UC 6 Apply Biosecurity Measure

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector:
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERY
Qualification:
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
Unit of Competency:
APPLY BIOSECURITY MEASURES
Module Title:
APPLYING BIOSECURITY MEASURES
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
Region XIII
CALLANO FARM
PUROK-1B, MATIN-AO, TAGBINA, SURIGAO DEL SUR
How to Use this Competency-Based Learning Material
This learning material is designed to guide you in learning at your

own pace. To start with, talk with your trainer and agree on how you will
both organize the training for this module. Most probably your trainer
will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to support you
and guide you the correct way to do things. From time to time you will be
required to practice and demonstrate the skills that you’ve learned from
this module and you will be requiring some assistance from your trainer
(as instructed in the learning material).
To proceed with the learning session you just have go through the
Learning Activity Sheet where in you will follow series of learning
instructions towards attaining the learning outcome.
This procedure should be repeatedly done until you have completed

all the learning elements in this Competency-Based Learning Module or
until such time that you are ready to take the final assessment for this
module. You may skip some learning activities if you can demonstrate
that you are competent enough on the said task/s.
At the end part of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to
record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that
may provide further details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of
Achievement will be provided to you by your trainer for you to
accomplish once you complete the module.
Upon completion of this module, study the evidence plan at the end of
the last learning element of this module then ask your instructor to
assess you. You will be given a certificate of completion as proof that you
met the standard requirements (knowledge, skills and attitude) for this
module. The assessment could be made in different methods, as
prescribed in the competency standards.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your instructors for
assistance. Your instructor will always be available to assist you during
the training.
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BIOSECURITY Page 2 of 63
MEASURES Prepared by: Revision 1
JOEL L. CALLANO
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this module because you have:
 been working for some time
 already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

particular skill, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized
so you would not have to undergo the same training again. If you have a
qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show
it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant
to this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for
RPL. If you are not sure about the level of your skills, discuss this with
your trainer.
Contents of this Competency-Based Learning Material:
Inside this Competency-Based Learning Material are several

“Learning Activities”. Each Learning Activity guides the learner to
achieve one learning outcome.
You must follow the “Learning Activity Sheet”. The Learning

Activity Sheets will guide you through different “Instruction Sheets”
that will assist you in performing different learning activities towards
the attainment of the learning outcome.
 Information Sheet - This will provide you with information

(concepts, principles and other relevant
information) needed in performing certain
activities.
 Operation Sheet - This will guide you in performing single task,

operation or process in a job.
 Job Sheet -This is designed to guide you on how to do

the job that will contribute to the attainment
of the learning outcome.
 Assignment Sheet - The assignment sheet is a guide used to
enhance (follow-up) what you have learned in
the information sheet, operation sheet or job
sheet.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency,
performing periodic maintenance. This will be the source of information
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that will enable you to acquire the knowledge and skills in this particular
trade independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or
help from your instructor.
- Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully.
It is divided into sections which cover all the skills and
knowledge you need to successfully complete this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section
and complete the self-check. Suggested references are included to
supplement the materials provided in this module.
- Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or

manager. He/she is there to support you and show you the
correct way to do things. Ask for help.
- Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and it is important
that you listen and take notes.
- Talk to more experienced work mates and ask for their
guidance.
- Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test
your own progress.
- When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the
activities outlined in the learning guide.
- As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback of
your progress from your trainer. After completing each element,
ask your trainer to mark on the report that you are ready for
assessment.
- When you have completed this module (or several modules) and
feel confident that you have had sufficient practice your trainer
will arrange an appointment with you to asses you. The result of
your assessment will be recorded in your Competency
Achievement Record.
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES
MODULE TITLE : APPLYING BIO-SECURITY MEASURES
LIST OF COMPETENCIES
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1 Handle breeders Handling breeders AFF321302
2 Handle farrowing sows Handling farrowing sows AFF321302
and sucklings and sucklings
3 Raise weanlings Raising weanlings AFF321302
4 Produce finishers Producing finishers AFF321302

5 Maintain healthy animal Maintaining healthy AFF321302
environment animal environment
6 Apply bio-security Applying bio-security AFF321302
measures measures
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MODULE CONTENT
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required to apply bio-security measures in livestock farm operations. It
includes identifying bio-security threats and hazards, applying disease
prevention practices, applying prevention practices in disease
transmission and maintaining records.
Nominal Duration:
At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. Identify bio-security threats and hazards
2. Apply disease prevention practices
3. Apply preventive disease transmission practices
4. Maintain records
COMPETENCY SUMMARY
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Qualification Title : ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II

MODULE DESCRIPTOR
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to apply
bio-security measures in livestock farm operations. It includes identifying bio-
security threats and hazards, applying disease prevention practices, applying
prevention practices in disease transmission and maintaining records.
At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. Identify bio-security threats and hazards
2. Apply disease prevention practices
3. Apply preventive disease transmission practices
4. Maintain records
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Report and identify threats to the health of the animal.
2. Identify bio-security threats
3. Prepare supplies and materials and application of disinfectants.
4. Quarantined and vaccinate new stocks
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5. Implement vaccination programs and health programs
6. Hygiene and sanitation of farm, farm personnel and visitors are

followed based on standard operating practice.
7. Cull and isolate sick and unfit stocks.
8. Proper disposal of dead stocks and by-products.
9. Update appropriate record
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LO1. IDENTIFY BIO-SECURITY THREATS AND HAZARDS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Immediate threats to the health of the animal are identified and

reported to immediate authority.
2. Bio-security threats are identified based on established
organizational policy.
CONTENTS:
1. types of immediate threats and effects.

2. Biosecurity and Biological Risk Management for livestock.
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Illustrated and/or video materials

 Farm location with required facilities
 Supplies and materials applied for bio-security measures
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lectures/ discussion
 Videos/ illustrations
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written examination
 Practical demonstration related to underpinning knowledge, skills
and attitudes
 Assessment by immediate superiors with regards to the work
accomplishment
 Interviews with the participants on actual work or training settings
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Learning Experiences
Learning Experience
Learning Activities Special Instructions

1.Read Information Sheet 6.1 If you have difficulty understanding
“Bio-Security Threats and Hazards” the information, don’t hesitate to ask
your trainer for clarification.
2.Answer Self-Check 6.1 Compare the answers to the answer

keys.
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Information Sheet 6.1
Bio-Security Threats and Hazards
Learning Objectives
After reading this information sheet, you should be able to.
1. Determine types of immediate threats and effects.

2. Determine Biosecurity and Biological Risk Management for livestock.
Types of Immediate Threats and Effects
1. Natural Calamities
Natural disasters can impact livestock and companion animals. An
important concern during natural disasters is the potential for
outbreaks of diseases in animals and humans. The animal diseases
for which there is concern may be classified broadly into two
categories, infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases.
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Animal-health hazards of concern and their consequences during natural
disasters
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2. Physical Threat
 Pollution
 Pollution can be defined as the human alteration of
chemical or physical characteristics of the environment to
a degree that is harmful to living organisms.
 Some forms of pollution exert a destructive influence on
wildlife by killing or impairing the health of individuals.
 Synthetic chemicals, oil, toxic metals, and acid rain are
included in this category of toxic pollutants. Other forms
of pollution affect wildlife in a more indirect manner by
altering or destroying wildlife habitat.
o SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
- The use of synthetic chemicals to control pests,
principally insects, weeds, and fungi, became an
integral part of agriculture and disease control after
World War II.
- These chemicals were credited with providing an
inexpensive means of increasing crop production,
preventing spoilage of stored foods, and saving
many millions of human lives by the prevention of
certain insect-borne diseases.
- The properties that make DDT and other
organochlorine pesticides toxic to insect pests also
make them hazardous to wildlife.
- The most important property of a pesticide, of
course, is that it has a deleterious or toxic effect on
pests.
- The most widespread effects of synthetic chemicals
on wildlife have been caused by organochlorines.
One of the reasons that organochlorines have
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proven so potent is their tendency to reach
progressively higher concentrations with increasing
level in the food web, a process known as
"biomagnification".
- Although the effects of synthetic chemical pesticides
on wildlife are typically the result of long-term
exposure via the food web, wildlife populations can
also suffer from direct exposure, primarily during
pesticide application. Aerially sprayed substances
are especially susceptible to drifting and affecting
wildlife, including birds, mammals, and fish, in
areas bordering cropland.
-
o OIL SPILLS
- Fossil fuels are comprised primarily of compounds
called "hydrocarbons." Hydrocarbons are molecules
comprised largely, as their name suggests, of
hydrogen and carbon.
- Hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules exist
due to variation in the number and arrangement of
these atoms. Hydrocarbons yield large quantities of
energy when they are burned.
- The most obvious effects of oil spills on wildlife are
the deaths that occur immediately after the spill,
due to coating of animal fur or feathers with oil and
exposure to high concentrations of the toxic
components of crude oil.
- These effects may be assessed by estimating the
numbers of animals killed immediately following a
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spill.
- Oiled animals are exposed to acute doses of
hydrocarbons absorbed through their skin, inhaled,
or accidentally swallowed.
- Oiled animals also intentionally swallow the toxic
material as they preen their bodies.
- Animals that are recovered and examined often
suffer from a multitude of symptoms due to the
inundation of their internal organs with toxic
chemicals.
- The long-term effects of oil spills are far more subtle
and difficult to assess than the short-term effects.
- The presence of persistent toxic chemicals on the
beaches, in the water, and in the food web may
result in a variety of impacts on wildlife, including
impaired reproduction, decreased resistance to
disease, anemia, eventual development of cancerous
tissue growth (particularly in fish), neurological
damage, and birth defects in offspring.
- The extent to which such effects occur in the years
after an oil spill is largely unknown.
o Toxic Metals
- Toxic metals are natural components of the earth's
crust found throughout the ecosphere in at least
small (or "background") concentrations.
- These background concentrations are harmless to
living organisms.
- Human activities, however, can cause
concentrations of toxic metals to reach levels that
pose hazards to living organisms.
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- Some of these activities include burning of fossil
fuels, metal refining, agriculture, mining operations,
and wastewater discharge
- For most of the toxic metals, the quantities of these
substances mobilized by humans far outweigh the
amounts that would naturally cycle through air,
soil, and water of the earth (Nriagu and Pacyna
1988).
- Toxic metal emissions from metal smelters have
been shown to exert adverse effects on wildlife
populations.
- Metal smelters release pollutants into the
atmosphere through tall smokestacks. Toxic metals
and other pollutants gradually fall to the earth
downwind of the stack.
- Studies have shown that severe environmental
contamination can occur close to the source,
damaging both plant and animal communities
(Freedman 1989). Concentrations of several metals
have been shown to accumulate in small mammals,
such as shrews and mice, and in various bird
species downwind of smelters.
- A list of common toxic metals: aluminum, arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead,
molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, tin, zinc
o Acid Rain
- Although acid rain presently is one of the most familiar
forms of environmental pollution, the potential hazard
posed by acid rain was first recognized only 20 years
ago.
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- Acid rain is primarily caused by the release of sulfur
and nitrogen into the atmosphere as a result of the
combustion of oil and coal by power plants and
automobiles.
- Acid rain is actually only one of several ways in which
the acidity of aquatic ecosystems can be increased.
- Acid snow and acid fog also have been shown to occur.
- Acidic particles suspended in the atmosphere and
gaseous forms of acids (collectively referred to as dry
deposition) are also known to contribute to
acidification of surface waters.
- Acidification can also occur due to other sources, an
important one being acid mine drainage.
Biosecurity and Biological Risk Management
 Biosecurity refers to the protection of health through avoidance of
disease.
 Biosecurity management refers to management practices that protect
the health of the livestock herd by preventing introduction of pathogens
and poisons that are considered potentially harmful.
 Biological risk management is the overall process of awareness
education regarding the risk of infectious diseases entering or spreading
through an animal facility.
 BRM is designed to help livestock producers understand the need for
disease control, not only for foreign animal disease threats but for
domestic diseases as well. Biological risk management provides the
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tools to minimize the risk.
 The purpose of biosecurity is to establish a prevention barrier to
disease-causing agents and other threats by minimizing the movement
of biological organisms and external threats onto and within livestock
operations.
 The concept of BRM recognizes that animal diseases cannot be
eliminated, but that livestock producers can manage disease risk
through effective control measures.
 For diseases that are always present (endemic), reducing the dose of
infectious agent the animal is exposed to can positively affect the farm's
economic impact and help justify the cost of implementing BRM. Just
as there are many different livestock enterprises, there are many
different management options and solutions to implement BRM.
Why is biosecurity and BRM important?
 There are several reasons:
 concentrated food/livestock production practices
 the rise in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
 increasing globalization and increased human interaction with
animals.
 Biosecurity and BRM are important to the state's economy in
order to minimize the threat to animal health and the economic
consequences to the state and to the agriculture industry should
there be a disease incident.
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 It is essential that we realize the impact of agriculture on every
person and do everything we can to keep animals healthy and to
ensure that a career in livestock production continues to provide
a livable income.
 Protecting animals from disease through proper hygiene of people
and equipment has a direct effect on the agricultural industry.
 Disease control and working to institute BRM plans can help
mitigate the economic consequences of a disease outbreak.
Basic Biosecurity/BRM Management
 The risk the livestock enterprise faces must be understood before the
risk assessment can begin.
 Risk assessments can and should change over time depending on the
situation for the ranch/farm.
 The vulnerability of the animals on a ranch/farm to disease is
influenced by a number of factors including:
 Cleanliness
 Stress
 Nutrition
 and other management factors
 The three main issues to address in a successful biosecurity
management program are:
 Isolation
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 traffic control
 sanitation.
Isolation
 The most important step in disease control is limiting contact, co-
mingling, and movement of livestock.
 This issue is of special importance for new animals arriving on the
farm/ranch, including replacement animals, breeding animals, or
animals returning from livestock shows.
 Even co-mingling between established groups of livestock on the
farm/ranch should be minimized.
 An important biosecurity option on ranches is to separate livestock by
age and/or production groups.
 Isolation of animals can be particularly difficult during natural
disasters because of damage to facilities and or perimeter fences or lack
of feed resources.
 Isolate sick animals, especially animals with unfamiliar symptoms or
those with symptoms that do not improve with usual treatment.
Traffic Control
 Traffic control within the operation should be designed to stop or
minimize contamination of animals, feed, and equipment.
 It is important to remember that traffic includes more than vehicles. All
animals and people should be considered when addressing the issue of
traffic.
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 Restrict people to places where they need to be.
 Post a warning sign asking visitors to keep out and giving instructions
or a telephone number to call instead of entering the operation.
 Keep a record of all visitors that enter the premises.
 Visitors to a ranch/farm operation present several potential problems.
 Consideration should be given to a visitor's previous stops; both the
people and their transportation are potential contaminants.
 Be aware of foreign visitors and ban footwear, clothing, and other
products from foreign countries.
 Disposable boot covers may be a better option than footbaths to contain
contamination from soil and manure.
 Other animal traffic concerns include pets, dogs, cats, horses, wildlife,
rodents, and birds.
 Traffic control within the operation should be designed to stop or
minimize contamination of livestock, feed, feed handling equipment,
and equipment used on animals.
Sanitation
 The sanitation component of biosecurity addresses the issue of the
disinfection of people, equipment, animals, and material entering the
ranch/farm and the maintained cleanliness of people and equipment.
 Avoid using common syringes and needles for vaccination, blood
testing, or administering animal health product.
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 Be vigilant when working with sick animals: move from healthy to sick
animals during the day, never vice-versa.
 An important objective of sanitation is to prevent fecal contaminates
from being ingested by livestock.
 The use of separate equipment for feed handling and manure/dead
animal removal is optimal.
 If the same equipment is utilized for manure and feed handling,
perform thorough cleaning and disinfection.
 Cleaning of facilities and equipment between groups of livestock during
processing is a good management practice to reduce pathogen
transmission.
Disease Transmission Routes
In order to perform the risk assessment and formulate biosecurity/BRM
plans, it is important to know how diseases are introduced and spread.
 An effective way to evaluate risk and implement plans against disease
threats is to understand how diseases can be spread based on their
route of transmission to the animal, or human in the case of zoonotic
diseases.
 An advantage of minimizing risk by examining routes of transmission is
that it will also help protect against new or unanticipated infectious
diseases. While disease agents and the infections they produce vary,
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they all have one thing in common: the animal must be exposed to
them to develop disease.
 Disease agents can be spread from animal to animal, or from animal to
human or vice versa, through a variety of transmission routes.
 Biosecurity/BRM considers five main routes:
 Aerosol Transmission
- Aerosol transmission occurs when disease agents contained in
droplets are passed through the air from one animal to another,
or from an animal to a human or vice versa.
- Most pathogenic agents do not survive for extended periods of
time within the aerosol droplets, and as a result, close proximity
of infected and susceptible animals is required for disease
transmission.
 Direct Contact
- Transmission by direct contact requires the presence of an agent
or organism in the environment or within an infected animal.
- A susceptible animal becomes exposed when the agent directly
touches open wounds, mucous membranes, or the skin through
blood, saliva, nose to nose contact, rubbing or biting.
- It is important to note that depending on the disease agent, it is
possible for direct contact transmission to occur between animals of
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different species including humans.
- For the purposes of the BRM information, reproductive
transmission will encompass those diseases spread through venereal
and in-utero routes.
- Venereal transmission (breeding), a type of direct contact, is the
spread of pathogenic agents from animal to animal through
breeding.
- In-utero (dam to offspring) transmission, another type of direct
contact, is the spread of pathogenic agents from dam to offspring
during gestation
 Fomite Transmission
- A fomite is an inanimate object that can carry disease agents
from one susceptible animal to another.
- Examples of fomites include contaminated brushes, clippers,
needles, balling guns clothing, milking units, teat dip cups, feed
or water buckets, and shovels.
- Traffic transmission is another special type of fomite transmission
in which a vehicle, trailer, or human spreads organic material to
another location.
 Oral Transmission
- Pathogenic agents can also be transmitted to animals or humans
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orally through consumption of contaminated feed, water, or
licking/chewing on contaminated environmental objects.
- Feed and water contaminated with feces, urine or saliva are
frequently the cause of oral transmission of disease agents.
- However, feed and water can be contaminated with other
infectious agents as well such as ruminant protein in ruminant
feed
 Vector-borne Transmission
- Vector-borne transmission occurs when an insect acquires a
pathogen from one animal and transmits it to another.
- Fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes are common biological vectors of
disease, and flies and cockroaches are a common mechanical
vector.
 The sixth route, zoonotic, can be spread from animals to humans
through one of the five previously listed routes. Many infectious agents
can be transmitted by more than one route of infection.
Five Reasons to Have a Biosecurity Biological Risk Management Plan
1. To prevent economic loss caused by production losses or premature
animal depopulation.
2. To prevent theft of livestock, machinery, tools and equipment.
3. To protect the “wholesome” image of the food animal livestock
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producers sell and to protect “market access” of the products.
4. To prevent or minimize an interruption in cash flow or equity.
5. To change the attitude of ranchers/owners/employees to be aware of
suspicious activities and suspicious people, and to “harden” their
operation so that their ranch would be a difficult target for people that
would do them harm.
Biosecurity Best Management Practices
1. Regularly evaluate activities management practices on your operation

to assess the potential for biosecurity threats.
2. Be vigilant for signs of disease (coughing, weight loss, runny nose and
eyes, difficulty breathing, abortions, stillbirths, etc.).
3. Know and understand the warning signs of exotic diseases (FAD).
4. Minimize access routes onto your operation to control unauthorized
vehicular and personnel traffic.
5. Minimize unnecessary visitors to your operation; they can
unknowingly distribute pathogens onto your operation.
6. Wash trucks and equipment to reduce contamination from outside
sources and increase sanitation between uses.
7. Report unexplained death loss or illness affecting a high percentage of
you herd.
8. Quarantine new animals for a minimum of three weeks before
introducing them into the herd.
9. Ask feed suppliers about feed quality assurance programs to verify
ingredients and prevent introduction of prohibited feed sources.
10.Consider using footbaths or plastic boot covers and handwashing

stations to reduce contamination and improve sanitation.
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11.Do not use feed equipment for manure handling because of likely
fecal contamination.
12.Dispose of dead animals properly to eliminate pathogen exposure

of healthy animals.
13.Control populations of rodents, birds, and insects to prevent

transmission of diseases and reduce feed spoilage.
Self-check 6.1
Enumeration
1. Enumerate 2 types of immediate threat/hazard.
2. Enumerate 4 toxic pollutants
3. Identify the 3 main issue to address in a successful biosecurity
management program.
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Answer key
1. Enumerate 2 types of immediate threat/hazard.
 Natural Calamities
 Physical Threats
2. Enumerate 4 toxic pollutants.
 Synthetic Chemicals
 Oil
 Toxic metals
 Acid rain
3. Identify the 3 main issue to address in a successful biosecurity
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management program.
 Isolation
 Traffic control
 Sanitation
LO2. APPLY DISEASE PREVENTION PRACTICES
1. Preparation of supplies and materials and application of

disinfectants are done according to standard operating procedures.
2. Vehicle and foot vats disinfections are prepared and monitored
regularly according to standard operating practice.
4. All types of vehicles and equipment entering the farm are
disinfected according to standard operating procedures.
5. New stocks to be introduced into the herd are quarantined and
vaccinated according to standard operating procedures.
6. Vaccination programs and health programs are implemented as
instructed by veterinarian.
CONTENTS:
1. Storage Facilities for Livestock Medicines.

2. Handling disinfectant and other veterinary supplies.
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3. Preventive health management practices.
4. Implement of vaccination and health programs.
5. Perform in applying disinfectant in the animal farms.
CONDITIONS:

 Supplies and materials applied for bio-security meas
 Drugs and medical supplies
 Office supplies and materials – for regular inventory and
monitoring of animal health program
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
and attitudes
accomplishment
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Learning Experience

“Disease Prevention Practices” the information, don’t hesitate to ask

keys.
3. Perform Job sheet 6.2 “Establish Compare to performance criteria
foot bath” check list
4.Perform Task Sheet 6.2”Conduct Compare to performance criteria
Routine Inspection” check list
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Disease Prevention Practices
Learning Objectives
1. Determine Storage Facilities for Livestock Medicines.

2. Know in handling disinfectant and other veterinary supplies.
3. Determine preventive health management practices.
4. Implement of vaccination and health programs.
5. Perform in applying disinfectant in the animal farms.
Document No.
Date Prepared:
APPLYING Issued by:
JOEL L. CALLANO
Storage Facilities for Livestock Medicines
 Provision of a facility specifically set for storage of livestock

medicines will improve medication effectiveness and reduce
treatment errors.
 The ideal location for a storage unit is a clean, dry, frost-free area
such as a farm office or utility room.
 The storage unit should protect products from changes in
temperature, sunlight, dust, moisture, animals and insects.
 Products should be protected from temperature extremes and
fluctuations as these may alter the products' chemical structure
and reduce potency, shelf life and safety.
 Most antibiotic preparations are heat sensitive. Store these
products in a refrigerator at a temperature between 2° and 8° C to
maintain potency. Many other products require storage in a cool
(below 15° C) but non-refrigerated location.
 Product labels will indicate an acceptable storage temperature.
 Product decomposition may result from exposure to light.
 Manufacturers package light sensitive products like the injectable
tetracyclines in light resistant containers such as coloured glass
bottles. This reduces the loss of potency due to light. Store these
and other products in a light proof storage unit.
 Store products other than antibiotics, such as wound dressings and
injectable vitamins, on a third shelf along with needles and other
instruments used in the treatment of animals.
 Separate storage cabinets for each group of products will further
reduce the chance of errors in product selection. Lock storage units
to prevent access by children or unauthorized persons.
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Most antibiotic preparations require in a refrigerator to maintain
potency
Drug Handling Check List
 Located in farm office or utility room

 Protected from temperature fluctuations
 Sealed against dust, insects and light
 Separate, labelled shelves for lactating and dry cow products
 Kept locked
 Clean and organized
Preventive Health Management Practices
 Enrolled in a veterinarian supervised health management program

 Environmental management includes provision of:
 Adequate space per animal
 Clean, dry bedding
 Good ventilation
 Clean, readily available water
 A ration formulated to meet animal requirements
 Proper milking practices are used to prevent mastitis:
 Post-milking teat dipping
 Treatment of all sows at the time of dry-off
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 Treatment of lactating sows as recommended by a veterinarian
Vaccination of Pigs
Attaining the maximum protection from a vaccine
depends on the timing, frequency and administration
route of the vaccine.
The right route
 When using a vaccine, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's or

veterinarian's recommendations.
 Some vaccines for diseases such as leptospirosis, porcine parvovirus

and erysipelas should be administered under the skin, preferably
behind the ear, to reduce carcase blemishes.
 Therefore, a short 12 mm, 18-gauge needle is used.
 E. coli vaccines must be injected into muscle, and a 38 mm, 18-gauge

needle is required for sows and gilts.
 For sucker pigs, a short 12 mm needle is adequate for injecting into

muscle. The neck is the preferred site for injections into muscle.
 Some vaccines that are not injectable are given orally (by mouth) or
nasally.
The injection site
 Injectable vaccines stimulate a tissue reaction at the site of injection;

consequently, carcass blemishes can occur at the injection site.
 Therefore, the neck is the recommended injection site.
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 Additionally, hypodermic needles can break during vaccination if the
pig is not restrained properly, so the pig must be restrained for
effective vaccination.
 Different vaccines can be given on the same day but the injections
should be given at different sites.
 The syringe must be calibrated to ensure the correct dose.
Hygiene
 Syringes or vaccinators must be clean and maintained to ensure good

hygiene.
 Clean off any organic matter or dirt with warm soapy water and rinse
thoroughly.
 Sterilize by either boiling for 15 minutes or immersing in an approved

disinfectant. Then rinse with sterile water.
 Hygiene is also important during vaccination. If using a bottled

vaccine, use a sterilized needle to withdraw the vaccine into the
syringe and use another needle to inject the pig.
Commonly used vaccines for diseases
 Pork producers should adopt technology that prevents production-

limiting diseases in their pig herds. Several of these diseases can be
controlled by vaccination.
 Vaccines for many diseases are available off the shelf (commercial
vaccines). Alternatively, vaccines can also be made to suit specific
herd health situations (autogenous vaccines).
 Prevention of disease requires veterinary diagnosis.
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 It is essential to follow any specific veterinary recommendations for
controlling disease.
 Vaccines are available for leptospirosis, erysipelas, porcine

parvovirus, E.coli scours, mycoplasma pneumonia (also known as
enzootic pneumonia), actinobacillosis pleuropneumonia (APP),
Glässer's disease (Haemophilus parasuis), and ileitis (Lawsonia
intracellularis).
Self check 6.2
Enumeration
1. Give atleast 10 health management practices.
2. Give atleast 5 practices of handling drugs.
3.
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Answer key
1. Give atleast 10 health management practices.
 Enrolled in a veterinarian supervised health management program

 Environmental management includes provision of:
 Adequate space per animal
 Clean, dry bedding
 Good ventilation
 Clean, readily available water
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 A ration formulated to meet animal requirements
 Proper milking practices are used to prevent mastitis:
 Post-milking teat dipping
 Treatment of all sows at the time of dry-off
 Treatment of lactating sows as recommended by a veterinarian
2. Give atleast 5 practices of handling drugs.
 Located in farm office or utility room

 Protected from temperature fluctuations
 Sealed against dust, insects and light
 Separate, labelled shelves for lactating and dry cow products
 Kept locked
 Clean and organized
JOB SHEET 6.2
Title : Establish foot bath
Objective:
Given the necessary supplies/materials, you should be able to establish foot bat as
required in safe work practices.
Supplies/Materials : Disinfectant
Tools :
Equipment : PPE
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Steps/Procedure:
1. Use the prescribe PPE.
2. Observe safety practices in the farm.
3. Prepare the necessary materials.
4. Locate place were foot bath establish.
5. Establish foot bath.
Note:
Used the prescribe template for inspection (Checklist attached)
Assessment Method: Demonstration/ Performance Criteria Checklist
Performance Criteria Checklist
Trainee’s Name: ________________________

Date: __________________________________
Criteria Yes No
1. Wear of PPE when applying disinfectant.
2. Observe occupational health and sanitary practices.
4. Locate place were foot bath establish.
5. Establish foot bath.
Comments/Suggestions:
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Name of Trainer: ______________________
Date: __________________________________
TASK SHEET
Title : Conduct routine inspection
Objective:
Given the necessary supplies/materials, you should be able to conduct area

inspection in safe work practices.
Supplies/Materials : Inspection checklist, ballpen
Tools :
Equipment :
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Steps/Procedure:
1. Use the prescribe PPE.
2. Observe safety practices in the farm.
4. Conduct inspection.
5. Prepare inspection report.
6. Submit report.
Note:
Used the prescribe template for inspection (Checklist attached)
Assessment Method: Demonstration/ Performance Criteria Checklist
Performance Criteria Checklist
Trainee’s Name: ________________________

Date: __________________________________
Criteria Yes No
1. Wear of PPE when applying disinfectant.
2. Observe occupational health and sanitary practices.
4. Conduct inspection.
5. Prepare inspection report.
6. Submit report.
Comments/Suggestions:
Name of Trainer: ______________________

Date: __________________________________
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LO3. APPLY PREVENTIVE DISEASE TRANSMISSION PRACTICES
1. Samples are collected and prepared for serological monitoring of

notifiable diseases.
2. Preventive measures on notifiable diseases as declared by BAI are
followed based on industry and BAI standard.
3. Medication and vaccination programs are followed strictly as
recommended by manufacturers and veterinarian.
5. Sick and unfit stocks are culled and isolated in accordance to
Animal Welfare Act and standard operating procedure.
6. Dead stocks and by-products are disposed using proper disposal
method.
7. Tools and equipment used in sick and dead animals are properly
clean and disinfected.
8. Communication with supervising veterinarian are done regularly
following enterprise requirements.
Document No.
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CONTENTS:
1. Monitor animal health.

2. Medication and vaccination programs.
3. Disinfection and sanitation in farm animals.
4. Control of disease outbreak.
CONDITIONS:
 Supplies and materials applied for bio-security measures
 Drugs and medical supplies
 Chemical and physical disinfectants
 Office supplies and materials – for regular inventory and
monitoring of animal health program
 Tools and Equipment: Uses and Specifications
o Boots
o Rust remover
o Power sprayer
o Portable sprayer
o Torch
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
and attitudes
accomplishment
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Learning Experience

“Preventive Disease Transmission the information, don’t hesitate to ask
Practices”

keys.
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Preventive Disease Transmission Practices
Learning Objectives
1. Monitor animal health.

2. Determine medication and vaccination programs.
3. Apply disinfection and sanitation in farm animals.
4. Determine control of disease outbreak.
Health Monitoring
 The majority of diseases are spread through the introduction of
subclinical ‘carrier’ pigs.
 The potential for disease transmission among pigs is high where there
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is co-mingling of animals from a number of different sources where
their health status is not known.
 A number of economically significant diseases exist in pig herd.These
include:
• swine dysentery
• enzootic (Mycoplasma) pneumonia
• pleuropneumonia
• mange
 To minimize the risk of diseases such as these spreading among pig
herds, it is recommended that exhibit organizers request that pig
exhibitors declare the health status of their pigs.
 It is important that staff responsible for monitoring animals at an
exhibition venue can differentiate between a healthy and a sick animal
and are trained to take appropriate action. This is particularly
important when a number of animals at the venue become ill in a
short period of time.
 Veterinary inspection of pigs on arrival and before departure from an
exhibition would assist in reducing the risk of spread of disease.
 Clinical signs that might suggest an exotic disease include:
• unusually high number of sick animals;
• unusually high number of deaths;
• blisters or vesicles on an animal’s snout or feet;
• unusually high number of lame animals;
• unusually high number of animals with fevers;
• unusually high number of animals not eating;
• unusually high number of animals that do not want to get up;
• discoloration of the ears, belly, rump, legs or tail.
Routine vaccination programs for gilts/sows and boars

 Vaccination is low-cost insurance against disease.
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 A number of vaccines are available off-the-shelf for routine use in
pigs.
 Some vaccine manufacturers are also licensed to produce specialist
‘autogenous’ vaccines.
 Autogenous vaccines are used to protect against diseases when no
commercial vaccines are available.
 These vaccines are made from bacteria isolated from diseased pigs on
a specific farm.
 The major diseases that can cause infectious reproductive failure in
gilts and sows are erysipelas, leptospirosis and porcine parvovirus.
 Pigs affected with erysipelas will have a high temperature, will often
have ‘diamond-shaped’ skin lesions and may abort as a result.
 Leptospirosis typically causes late-term abortions and occasionally
stillbirths.
 Porcine parvovirus usually infects unborn piglets, causing their death
and resulting in a high proportion of mummies.
 Herds should be investigated for infectious reproductive failure if
stillbirth rates exceed 8-10%, mummies exceed 3% (particularly in gilt
litters), if a number of sows/gilts abort and/or if more than 3% of
pregnant sows fail to farrow.
 The following information will assist you to develop a routine
vaccination program.
 The vaccination program starts with an injection soon after gilt
selection. Full protection comes only 2 weeks after a booster shot.
Combination vaccines are now available.
 Routine vaccination against erysipelas, leptospirosis, parvovirus and
E. coli should be considered when introducing young gilts to the herd.
 Booster vaccinations should be given for erysipelas and leptospirosis
about 3-4 weeks before farrowing. This will boost antibody levels in
the sow’s colostrum, giving additional protection to the litter, as well
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as providing protection to the sow for her next pregnancy.
 Vaccination of older sows against E. coli and parvovirus may not be
necessary and will depend on the immune status of the herd.
 Boars should be vaccinated every 6 months against erysipelas and
leptospirosis.
Vaccination Schedule for Gilts and Sows

Leptospirosis Erysipelas E.coli Parvovirus
Gilts at
Selection + + + +
4-6 wks later + + +
3-4 wks before
farrowing + + +
Vaccines for weaners, growers and finishers

 Vaccination of progeny should be undertaken with the following
considerations:
 Cost
As individual vaccination of progeny is relatively more expensive
that vaccinating the breeding herd, the costs of any vaccination
program should be weighed against the potential performance
benefits.
 Timing
Some vaccines will not work when maternally derived antibodies
from the sow are still present. Examples of this include killed
erysipelas and pleuropneumonia vaccines in pigs less than 8-10
weeks of age.
 Method of delivery
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Most vaccines are killed, and are injected into the muscle.
Newer vaccines (Enterisol® Ileitis, APPAlive®) are live, and
should be given orally (Enterisol®) or into the nose (APPAlive®).
 Storage and handling
Always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for handling
vaccines. Most should be stored at 40°C (in a refrigerator). Never
use vaccines that have been frozen or heated. Take care to
discard any leftover vaccines that may be contaminated.
There are off-the-shelf vaccines available for weaner, grower and
finisher pigs to prevent:
• enzootic (Mycoplasma) pneumonia
• pleuropneumonia
• Glassers disease
• proliferative enteropathy (‘ileitis’)
• erysipelas
• post-weaning colibacillosis
Special ‘autogenous’ vaccines can be made to prevent:
• pleuropneumonia
• Glassers disease
• post-weaning colibacillosis (including oedema disease)
***Consult your specialist pig veterinarian for further information on

these specialist vaccines.
Disinfection and Sanitation
 Disinfection:
o It means act of destroying the cause of infection.
Since the causative agents of many diseases are
extremely small and may remain indefinitely in dust,
cracks and crevices of buildings disinfection must be
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carried out carefully to eradicate common enemies of
life such as bacteria, viruses, molds and eggs of
insects from contaminated premises.
1. Sunlight:
It is often a valuable disinfectant if surfaces are exposed directly for a
sufficient duration. It loses power to kill germs after it passes through thin film
of water, dust or ordinary glass. Nevertheless well lighted houses for animals
are of great importance. The disinfecting action of it is due to ultraviolet rays.
2. Heat:
(a) Hot air:
It is an effective means of disinfection but often an expensive one, hence is
limited to laboratories.
(ii) Hot water:

Almost all utensils can be disinfected by immersion in boiling water for a little
more than 5 minutes. It is not satisfactory way for disinfecting floors as it loses
its heat soon.
(c) Stream:
It is a satisfactory means of disinfection but being expensive, its use as
disinfectant is chiefly limited to dairies for milking utensils. It is used under 15
lbs pressure.
(d) Fire:
Almost all utensils can be sterilized with fire. It adds to the total destruction of
bacteria and spores, therefore a best means of disposing infected carcass and
litter.
Factors Affecting Germicidal Action:

1. Concentration of disinfectant.
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2. Time of exposure.
3. Temperature of disinfectant solution.
4. Solution whether a fresh or stored.
5. Method of use—brushing, spraying, sprinkling or dusting, etc.
6. Proper cleaning prior to disinfection to bring germs in close contact.
7. Kind of surface, mud, metal, wood, rubber, etc.
Four Essentials of Practical Work of Disinfection:

Four Essentials of Practical Work of Disinfection
(a) Preparation of Buildings:

The various surfaces, such as ceiling, walls, partitions, and floors should be
swept free of cob webs, dust and dung. Any accumulation of filth must be
removed by scraping, scrubbing with a wire brush and warm water.
(b) Selection of Disinfectant:

All factors for evaluation of any disinfectant before a given
compound is recommended are as follows:
1. Effectiveness—specific of general.
2. Properties of solubility.
3. Availability.
4. Cost.
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5. Any additional preparation before use.
6. Toxicity to tissues.
7. Actions on metals, wood, cement floor etc. (e.g., corrosive).
8. Effects if taken internally by animals.
9. Stability of solutions.
10. Odour, color, and action on fabrics, etc.
(c) Method of Application of Disinfectant:

The solution should be applied rapidly in such a manner to cover entire
surface requiring disinfection. On a limited surface it may be used with brush.
For a large surface area we may use sprayers with a spraying at the end.
(D) Cautions:
All disinfectants whether in the form of dust or solutions are more or less
poisonous and irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory passages. Persons
applying these must be careful to avoid ingestion of these. Eyes, nose and
mouth must be protected particularly from dust. Goggles, gloves, respirator
etc. must be used.
 Sanitation:
o It is the processes of adopting hygienic measures which nullifies
the factors of health deterioration and create conditions to
secure health and ensure production of good quality products.
 Problems Due to Inadequate Sanitation:
o Various problems in practical implementation for prevention of
diseases are due to the fact that the majority of livestock is
managed by illiterate and ignorant persons who ignore the basic
principles of hygiene and sanitation. Majority of causes for
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spread of diseases could be ascribed to improper sanitation
which gives shelter to carriers of germs.
 Importance:
o Proper cleaning and sanitation removes most of germs and
parasites along with dirt, thereby remaining germs are few in
number and possibly in weaken condition so as to be harmless
under ordinary conditions.
The Following are the Main Points of Sanitation:
1. Proper sanitation discovers causes of all preventable diseases.
2. It helps to devise means of rendering the causes ineffective if not
removal of the causes of spread of diseases.
3. Helps in providing the most favorable conditions of life in respect of
water, air, well sanitized sheds, etc.
4. Helps in increasing the efficiency of animals.
5. Prevents economic losses due to infection.
6. Helps in development and growth of animals, makes life vigorous and
productive.
7. Lowers the rate of mortality and increases the longevity of animals.
8. Prevents occurrence of disease and establishes conditions that ensure
preservation of health.
9. Helps in minimizing contamination and production of good quality of
milk .
10. Helps animal caretaker to learn and make continuous efforts at
improvement.
Sanitation Programme:
It includes the following:
1. Adequate ventilation.
2. Proper lighting.
3. Adequate drainage.
4. Proper cleaning.
5. Proper disinfection.
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Control of Disease Outbreak:
Control of disease outbreak is simplified by observing the following
recommendations:
 Segregation of sick animals.
 Vaccination of healthy animals.
 Proper disposal of litter material by burning.
 Bury/burn infected carcass for proper disposal.
 Clean and disinfection of premises-contaminated by diseased animals.
 Consult qualified veterinarian for diagnosis.
 Do not rely on untrained persons for the diagnosis of diseases.
 Prompt report to district livestock authorities about the outbreak.
 Quarantine.
 While waiting for the diagnosis, put a disinfectant in the drinking water
to prevent transmission of germs through water.
 Use only proper approved methods of sanitation and treatments.
 Make regular use of foot bath for animals and employees.
Self-check
Enumeration
1. Enumerate three types of disinfectant.

2. Enumerate the recommendations of controlling disease outbreak.
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Answer key
1. Enumerate three types of disinfectant.

 Sunlight
 Heat
 Chemical
2. Enumerate the recommendations of controlling disease outbreak.
 Segregation of sick animals.
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 Vaccination of healthy animals.
 Proper disposal of litter material by burning.
 Bury/burn infected carcass for proper disposal.
 Clean and disinfection of premises-contaminated by diseased
animals.
 Consult qualified veterinarian for diagnosis.
 Do not rely on untrained persons for the diagnosis of diseases.
 Prompt report to district livestock authorities about the outbreak.
 Quarantine.
 While waiting for the diagnosis, put a disinfectant in the drinking
water to prevent transmission of germs through water.
 Use only proper approved methods of sanitation and treatments.
 Make regular use of foot bath for animals and employees.
LO4. MAINTAIN RECORDS
1. Appropriate records in checklist format are kept, collated and

updated regularly in accordance with organizational policy.
2. Reporting to veterinarian or supervisor are carried out based on
industry standards.
CONTENTS:
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1. report for records in farm animals.
2. Update and maintain record keeping.
CONDITIONS:
 Forms and checklist

 Appropriate records on:
o Swine population
o Vaccination
o Medication
o Standard routine procedure
METHODOLOGIES:
 Hands-on
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
and attitudes
accomplishment
Learning Experience

the information, don’t hesitate to ask
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“Record Keeping” your trainer for clarification.

keys.
Record Keeping
Learning Objectives
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1. Determine the importance of record keeping practices in farm animals.
2. Update and maintain record keeping.
Production Practices in Record Keeping
1. Identify each animal

 Identifying animals is essential for good record keeping and all
animals should have a unique identifying number.
 Some breed registries may require a tattoo be applied and have their
own policies concerning placement and numbering.
 Ear tags or neck ropes may be used as identification.
 Ear tags are preferable to neck chains for goats in grazing situations.
 If used, neck chains should be moderate in strength allowing them to
break if the chain gets caught in brush or on fencing where it could be
a choking hazard.
 Ear tags should be applied properly between the cartilage ribs on the
ears. If clip type ear tags are used on young animals, the tag should
be placed allowing for future growth of the ear.
 Ear notching is an acceptable form of identification if performed on
animals less than two weeks of age.
 Some breed organizations may not allow ear notching.
 Ear notching pliers should be disinfected between animals to prevent
transmitting blood-borne diseases.
2. Keep and maintain records on all animals on pertinent production

parameters, vaccinations given, and other drug treatments
 Complete, accurate records of animals on your farm will assist in
making management decisions regarding breeding, culling, and sale.
 Records of health treatments given to animals are necessary to
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prevent the harvest of animals prior to completion of withdrawal
periods, to prevent multiple doses of a drug being given to a particular
animal, and to check on treatment progress.
 Records on chemical use, feed and drug purchase, etc., can also help
safeguard your operation should questions arise concerning animals
you may have sold.
 Breeding records are necessary for registration purposes.
 Keep written records in a safe place and ensure backup copies are
made of any electronic files kept on a computer.
3. Periodically review records for completeness and accuracy

 Records are most useful when complete and accurate.
 A periodic review of records and record keeping methods will help
catch mistakes and oversights while they can still be easily corrected.
 This review should happen at least annually.
 A better management practice would be to review records quarterly.
 Ensure that all new employees are trained in record keeping to
prevent mistakes from occurring.
Self-check
True or False. Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is

False.
1. Records are most useful when complete and accurate.

2. Identifying of animals is essential for good record keeping and all
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animals should have a unique identifying number.
3. Breeding records are not necessary for registration purposes.
4. Keep written records in a safe place and ensure backup copies are
made of any electronic files kept on a computer.
5. Complete, accurate records of animals on your farm will assist in
making management decisions regarding breeding, culling, and sale.
Answer key
1. T
2. T
3. F
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4. T
5. T
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UC 6 Apply Biosecurity Measure

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UC 6 Apply Biosecurity Measure

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

This learning material is designed to guide you in learning at your

This procedure should be repeatedly done until you have completed

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

Contents of this Competency-Based Learning Material:

Inside this Competency-Based Learning Material are several

You must follow the “Learning Activity Sheet”. The Learning

 Information Sheet - This will provide you with information

 Operation Sheet - This will guide you in performing single task,

 Job Sheet -This is designed to guide you on how to do

- Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

MODULE TITLE : APPLYING BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

4 Produce finishers Producing finishers AFF321302

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

MODULE TITLE : APPLYING BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes

required to apply bio-security measures in livestock farm operations. It

includes identifying bio-security threats and hazards, applying disease

prevention practices, applying prevention practices in disease

transmission and maintaining records.

At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:

1. Identify bio-security threats and hazards

2. Apply disease prevention practices

3. Apply preventive disease transmission practices

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

bio-security measures in livestock farm operations. It includes identifying bio-

security threats and hazards, applying disease prevention practices, applying

prevention practices in disease transmission and maintaining records.

At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:

1. Identify bio-security threats and hazards

2. Apply disease prevention practices

3. Apply preventive disease transmission practices

1. Report and identify threats to the health of the animal.

2. Identify bio-security threats

3. Prepare supplies and materials and application of disinfectants.

4. Quarantined and vaccinate new stocks

6. Hygiene and sanitation of farm, farm personnel and visitors are

8. Proper disposal of dead stocks and by-products.

9. Update appropriate record

1. Immediate threats to the health of the animal are identified and

1. types of immediate threats and effects.

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Illustrated and/or video materials

Learning Activities Special Instructions

2.Answer Self-Check 6.1 Compare the answers to the answer

Bio-Security Threats and Hazards

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to.

1. Determine types of immediate threats and effects.

Types of Immediate Threats and Effects

Natural disasters can impact livestock and companion animals. An

important concern during natural disasters is the potential for

outbreaks of diseases in animals and humans. The animal diseases

for which there is concern may be classified broadly into two

categories, infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases.

Biosecurity and Biological Risk Management

 Biosecurity refers to the protection of health through avoidance of

 Biosecurity management refers to management practices that protect

the health of the livestock herd by preventing introduction of pathogens

and poisons that are considered potentially harmful.

 Biological risk management is the overall process of awareness

education regarding the risk of infectious diseases entering or spreading

through an animal facility.