The tab sections included for a particular combination of Model will depend
on the type of the materials (toxic or flammable), and on the details of the dispersion
and effect behaviour (e.g. whether or not liquid rainout occurs). The Chlorine and
Butadiene Models have graphs for cloud concentration, for pool vaporisation, for toxic
effects, for jet fire, fireball and flash fire effects, and for explosion effects.
The Concentration Graphs
The first graph is of centreline concentration. This will be showing the results at the
time at which the cloud footprint covers the greatest area, which occurs at a different
time for each weather.
The graph will initially be showing results only for the four Chlorine Models. In the
dispersion calculations, the program uses an averaging time that takes into account
changes in wind direction over the course of the release to give an average
concentration at a given location, and it uses different averaging times for toxic and for
flammable materials, reflecting the different time-scales that are relevant to each type
of release. The concentration graphs always display results calculated with a specific
averaging time, which is displayed in the legend for the graph. The default averaging
time for this set of results is the Toxic averaging time, and the Butadiene Models were
not modelled with that time so have no results to display.
To view the concentration results for the
Butadiene Models, you must change the
selection of averaging time to display. To do
this, select Properties… from the right-click
menu or the Graph menu to open the Plot
Properties dialog, and then move to the
Averaging Times tab section as shown.
If you change to the Flammable Averaging
Time, the graph will display the results for
the four Butadiene Models only.
The User Defined option will also be
enabled, which shows that some of the
Models have a user-defined averaging time
defined in the Location tab section. In fact, all of them have such a time defined, and if
you select User Defined as the averaging time for the graphs, the graph will display
results for all eight Models.
Results Displayed on the Map
After the six tab sections that show the results in terms of concentration, the next tab
section is the Map graph, which allows you to view different types of effect zones
superimposed on the map.
When you first move to the Map tab section, the Map graph will be displaying Cloud
Footprint results for a concentration of 10,000 ppm for the Toxic averaging time, and
the only results displayed will be for the Chlorine Rupture and Chlorine Liquid Leak Models.
The other Chlorine Models don’t produce this concentration level at the default height
of ground level – as you can see from the Sideview graph – but if you open the Plot
Properties dialog, move to the Distance tab and set the Height to 10 m, results for the
Chlorine Vapour Leak Model will appear in the plot.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Footprint concentration results are the

default form of results for the Map graph,
but the Event field in the Display tab section
of the Plot Properties dialog allows you to
change to a different form, as shown. The
list of types of effect will depend on the
types of Models that are covered by the
Graph, and will be similar to the range of
tab sections in the Graph window.
If you select Toxic effects, then the
Radiation/Toxic field will become enabled
and you can choose between dose, probit
and lethality results.
If you view the Lethality
footprint on the Map, you will
see that the Chlorine Liquid Leak
gives the greatest downwind
effect distance for lethality. The
Rupture Model produces higher
peak concentrations at any
given downwind location, but
the short duration of the rupture
means that the total dose
received is lower than for the
leak.
The Map graph initially shows
the effect zone with a northerly
wind, but you can choose Wind
Direction from the Graph menu or
the right-click menu to change
the wind direction.
The Pool Vaporisation graph
does not show any hazardous effect distances, but the Toxic graph and the various Fire
and Explosion graphs all include footprint-results of the form shown on the map, and
most of them also include graphs that show the effect-level along the cloud centre-line
as a function of distance downwind (e.g. radiation level for a jet fire, or lethality for a
toxic release).
If you look through the Fire and Explosion graphs, you will see that the greatest
downwind effect distance is reached by the Late Explosion Worst Case for the Butadiene
Rupture Model, which reaches a distance of about 880 m downwind. A late explosion is
one that occurs after the cloud has started dispersing away from the release point, and
by default the explosion is assumed to be centred at the cloud front, which means that
the explosion radius will reach beyond the flammable region of the cloud. The
program calculates the results for such an explosion at regular intervals, and the Worst
Case graph displays the results for the ignition-time that gives the greatest downwind
effect distance.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Viewing the Reports for the Butadiene Rupture Model

The program also presents results in the form of reports. If you wish, you can view a
report that covers multiple Models – e.g. a report for all of the Chlorine and Butadiene
Models – but if you want to compare the report-results for different Models it is easier
to view separate reports for each Model and compare between two reports.
To view the reports for the Butadiene Rupture Model, select the Model and then select
Report from the View menu or from the right-click menu or the toolbars. After a pause of
a few seconds, the Report Window will open to the right of the Study Tree pane as
shown. The Report Window will probably hide the Graph Window, but you can use
the options in the Window menu to move between the windows. You can have any
number of Graph Windows and Report Windows open at the same time.

The Report Window

As with the Graph Window, the Report Window will normally contain several types of
results, presented in different tab sections. A given tab section will present the results
for all of the weather conditions that have been processed for the Model.
For the Butadiene Rupture Model, the first tab section is the Input tab section, which lists
the input data. The Audit tab section gives version details for the program, for
parameters and materials, but all of the other tab sections give details of the
consequence results that you saw summarised in the Graph window:
The Summary Report
This report summarises
the maximum downwind
distance to different types
of effects, and gives a
direct comparison
between the different
weather conditions. For
the Butadiene Rupture, D 5m/s is the weather that gives the greatest distances, although the
difference between the three weathers is small.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Discharge Report

This gives details of the discharge modelling, and the condition of the release
immediately after expansion to atmospheric pressure – which is the condition used for
the start of the dispersion calculations.
This report and all the other results-reports give the results for each weather in turn.
The Summary report is the only report which presents a direct comparison between the
different weathers.
The Dispersion Report
This report contains a table which describes the location and state of the cloud at a
series of time-steps during the dispersion. You might refer to this report if you wanted
to understand a particular aspect of the dispersion behaviour in greater depth.
The Commentary Report
This report highlights the
main events in the course of
the dispersion, and allows
you to see easily if and when
differest types of behaviour
occurred, e.g. touch-down on
the ground, or the rainout of
liquid droplets.
The Averaging Times Report
The centreline concentrations given in the Dispersion and Commentary reports are all
calculated using a “core” averaging time that is set in the Dispersion Parameters and
that has a default value of 18.75 s. The Averaging Times report gives the centreline
concentrations at a series of steps during the dispersion, calculated using alternative
averaging times.
For the Butadiene Rupture these alternative times are the Flammable Averaging Time
(whose value is set in the Flammable Parameters) and the User-Defined Averaging
Time (whose value is set in the Location tab section for the Model). In this analysis
both of these times are also set to 18.75 s so for all the Butadiene Models the Averaging
Times report gives the same concentrations as the other reports. However, if you
viewed the report for one of the Chlorine Models, you would see results for the Toxic
Averaging Time (whose value is set in the Toxic Parameters), and which has the
default value of 600 s.
The Fireball Report
The Fireball report gives radiation results for a fireball resulting from immediate
ignition of the released material. The report first gives a description of the fireball
flame (emissive power, liftoff height, etc.), then it gives the dimensions of the elliptical
effect zones for up to five different radiation levels – where the levels are set in the
Fireball tab section for the Model – and finally gives the radiation levels at a series of
points downwind from the centreline of the release.
The Jet Fire and Pool Fire reports have a similar form, giving the same three types of
results.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The Early Explosion Report

The report is similar in form to the Fireball report, giving the dimensions of the circular
effect zones for up to five explosion overpressures – where the overpressures are set in
the Explosion Parameters – and also giving the overpressure levels at a series of points
downwind from the centreline of the release.
The Late Explosion Report
This report gives the overpressure effect distances for late explosions occuring at a
range of times during the dispersion. For each ignition time, the report gives the
location of the cloud-centre, the location of the centre of the explosion, the downwind
distance to up to five overpressure levels, and the flammable mass in the cloud at the
time of the explosion. The centre of the explosion is taken as the location of the cloud
front to 50% of the LFL.

Results for Two Time-Steps in the Late Explosion Report

The ignition-time that gives the greatest downwind effect distance is the one presented
in the Worst Case Late Explosion graph, as described in the section above.
The range of reports presented for a particular Model will depend on the type of Model
and on the behaviour of a release, and there are additional reports that do not appear
for the Butadiene Rupture Model. For example, if the material is toxic then there will be a
Toxic report with a table of dose, probit and lethality results as a function of
downwind distance, and if the liquid in the release rains out to form a pool, then there
will be reports describing the spreading and evaporation of the pool and describing the
series of “dispersion segments” used to represent the vapour produced from the pool.
For most of your work with the program you will probably refer mainly to the graphs,
since they present the results in the most direct form and allow easy comparison
between different Models and Weathers.
After you have finished examining the results, you can use Close All from the Window
menu to close the windows.
You have now seen the main features of PHAST Micro. When you are ready you
should proceed to Chapter 2, which takes you through the stages in setting up your
own analysis.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Chapter 2
Setting up your own Analysis

The Form of the Analysis

This chapter will guide you through the process of setting up a Study Folder for
performing consequence calculations. The tutorial supplies all of the input values that
you will need to complete the analysis.
The Models Defined in the Analysis
The main aim of the analysis is to show you how you can define Models to represent
the most common types of hazardous event, and how to take into account the main
variables. The types of hazardous event that are considered in the analysis are as
follows:
• A rupture of a vessel containing a toxic material
• A pipework leak from the liquid side of a vessel containing a toxic material
• A pipework leak from the gas side of a vessel containing a toxic material
• The equivalent three releases for a vessel containing a flammable material
• The rupture of a propane tank wagon under normal operating conditions.
• A fireball or BLEVE of the propane tank wagon as a result of fire impingement.
• A liquid leak from the body of the propane tank wagon.
If you wish, you can omit events, define different events, or change the input values in
order to define conditions that are more typical of your facility. However, if you do this
you will obtain results that are different from those that will be shown in this manual.

Creating a new Study Folder

To create a new Study Folder, select New from the File menu or the Toolbar. The
program will close the PHAST Example Study Study Folder and a new Study Folder will
open, with a name shown as “Untitled”. New Study Folder files are not entirely empty
but will have some default data set up in the form of a Global Weather Folder
containing three Weathers, which are the same as those in the PHAST Example Study
Study Folder.
Saving the Study Folder
You cannot save the Study Folder with the name “Untitled” and should save it with a
real name immediately.
Select Save As… from the File menu. The File Save dialog will appear and
you should locate the DNVuser folder (the default location for saving
Study Folder files), use the Create New Folder option to create a folder with
your name, and then save the new file to this folder with the name Tutorial and the
default file format of *.psu.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Setting up the Map Data

The tutorial uses a map of an area near two rivers, in a country which has a national
grid system. The image for this map is supplied with the program the form of a *.tif file.
If you have an image file for the area around your facility, you might prefer to use that
instead.
Inserting the Raster Image
Image files that contain a description of each pixel in the image are known as raster
images, and most common image files are in this form, e.g. *.tif, *.bmp, *.gif files. The
program can also display map data taken from a GIS Database, where an image is
defined by describing the lines that form the image.
The process of inserting a raster image into a Study Folder is very different from the
process of inserting a connection to a GIS Database. This tutorial deals only with raster
images, and you should refer to the online Help for details of working with GIS
Databases.
The process of inserting the raster images involves several stages.
Ensure that there is a Raster Image Set in the Map tab section
If the Map tab section does not already contain a Raster Image Set icon, select the Tutorial
icon at the top of the tab section, and use the Insert menu to insert a Set.
The Set is a folder for raster images, and you have to insert raster images inside such a
folder.
Insert a Raster Image inside the Set
Select the Set, then select Raster Image from
the Insert menu. A dialog will appear as
shown, and you must browse to locate the
image file. The tutorial.tif file is located in the
Examples folder for the installation of the
program (which is typically under Program
Files\DNVS\PHAST_6_5). When you first
browse to this folder you will not see any
files, since the list of File types is not set to
*.tif by default.
When you have selected a valid raster image file, the Placement Mode fields will
become enabled; these are options for specifying the map co-ordinates covered by the
image. Some files contain georeference data or header data that you can use to set the
co-ordinate data for the image, but the tutorial.tif file does not and the only option
available is the Interactive option, which is available for any raster image file.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Selecting a Co-ordinate System for the Map

When you click on OK in the Place dialog, a dialog called the “Co-ordinate system
wizard” will open; this is the first step in selecting a co-ordinate system for the
analysis. It is only essential to select a system if the Placement Mode is set to
Georeferenced or to By Header, or if you want to use a GIS database in the analysis.
When you are using the Interactive Placement Mode and will not be connecting to a
GIS database – which is the situation in this tutorial - you can click on Cancel in the
Wizard dialog and leave the co-ordinate system undefined.
The Wizard dialog contains a Help button, and this gives you a quick way of viewing an
overview of the user and definition of co-ordinate systems in PHAST Micro.
Placing the Image in the Map Window
When you click on Cancel in the Wizard
dialog, there will be brief pause and the Map
Window will then open to the right of the
Study Tree pane.
The cursor will be in the form of crosshairs,
and you must drag and drop to place the
image in the window. This sets the initial
values for the map co-ordinates for the
images, which you will set to the correct
values in the next step.
Setting the Co-ordinates and Size of the Image
Double-click on the tutorial icon to open the input dialog for
the image, move to the Geometry tab section, and set the
values shown. The origin for a map image is the top-left
corner, and the values are in the national co-ordinate system
for the country.
When you click on OK the image will probably disappear
from the Map Window because it has moved to a location beyond the scope of the
window. Select Fit > All from the Map menu, and the Map Window will change to
display the image covered by the image; if the menu bar does not include a Map option,
click on the Map Window to make sure it is selected, and the Map menu will appear in
the menu bar.
Setting a Large Number of Significant Figures for Edit Dialogs
The co-ordinate values for the image will be in the national co-ordinate system for the
country, and the values for the area covered by the map are six-digit numbers. By
default, input dialogs display only four significant figures of any number that you are
editing, and with this setting you will find it difficult to be sure that you have entered
the co-ordinates.
To change the setting for the number of significant figures, select Preferences > General
from the Options menu and move to the Miscellaneous tab. The first field in the tab
section is the Number of significant figures for edit windows, and you should make
sure that this is set to six or more.
Click on OK to close the General Preferences dialog and return to the Map tab section. If
you open the dialog for the raster image again, you will be able to see that the values
that you entered were stored in full.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

The Location of the Site on the Map

For the tutorial, the facility occupies the long, narrow section of land to the north and
west of The Village, between the east bank of the river and the road that runs parallel
to the river, shown shaded yellow in the illustration.

The Location of the Facility on the Map

Defining the First Model: for a Toxic Rupture

In the Tutorial.psu Study Folder, move to the Models tab section. The first Model you will
define represents the rupture of a vessel containing a toxic material, which is one of
several Models dealing with a toxic material.
The vessel is a sphere with a radius of 3.37 m and volume of 120 m3 and a maximum
fill-level of 85%, containing chlorine at saturation conditions and ambient temperature.
The sphere is located near the centre of the site and is elevated 4 m above the ground.
There is no bund surrounding the sphere.
Insert a Folder to Group Toxic Releases
Select the Study icon, then select Folder from the Insert menu or the toolbar to insert a
folder. Use Rename from the Edit menu or the right-click menu (or press the F2 key), and
give the folder the name “Toxic”. You will place all of the Models that represent toxic
releases in this folder.
Turn on the Option to Insert Models on the Map
In the Options menu, select the option to Insert Models on Map. By default this option is
turned off, and when you insert a Model the icon will appear immediately in the Study
Tree. If you turn the option on, then the Model icon will not appear in the Study Tree
until you have clicked on the Map to set the location for the Model.
In this tutorial you will insert the Models on the Map in approximately the correct
location, and then correct the location as necessary in the input dialog.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Insert a Vessel/Pipe Source Model

Select the Toxic folder, then select Vessel or Pipe
Source from the Insert menu or the right-click
menu. The Map window will open if it is not
already open and the cursor will turn to
crosshairs., and you should click at a point near
the centre of the site as shown to place the
Model.
After you have clicked, an icon will be added to
the Study Tree, and a dot will appear on the
Map to show the location of the Model. Rename
the icon to Cl2 Rupture.
The icon will have a red border around it, showing that it does not have a full set of
input data. You will not be able to run the consequence calculations for the Model until
you have supplied values for all of the mandatory input fields, as will be described
below.
Setting the Input Data
Double-click on the icon for the Model to open the input dialog.
All of the fields in the first tab section are blank, and those that are enabled have red
borders . A field with a red border is a mandatory field: you must supply a value for
such a field, and you will not be able to run the calculations for a Model that has any
mandatory fields unset.
This section describes each tab section in turn, including those that are not relevant to
this particular hazardous event. Click on the Help button to open the online Help if you
want further information at any point.
The Material Tab Section
To set the Discharge Material, click on the button with three dots to the right of the
Discharge Material field, and select CHLORINE from the list that appears. The list
contains all of the materials that are defined in the System Materials.
The vessel is a sphere with a volume of 120 m3. This Model will represent the vessel
with the maximum degree of filling, which is 85%. Select Volume as the method of
specifying the Inventory, and enter a value of 102 m3.
The chlorine is held under saturation
conditions at atmospheric temperature.
The temperature will vary depending on
the season and time of day, but for this
Model a value of 10oC will be used as
representative. To set these Process Conditions, choose Saturated Liquid from the first
dropdown list and Temperature from the second dropdown list, and set the Temperature
to 10 degC, as shown. When you move the cursor away from the Temperature field the
program will calculate the saturation pressure for this temperature and display it in the
Pressure field.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

To define the process conditions for a material that is not held under saturation
conditions (e.g. a gas or a padded liquid), you must select both Temperature and Pressure
from the lists and give values for both.
The Scenario Tab Section
You use this tab section to
specify the type of hazardous
event you want to model. The
range of types available will
depend on the process
conditions you have specified.
There is only one Scenario
Type available for modelling
the rupture of a pressurised
vessel; this is Catastrophic
Rupture, which is selected by
default. The other scenarios are
either longer-duration releases,
or applicable only to insulated
tanks.
The other fields in the tab
section are not relevant to a
rupture scenario. You can take
the default settings for all of
the fields in this tab section.
The Pipe Tab Section
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled when the scenario is set to Rupture.
They are relevant only to the Line Rupture, Disc Rupture, and Relief Valve scenarios,
as you will see later.
The Vessel Tab Section
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled when the scenario is set to Rupture. For
all of the other scenarios, some of the fields in the tab section will be enabled, with the
combination depending on the scenario as you will see later.
The Location Tab Section
First, set the release coordinates. The Elevation has a default value of 1 m, taken from
the System Parameters, but you should set this to 7.37 m, which is the elevation of the
centre of the sphere above the ground. Set the East co-ordinate to 198492 m, and the
North co-ordinate to 435063 m.
The program requires a criterion for stopping the dispersion calculations: either a
maximum distance, or a minimum concentration. For this tutorial, set the
Concentration of interest to 100 ppm. After you have set this concentration and
moved the cursor to a different field, the Uses averaging time field below the
concentration will acquire a red border, which shows that it is mandatory; you must
specify the averaging time to be used in the calculations for stopping the dispersion.
For a toxic release, the list allows you to choose the Toxic averaging time or the times
associated with the ERPG, IDLH or STEL measures of toxicity, or to specify a User-defined
time.
For this release, select the Toxic averaging time, which is set in the Toxic Parameters
and has a default value of 600 s.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

The Location tab section allows you to select additional averaging times for which you
want concentration values. If you make any selections in the final section of the tab, the
results will be appear in the Averaging Times report, as you saw in the previous
chapter.
The Bund Data Tab Section
If there is a bund around the vessel and you want to take this into account in the
modelling of pool-spreading and evaporation, you can check the Bund exists box and
enter a description of the bund. For this sphere there is no bund, so you can leave the
tab section with the default values.
The Indoor/Outdoor Tab Section
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled then the scenario is a catastrophic
rupture outdoors. Some of the fields are enabled for the longer-duration scenarios as
you will see later.
Flammable Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are disabled when the material is toxic only. For a
flammable release, they allow you to choose between two models for jet fires.
The Toxic Parameters Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are used in
modelling the buildup of toxic concentration
inside a building, and the exposure of a person
inside the building.
By default, these calculations are set to Unselected
(i.e. they will not be performed), but for this
tutorial you should change them to Selected. The calculations require information about
the ventilation-rate for the building and about how long people remain in the building
after the cloud has passed and the concentration is lower outdoors than indoors. By
default these values will be taken from the Toxic parameters tab section for the Model,
but if you choose Wind Speed Dependent for the Ventilation Specification, then the values
will be taken from the data for the Weather, which means that the values may be
different for each weather. For this tutorial, leave the Ventilation Specification with
the default value of Case Specified, and take the default values for the Building
exchange rate and the Tail time.
The TNT Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are disabled when the material is toxic only. They are used
in the modelling of a vapour cloud explosion.
The Discharge Parameters Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are always enabled, and take their default values from the
System Parameters. They are used in the discharge modelling for the Line Rupture,
Disc Rupture and Relief Valve scenarios, so are not relevant to this Model.
The Jet Fire, Pool Fire and Fireball Tab Sections
For a flammable release, these tab sections allow you to choose between options for
modelling each type of flame.

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A Summary of the Input Data

The input process involves examining a large number of input fields, but the number
of values that you have to enter in order to complete the data for this Model is small, as
shown in the table below:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Material Discharge Material Chlorine
Inventory 102 m3
Process Conditions Saturated Liquid at 10oC.
Location Elevation 7.37 m
East Co-ordinate 198492 m
North Co-ordinate 435063 m
Concentration of 100 ppm
interest
Uses averaging time Toxic
Toxic Indoor Toxic Selected
parameters Calculations

The default scenario for a Vessel/Pipe Source Model is a catastrophic rupture out of
doors, so there is no need to change any settings in the Scenario tab section for this
particular Model.
If you have made all of these settings, the input data for the Model are now complete,
and you can click on OK to close the dialog. You should see that the icon no longer has
a red border, showing that it has a full set of input data.
Run the Calculations and View the Results
Select the Model and select Run Model from either the Run menu or the toolbar. When the
calculations are complete, view the graphs for all of the weathers.
You will see that there is no Pool Vaporisation tab in the Graph Window, which means
that the liquid in the release did not rain out; if you want more information about the
behaviour of the liquid droplets in the cloud, you should view either the Commentary
Report or the Dispersion Report.
The Centreline Concentration graph will appear to show a concentration of zero at all
distances downwind, but this is because the default scale on the concentration axis
goes up to one million ppm. To see the concentration levels for this release, you must
set the scale yourself.
Select Scale and Labels from the right-click menu or the Graph menu to open the Scale
dialog, then uncheck the option for Automatic Scaling and set the Maximum
Concentration to 1000 ppm. With the changed scale, you will be able to see the
different concentration profiles for the different weather conditions.
The concentration graphs only ever show the outdoor concentration, but if you move
to the Toxic tab section you will see that the Probit, Lethality and Dose graphs display
separate results for indoor and outdoor effects, and that there are separate Footprint
graphs for outdoor and indoor effects. The Lethality graph shows that the greatest
downwind effect distance is for the F 1.5 m/s weather outdoors, with a distance of
about 2.5 km to a lethality level of 10%. The indoor effects for this weather reach about
2.25 km to 10% lethality. The shortest downwind effect distances are for D 5 m/s
indoors, which reaches about 1.3 km for a lethality level of 10%.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Defining the Second Release: Toxic Liquid from Pipework

The second release is from the same chlorine sphere, but the hazardous event is the
rupture of a one-inch liquid line attached to the bottom of the sphere, where the initial
liquid head will be 4.6 m. The line runs 4 m vertically downwards to 10 cm from the
ground, then 5 m horizontally to an isolation valve; the rupture is assumed to occur
just before the isolation valve.
Copy the First Model
Much of the input data for the vessel rupture is also applicable to the pipework failure,
so you can use copy and paste from the Edit menu or the right-click menu to create a
copy of the Rupture Model, also in the Toxic folder. Give the copy the name Cl2 Liquid
Pipework.
Setting the Input Data
Open the input dialog and set the input data as follows:
Material Tab Section
Leave this tab section with the same values as for the rupture, since the material and
process conditions are the same as for the rupture.
Scenario Tab Section
Set the Scenario Type to Line Rupture, and the Phase to be Released to Liquid.
The line rupture scenario models the full-bore rupture of pipework attached to a
vessel, and the discharge calculations take into account the effect of friction in the flow
from the vessel to the point of rupture. To model a release from the body of the vessel,
with no frictional losses in the discharge, you would choose the Leak scenario.
When the vessel contains saturated liquid, you will be offered a choice of release-phase
for the line rupture scenario: a vapour release from the top of the vessel, or a liquid
release from the bottom of the vessel. The list of phases includes “two-phase”, but this
is only enabled for the disc rupture and relief valve scenarios, for modelling over-
filling of the vessel.
Pipe Tab Section
The Pipe Length is the length of
pipework between the vessel
and the point of rupture, and
you should set it to 9 m as
shown.
To set the Internal Diameter to one inch, click on “mm”
to the right of the field, and then select “in” from the list
of units that appears as shown. You can then enter the
diameter directly in inches, rather than having to
perform the conversion yourself into the default unit of
mm.
Leave the pipe roughness with the default value taken from the System Parameters.
The number of valves is used in the modelling of frictional losses, and you can leave
them as zero.
The other fields in the tab section are not relevant to PHAST Micro and will always be
disabled.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Vessel Tab Section

Set the Liquid Head to 4.6 m.
The other fields in the tab section are not relevant to PHAST Micro and will always be
disabled.
Location Tab Section
Set the Elevation to 0.1 m. With this setting, the liquid droplets will probably not
evaporate inside the cloud, and will probably rain out and form a vaporising pool.
Leave the other fields with the same values as for the rupture. In reality, the release-
location would be offset by a few metres from the centre of the sphere but this
difference is insignificant compared with the effect distances for chlorine and can be
ignored
Bund Data Tab Section
Leave this unchanged, with no bund specified.
Indoor/Outdoor Tab Section
For a continuous release scenario such as line rupture you must specify the Direction
of the release. Choose Horizontal from the list, which is the correct setting for this type of
unobstructed rupture of horizontal pipework.
The list of directions includes a second horizontal option: Horizontal Impingement. You
should select this option if the release is in a congested area and the release is likely to
impinge on a wall or other equipment; the program will reduce the momentum of the
release, which will reduce the amount of air mixed into the jet during the initial stages.
Discharge Parameters
There is one bend in the 9 m of pipework, so you can set the Frequency of Bends to
0.11 per m.
This completes the input data for this stage, and you can click on OK to close the input
dialog.
The set of input data for this Model can be summarised as follows, not including the
values that are the same as those for the rupture model:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Scenario Scenario Type Line Rupture
Phase Released Liquid
Pipe Pipe Length 9m
Internal Diameter 1 inch
Vessel Tank Head 4.6 m
Location Elevation 0.1 m
Discharge Parameters Frequency of Bends 0.11 per m

The default direction for a line rupture scenario is Horizontal, so there is no need to
change any settings in the Indoor/Outdoor tab section for this particular Model.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Run the Consequence Calculations and View the Results

Select the Model and select Run Model from either the Run menu or the toolbar. When the
calculations are complete, view the graphs for all of the weathers.
You will see that there is a Pool Vaporisation tab in the Graph Window, which means
that the liquid in the release did rain out. If you view the reports and look at the
Commentary Report, you will see that rainout fraction is only about 1%, so the
formation and behaviour of the pool will have little effect on the dispersion or toxic
effects.
In the Toxic Lethality graph, the greatest effect distances are for the F 1.5 m/s weather
outdoors, with a distance of 900 m to a lethality level of 10%, which is approximately a
third of the distance reached by the catastrophic rupture. The least stable night-time
condition, D 5 m/s, reaches only 350 m for 10% lethality outdoors.

Defining the Third Model: Toxic Vapour from Pipework

The vapour release is the rupture of a two-inch pipe attached to the top of the sphere.
The line runs 3.4 m horizontally, then vertically downwards, and the rupture is
assumed to occur 1 m from the ground.
Create the Model as a copy of the Liquid Pipework Model, rename the copy to Cl2 Vapor
Pipework, and change the input data as follows:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Scenario Phase Released Vapour
Pipe Pipe Length 13 m
Internal Diameter 2 inch
Location Elevation 1m
Indoor/Outdoor Direction Down – Impinging on
the Ground
Discharge Parameters Frequency of Bends 0.08 per m

The release rate from the two-inch vapour line is similar to that from the one-inch
liquid line, and the two pipework releases give very similar effect distances.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Defining Three Flammable Releases

There is a propane sphere at the far north of the site. The propane sphere has the same
dimensions as the chlorine sphere and the same design of pipework, and is also
operating under saturation conditions at atmospheric temperature.
Setting the Input Data for the Models
You can define the rupture and the two pipework failures by copying the three toxic
Models and simply changing the selection of discharge material and the eastern co-
ordinates.
Copying the Models
Select the Toxic folder, copy and paste it, and name the copy Flammable. In the name for
each Model, change Cl2 to C3.
Changing the Material Selection
Open the input dialog, click on the button with three dots to the right of the Discharge
Material field, and change the selection from CHLORINE to PROPANE. The list of
materials is arranged alphabetically, and you can move quickly to PROPANE by clicking
in the list and then typing “P”, which will take you to the first material with this initial
letter.
When you return to the Materials tab section you will see that the program has
recalculated the saturation pressure at 10oC and also the mass for the inventory.
You must make this change for each of the three Models.
Changing the Location and Concentration of Interest
When you move to the Location tab section, you will see that the Toxic averaging time is
no longer set for Uses averaging time and that this field is now shown as unset and
mandatory. The material is flammable only so the Toxic averaging time is not included
in the list, and the program is prompting you to make a different selection for the
calculations of the stopping-concentration.
For a flammable release you would not
want to calculate the concentration to a
value as low as 100 ppm, since the cloud
will not pose a hazard once it has diluted
much below the lower flammable limit of
2% or 20,000 ppm. You could set this
concentration yourself, but for a
flammable release you can also leave the
Concentration of interest blank, as
shown, and the program will automatically stop the dispersion calculations once the
concentration has reached 50% of the LFL as calculated with the Flammable averaging
time.
For this tutorial, delete the value for the Concentration of interest, and set the East and
North coordinates as shown above.
You must make this change for each of the three Models.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Jet Fire, Pool Fire and Fireball tab sections

If you move to the Jet Fire, Pool Fire or Fireball tab sections, you will see that three
levels of radiation intensity are specified, but that the calculations for radiation dose,
probit and lethality are all unselected. These calculations are not selected by default
because they can be time-consuming, so you would normally only select them if you
know that you need them for a particular analysis or a particular Model.
For this tutorial you will set the
lethality calculations to Selected and
specify five levels of lethality as
shown.
You must make these settings in the
Fireball tab section when you are
setting the data for the Rupture Model,
and in the Jet Fire and Pool Fire tab
sections when you are setting the data
for each of the two Pipework Models.
Running the Consequence Calculations and viewing the Results
Select the Flammable folder and use the Run
Models option to run the calculations for all
three Models at once.
You can also view the results for all three
Models at once. Select the Flammable folder
and then select View Graphs. A Plot Setup
dialog will appear, prompting you for the
Weather for which you want to view results.
When you are viewing results for multiple
Models you can only choose a single
Weather, so the Weathers have radio buttons
beside them, whereas they have check boxes
beside them when you are viewing results for
a single Model. Select the 1.5/F Weather,
which should give the greatest effect
distances for dispersion.
The Graph Window contains tab sections for Concentration graphs, as with the toxic
Models, but it contains Jet Fire, Fireball and Flash Fire tab sections instead of the Toxic
tab section. The propane releases do not produce any liquid rainout, so there are no
Pool Fire tab sections.
The main features of the graphs are described below.
Jet Fire Graphs
The Jet Fire tab section contains three graphs, which are presenting results for the two
pipework failures. The first graph shows radiation level versus distance, the second
shows Intensity Radii to the lowest of the three radiation levels set in the Parameters (4
kW/m2), and the third graph shows Lethality Radii to a lethality level of 1%, which is
the lowest of the five lethality levels that you set for each Model. The maximum
downwind effect distance shown in these graphs is just less than 25 m, which is the
distance for 4 kW/m2 for the liquid release.

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If a given Fire Radii graph is showing results for more than one Model or more than
one Weather, then it will only plot a single level, which will be the lowest level set for
that type of result (e.g. the lowest intensity level, or the lowest lethality level). If you
want to see results for all of the levels, then you must view the graphs for a single
Model and Weather.
Fireball Graphs
The Bleve (or Fireball) tab section also contains three graphs. These are showing results
only for the rupture, and this means that the two Radii graphs are able to show the
results for more than one level. The maximum downwind effect distance is about 560
m, to a radiation level of 4 kW/m2, and the distance to a.lethality level of 1% is about
290 m. There is no ellipse for a lethality level of 100%, because the fireball does not
produce the necessary radiation dose at the height of interest (set to ground level in the
Flammable Parameters).
Explosion Graphs
The two Early Explosion graphs contain results only for the Rupture, since immediate
explosions are assumed not to occur for continuous releases. However, the Late
Explosion graphs contain results for all three Models.
The Late Explosion Worst Case graph shows the effect radii for the explosion-time
which gives the greatest downwind distance for an overpressure of 0.02 bar, and the
legend for the Late Explosion Time graph gives the time at which the worst-case
explosion occurs. The greatest downwind effect distances is 1,100 m, for the Rupture,
and it occurs at 7.4 s.
Flash Fire Graph
The Flash Fire Graph shows the zone for the cloud at the time that it covers the
maximum area. For the rupture, this gives a maximum downwind effect distance of
350 m to 10,000 ppm (i.e. 50% of the LFL), whereas for the two pipework releases this
gives a distance of about 70 m to the same concentration.

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 Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis

Flammable Releases from a Rail Tank Wagon

The propane is delivered to the facility by tank wagon from a marshalling yard 10 km
to the north. The deliveries take place once a week, involving two tank wagons, and
are always during the day and never at night. The wagons are 10.6 m in length, 2.6 m
in diameter with a volume of 54 m3, are raised 0.5 m above the ground, and are
delivered with a fill-level of 80%. The propane is under the same conditions as in the
sphere: under saturation conditions at atmospheric temperature (taken as 10oC).
There are many hazardous events that could be modelled for the tank wagons,
including leaks during the unloading process. This tutorial will consider only the
rupture of a wagon under normal operating conditions, a leak from the liquid side of a
wagon, and a fireball produced by catastrophic rupture of a wagon under flame
impingement. All events are assumed to occur while the wagons are at the unloading
point 100 m south of the propane sphere.
Defining the Rupture of the Wagon
First, create a folder and name it Tank Wagon, and then copy the Rupture Model from the
Flammable folder, which you will use as the starting point for defining the release. Name
the Model Wagon Rupture.
Open the input dialog and set the data as follows:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Material Inventory 43.2 m3
Location Elevation 1.8 m
North co-ordinate 435581 m

Defining the Fireball Failure under Flame Impingement

Copy the Wagon Rupture Model and name the copy Wagon Fireball, and then open the
input dialog and set the data as follows:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Scenario Burst Pressure 8.57 barg

The Burst Pressure is 60% greater than the normal operating pressure and is used in
calculating the surface emissive power of the fireball.
Defining the Leak from the Liquid Side of a Wagon
Copy the Rupture Model and name the copy Wagon Liquid Leak, and then open the input
dialog and set the data as follows:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Scenario Scenario Type Leak
Hole Diameter 1 inch
Vessel Tank Head 1.95 m
Location Elevation 0.5 m
Indoor/Outdoor Direction Down – Impinging on the
Ground

For a release from the body of a vessel rather than from attached pipework, you should
set the Scenario Type to Leak. This will give a larger discharge rate since there are no
frictional losses during the flow to the leak-location. For the leak scenario, you specify
the leak-size in the Scenario tab section.

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The leak is assumed to be at the bottom of the tank, which is the most conservative
assumption for the tank head and the duration.
Running the Calculations and Viewing the Results
Run the calculations for the Tank Wagon folder and then view the graphs for the 1.5/F
Weather, and then examine the Bleve or fireball results.
The Fireball Model gives slightly larger effect distances than the Rupture Model, with a
distance of about 500 m to 4 kW/m2 compared with 440 m. This shows the effect of the
higher vessel pressure used in the Fireball Model to model failure under flame
impingement, whereas the Rupture Model considers a rupture under normal operating
conditions.
Saving the Study Folder with the Results
You have now completed the tutorial, and you should save the Study Folder in order
to save the changes you have made.
By default, the program will only save the input data, which means that the next time
you open the Study Folder, you will have to rerun the calculations in order to view the
full results. However, if you select the Save As… option from the File menu, the Save As
dialog will contain an option to Save results as well as your input data. If you select
this option, the program will save the full set of consequence results and you will be
able to view the results immediately the next time you open the Study Folder –
although you should be aware that the file may be large, e.g. 25 MB or more.

What Next?
This tutorial has not covered every feature of the program, but you should now have
enough of an understanding of the approach and methods used in the program to be
able to explore the remaining features yourself, with the assistance of the online Help.
If you need further details on any aspect of the program, or if you need guidance on
how to model a particular situation for your facility, you should contact product
support using the details given under Product Support in the Help menu.

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