CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.1
Extracting salt
Sodium chloride is known as common salt. It is a very useful compound.
Read this information about how it is extracted and then answer the questions.

In hot countries, salt is extracted directly from seawater. Seawater is mainly a mixture of water and
sodium chloride. In order to extract the salt, the seawater is trapped in large shallow pools. The
thermal energy from the Sun evaporates the water, leaving the salt behind.

In some countries, salt is found underground as rock salt. Rock salt is a mixture of sodium chloride
and rock, such as sandstone. To mine the rock salt, shafts are drilled down into the rock. In the mine,
cutters and explosives are used to extract the rock salt. This is brought to the surface where it is
crushed. This form of salt is used on the roads in cold countries in the winter to reduce the
temperature at which water freezes and to reduce the number of road accidents. Rock salt needs to
be treated to extract the pure salt if it is to be used for chemical reactions or food.

Some rock salt is extracted by a different method of mining, called solution mining. Water is pumped
down into a well drilled into the rock salt. The salt dissolves in the water and this is pumped back to
the surface. The water is then evaporated to leave behind the salt.

1 What is the solvent in seawater? __________________________

2 What is the main solute in seawater? __________________________

3 Give two uses of salt.

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 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

4 Explain why the seawater is trapped in large shallow pools and not small deep ones.

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5 Suggest why the method mentioned in question 4 is not used in colder countries.

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Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 2
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Worksheet 2.1
Extracting salt
Additional notes
Read through the paragraph carefully. Highlight any parts you find difficult to understand.
Then read them again.
For question 1: Remember that the solvent is the liquid that things dissolve in.
For question 3: Look through the text and underline any part that mentions a use of the salt.
For question 4: Think about how quickly the water in a puddle dries up compared with a deep lake.
For question 5: Think about what kind of a day is the best to dry wet clothes on a washing line.

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 3
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.1
Extracting salt
Extension
When you have answered the first set of questions, answer these questions about extracting salt.
1 Describe the dangers in mining for rock salt.

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because they uses explosives and cutters

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2 What further advantage does solution mining have compared with rock salt mining?

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safer

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3 Suggest how rock salt can be purified, so that the salt is clean and free from rock fragments.

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Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 4
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.3(i) A
Solubility
Look carefully at the graph. It shows how much of the three salts, lead nitrate, copper sulfate
and potassium chloride, dissolve in 100 g of water at various temperatures.

1 What is the solubility of lead nitrate at 40 °C? (How many grams of lead nitrate dissolve in 100 g of
water at 40 °C?)

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72 grams of lead nitrate

2 What is the solubility of potassium chloride at 20 °C? ________________________

35.5

3 Which of the three solutes (the three salts, lead nitrate, copper sulfate or potassium chloride)

is the least soluble at 50 °C? ________________________

copper sulfate

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 5
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

4 Which of the three solutes is the least soluble at 80 °C? ________________________

potassium chloride

5 What is the solubility of both potassium chloride and copper sulfate at 75 °C?

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both are 50 degrees

6 Explain why it is important to give the temperature when you give the solubility of one
of the solutes. (Look what happens to the solubility of lead nitrate at 40 °C and at 60 °C.)
solubility rate depends on the temperature

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safety precautions
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7 Explain why the solubility is given in grams per 100 g of water. (Think about what would happen if
you used 100 g for a test at 40 °C and 50 g for a test at 70 °C.)

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fair test!!

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Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 6
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.3(i) B
Solubility
The solubility of most solutes increases as the temperature increases. A useful way of
showing the different values of the solubility at different temperatures is to plot a graph.
This graph shows the solubilities for copper sulfate and potassium chloride.

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 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

1 Plot the data for lead nitrate on the graph on the previous page, so that you can compare the solubility
of the three salts. Join the points in an appropriate way.

Temperature of water in °C Solubility of lead nitrate in g per 100 g water

10 45

20 54

30 62

40 72

50 82

60 91

70 100

2 What is the solubility of lead nitrate at 40 °C? _______________________

3 What is the solubility of potassium chloride at 20 °C? _______________________

4 Which of the three solutes is the least soluble at 50 °C? _______________________

5 Which of the three solutes is the least soluble at 80 °C? _______________________

6 What is the solubility of both potassium chloride and copper sulfate at 75 °C?

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7 Explain why it is important to give the temperature when you give the solubility of one of the solutes.

__________________________________________________________________________________

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8 Explain why the solubility is given in grams per 100 g of water.

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Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 8
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.3(i) C
Solubility
The solubility of most solutes increases when the temperature increases. A useful way of
showing the different values of the solubility at different temperatures is to plot a graph.
This graph shows the solubility of potassium chloride.

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 9
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

1 Plot the data for lead nitrate on the graph on the previous page, so that you can compare the solubility.
Join the points in an appropriate way.

Temperature of water in °C Solubility of lead nitrate in g per 100 g water

10 45

20 54

30 62

40 72

50 82

60 91

70 100

2 Plot the data for copper sulfate on the graph on the previous page, so that you can compare the
solubilities of the three solutes. Join the points in an appropriate way.

Temperature of water in °C Solubility of copper sulfate in g per 100 g water

10 18

20 21

30 25

40 30

60 41

70 47

80 55

3 What is the solubility of lead nitrate at 40 °C? ______________________

4 What is the solubility of potassium chloride at 20 °C? ______________________

5 Which of the three solutes is the least soluble at 50 °C? ______________________

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 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

6 Which of the three solutes is the least soluble at 80 °C? ______________________

7 What is the solubility of both potassium chloride and copper sulfate at 75 °C?

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8 Explain why it is important to give the temperature when you give the solubility of one of the solutes.

__________________________________________________________________________________

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9 Explain why the solubility is given in grams per 100 g of water.

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10 Explain how you would find the solubility of a solute.

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Divide the mass of the solute by the mass of the solvent then multiply by 100.

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Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 11
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.3(ii)
The results of an investigation
Marcus and Sofia have collected data from an investigation into the solubility of lead nitrate.
They measured how much lead nitrate would dissolve in 100 g water at different temperatures.
Here are their results.

1 Display these results neatly and correctly.

2 What pattern is there in these results?

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3 What would you advise Sophia and Marcus to do to improve their results?

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 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Worksheet 2.3(ii)
The results of an investigation
Teacher support sheet
1 You would expect all learners using this worksheet to be able to redraw the table, using a ruler and
pencil; to complete the headings of the columns with units; enter the results in ascending numerical
order and to present the data in neat columns.
2 You would expect all learners to state that as the temperature increases so does the mass of lead
nitrate that will dissolve.
Most learners should be able to call this a positive correlation. They should recognise that a graph of
the results should be plotted and be able to do this correctly, with temperature along the horizontal
axis and mass up the vertical axis.
Learners should use a pencil and ruler to draw the axes, choose a suitable scale, label the scales on the
axes, plot points accurately and a draw a line of best fit.
Learners should then be able to draw some conclusions from the graph and discuss the steady increase
for potassium chloride and lead nitrate. Some learners will notice that the increase in solubility for
copper sulfate is not steady, and increases at a different rate with each temperature change. Some
learners should be able to spot and comment on the anomalous result at 60 °C. These learners should
ignore this result when drawing the line of best fit and comment on it in their discussion of the results.
3 You would expect all learners to mention repeating experiments to ensure the results are reliable.
Most learners should discuss the way in which the results have been collected and recorded and
discuss a systematic approach. Some learners should be able to discuss what should be done in a
practical situation if you get results that do not fit the pattern and to look at their method,
measurements and any changes that they should have accounted for.

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 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.4A
Vocabulary
Match the words to their meanings.
Cut out the words as a block and stick them in your book.
Then cut out the meanings separately and match them to the words.
Only stick them in your book when you are sure you have matched them correctly.
Some of them have been already matched for you.

solution a solution in which no more solute will dissolve

saturated solution a mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

pure a substance that is made of one thing

chromatogram a substance dissolved in a liquid

filtration a liquid in which other substances will dissolve

solubility a measure of how soluble a substance is

solvent a word to describe a substance that will not dissolve

solute separated colours as the result of chromatography

a way of separating a solid from a liquid by passing the

insoluble
mixture through a filter paper

a way of separating coloured substances dissolved in a

paper chromatography
solution using special paper

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 14
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.4B
Vocabulary
Match the words to their meanings.
Cut out the words as a block and stick them in your book.
Then cut out the meanings separately and match them to the words.
Only stick them in when you are sure you have matched them correctly.
Some of them have been already matched for you.

solution a solution in which no more solute will dissolve

saturated solution a mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

pure a substance that is made up of one thing

chromatogram a substance dissolved in a liquid

filtration a word to describe a substance that will not dissolve.

solubility a measure of how soluble a substance is

solvent a liquid in which other substances will dissolve

solute separated colours as the result of chromatography

a way of separating a solid from a liquid by passing the

insoluble
mixture through a filter paper

a way of separating coloured substances dissolved in a

paper chromatography
solution using special paper

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 15
 CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8 UNIT 2: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Name ___________________________________ Date _____________

Worksheet 2.4C
Vocabulary
Match the words to their meanings.
Cut out the words as a block and stick them in your book.
Then cut out the meanings separately and match them to the words.
Only stick them in when you are sure you have matched them correctly.
Note: There are more meanings than words, so take care.

a substance that is made up of one thing

the sand in dirty water

solution a solution in which no more solute will dissolve

saturated solution a mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

pure a substance that is made of one thing

chromatogram a substance dissolved in a liquid

filtration a word to describe a substance that will not dissolve

solubility a measure of how soluble a substance is

solvent a liquid in which other substances will dissolve

solute separated colours as the result of chromatography

a way of separating a solid from a liquid by passing the

insoluble
mixture through a filter paper

a way of separating coloured substances dissolved in a

paper chromatography
solution using special paper

a measure of how soluble a substance is

a way of separating coloured substances dissolved in a

solution using special paper

a substance dissolved in a liquid

Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and Michael Smyth © Cambridge University Press 2021 16