DLT 5154-2012 English

ICS 29.
240
P 62
Record No. J172—2012
Electric Power Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China

P DL / T 5154 — 2012
To replace DL / T 5154 — 2002
Technical Code for the Design of

Tower and Pole Structures of
Overhead Transmission Line
Issue Date: November 9, 2012 Implementation Date: March 1, 2013

Issued by the National Energy Administration
由中外电力工程技术标准数据管理平台独家提供，翻版必究。
Electric Power Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China
P DL / T 5154 — 2012
Technical Code for the Design of

Tower and Pole Structures of
Overhead Transmission Line
Translation sponsored by: China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Association
Translated by: SUNTHER Consulting Co., Ltd.
Reviewed by: Southwest Electric Power Design Institute of China Power
Engineering Consulting Group Corporation
China Power Engineering Consulting Group Corporation
Chief Development Department: Electric Power Planning and Design Engineering Institute
Implementation Date: March 1, 2012
CHINA ELECTRIC POWER PRESS

BEIJING, 2014
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Announcement of the National

Energy Administration of the People’s
Republic of China
〔2012〕No.9
As stipulated in the Industrial Standardization Management Methods

for the Energy Sector (tentative) (GNJKJ〔2009〕No.52), the National
Energy Administration of the People’s Republic of China hereby
approves to issue 63 industrial standards (see the Appendix) such as
Type and Specification for Pressure Vessel Flanges. The 63 standards
include 17 energy standards (indicated by NB), 9 electric power
standards (indicated by DL), and 37 petroleum and natural gas
standards (indicated by SY).
Appendix: List of Industrial Standards
National Energy Administration

November 9, 2012
I
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Appendix:
List of Industrial Standards

Superseded Reference Approval Implementation
No. Code No. Code Name
Code Code No. Date Date
……
Technical Code
for the Design of
Tower and Pole DL/T
DL/T November
19 Structures of 5154— March 1, 2013
5154—2012 9, 2012
Overhead 2002
Transmission
Line
……
II
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Foreword
This regulation is jointly prepared by Southwest Electric Power

Design Institute of China Power Engineering Consulting Group
Corporation (CPECC), CPECC and related entities as required by the
Notice on Issuance of Plan for Development and Revision of the First
Batch of Energy Industry Standards in 2009 (GNKJ〔2009〕No.163)
issued by the National Energy Administration of the People’s
Republic of China. This regulation has been developed by the task
team through serious sum-up of experience, wide investigations and
studies, reference to related domestic standards, extensive consultations
and rounds of discussions and revisions, and finalized after review.
This regulation is a revision to DL/T 5154—2002 Technical
Code for the Design of Tower and Pole Structures of Overhead
Transmission Line (hereinafter as “the Original Standard”) based on
current national standards including GB 50545—2010 Code for
Design of 110 kV750 kV Overhead Transmission Line and DL/T
5440—2009 Technical Code for Designing of Overhead Transmission
Line in Medium and Heavy Icing Area.
This regulation consists of ten chapters and four appendices:
General, Terms and Symbols, Loads, Materials, Basic Requirements,
Calculation and Cross-section Selection for Members, Calculation of
connection, Structural Requirements, Ancillary Facilities, and Enviro-
nmental Protection, etc.
The following major revisions are made:
1. The application scope is revised to newly-built 110 kV750
kV overhead transmission line.
III
DL / T 5154 — 2012
2. The value and combination of loads for towers and poles of

transmission line are modified according to the current national
standards, including GB 50545 Code for Design of 110 kV750 kV
Overhead Transmission Line and DL/T 5440 Technical Code for
Designing of Overhead Transmission Line in Medium and Heavy
Icing Area.
3. Eiffel effect of diagonal bracings and minimum bearing
capacity are specified in the appendix to this regulation, with
reference made to relevant foreign design standards.
4. It is specified in the new version that the quality of steels for
towers and poles shall not be inferior to Grade B, and quality
requirements are also raised for steels with working temperature
equal to or lower than  40℃ for compliance with current national
standards GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures and JGJ 99
Technical Specification for Steel Structures of Tall Buildings.
5. It is specified that measures against lamellar tearing shall be
taken for 40 mm and above thick steel plates used in towers and
poles.
6. Based on the experience in design and operation of power
transmission towers and poles, it is specified that hot-dip galvanized
bolts and nuts of Grade 4.8, Grade 5.8, Grade 6.8 and Grade 8.8 (or
Grade 10.9 if practical) should be used for structural connection. In
addition, it is specified that Q345 steel and 40Cr and 42CrMo
structural alloy steel shall be used for anchor bolts.
7. Bearing capacity requirements are raised for studs.
8. The expressions for bearing capacity of towers and poles
under ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state are revised
according to the current national standard GB 50068 Unified
Standard for Reliability Design of Building Structures.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
9. The expressions for seismic calculation of structural members

and components for towers and poles are revised according to the
current national standard GB 50011 Code for Seismic Design of
Buildings.
10. Based on foreign design experience for towers and poles,
the bearing capacity of redundant members shall be properly
increased or determined through tests when the intersection angles of
main members are less than 25°.
11. The maximum allowable slenderness ratio of compression
members is revised from 220 to 200, and the modification factor is
also revised with reference made to ASCE 10—97 Design of Latticed
Steel Transmission Structures.
12. The formula for stability reduction factor of compression
members is revised with reference made to GB 50017 Code for
Design of Steel Structures and ASCE 10—97 Design of Latticed Steel
Transmission Structures.
13. Calculation methods for flexural-torsional bulking rigidity
of combined angles with dual-axis symmetrical crisscross sections are
specified with reference made to GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel
Structures and ASCE 10—97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission
Structures.
14. For two diagonal bracings crossing with each other, it is
specified that both members shall be deemed as under compression if
the internal force of the tension member is less than 20% of that of
the compression member for alignment with GB 50017 Code for
Design of Steel Structures and ASCE 10—97 Design of Latticed Steel
Transmission Structures.
15. The calculation method for connection with long bolts is
specified with reference made to GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Structures.
16. The seam grade for welding connection is specified with
reference made to GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures.
17. The design of connecting plates are modified and improved
with reference made to GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel
Structures.
18. The calculation formula for anchor bolts used in stub angle
connection is added with reference made to ASCE 10—97 Design of
Latticed Steel Transmission Structures.
19. The section “Flange Connection” is deleted.
20. The calculation formula for square tower base plates with
stiffeners is revised, and calculation method for eight-anchor bolt
base plates is added with reference made to Design Manual of Steel
Structures published by China Construction Industry Press in 2004.
21. Provisions for block shear are added with reference made to
ASCE 10—97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures.
22. Calculation formulas for filler plates and bolts of combined
angles are added according to test and research achievements.
23. Requirements on structural detailing of towers and poles are
modified and improved.
24. A new chapter “Environmental Protection” is added.
25. The Appendix E “Vcr Curve of Critical Start-Oscillation
Wind Speed of Unidiameter Steel Tube” is deleted, and a new
appendix “Eiffel Effect and Minimum Resistance of Diagonal
Bracings of Tower Body” is added.
This regulation is administered by the National Energy
Administration of the People’s Republic of China. It is proposed by
the Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, managed by the
Power Grid Design Standardization Technical Committee of the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Energy Industry, and interpreted by Southwest Electric Power Design

Institute of CPECC. Any comments and suggestions raised during
implementation of this regulation are to be referred to the Electric
Power Planning and Engineering Institute at No.65, Ande Road,
Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100120.
The chief and participating development organizations and chief
drafting staff of this regulation are as follows:
Chief development Southwest Electric Power Design Institute of
organizations: CPECC
China Power Engineering Consulting Group
Corporation
Participating East Electric Power Design Institute of CPECC
development Northwest Electric Power Design Institute of
organizations: CPECC
Central Southern China Electric Power Design
Institute of CPECC
China Electric Power Research Institute
Chief drafting staff: Xiao Hongwei Guo Yueming Liang Zhengping
Li Xilai Duan Songtao Liu Yong
Liao Zonggao Dong Jianyao Wang Huchang
Bao Yongzhong Li Zheng Weng Binghua
Deng Anquan Xiao Bing Huang Huang
VII
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Contents
1 General Provisions ·····················································1

2 Terms and Symbols ····················································3
2.1 Terms· ································································3
2.2 Symbols · ·····························································4
3 Loads ··································································14
3.1 General Requirement · ··············································14
3.2 Normal Operation Conditions · ······································16
3.3 Line Breakage Conditions· ··········································16
3.4 Non-uniform Icing Conditions · ·····································21
3.5 Construction Conditions · ···········································23
3.6 Check Conditions · ··················································26
3.7 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on Conductors and Earthwires · ····27
3.8 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on Towers · ······················30
3.9 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on Insulator Strings · ·············31
4 Materials ······························································33
5 Basic Requirement ···················································39
5.1 General Provision for Calculation · ··································39
5.2 General Provision for Tower Structures· ·····························44
6 Calculation and Cross-section Selection for Members ···········47
6.1 Calculation and Cross-section Selection for Tower Members · ·······47
6.2 Calculation for Circular Cross-section Reinforced Concrete Poles · ··57
6.3 Calculation for Circular Cross-section Pre-stressed Concrete Poles · ·67
7 Calculation of Connection ··········································78
7.1 Bolt Connection · ···················································78
7.2 Weld Connection · ··················································79
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
7.3 Gusset Plate Connection ·

···········································83
7.4 Stub Angle Connection·
·············································84
7.5 Tower Foot Plate ·
···················································86
7.6 Block Shear of Tension Member ·
···································92
7.7 Calculation for Filler Plates of Combined Angles ·
···················93
8 Structural Requirements ·············································98
8.1 General Requirement ·
··············································98
8.2 Detailing of Connection ·
···········································102
8.3 Circular Cross-section Reinforced Concrete Pole ·
··················106
9 Ancillary Facilities ··················································109
10 Environmental Protection ·········································110
Appendix A Eiffel Effect and Minimum Resistance of
Diagonal Bracings of Tower Body ···················111
Appendix B Table for Simplified Analysis of Internal
Force of Trusses ········································117
Appendix C Stability Factor () of Axially Compressed
Members of Poles and Towers ························118
Appendix D Calculation of Resistance of Oblique Cross-sections
of Circular Cross-section Concrete Poles ············126
Explanation of Wording in this Code ··································129
List of Quoted Standards ···············································130
IX
DL / T 5154 — 2012
1 General Provisions
1.0. 1 This regulation is developed to implement the national

capital construction principles and technical and economic policies in
the design of towers and poles for overhead transmission lines to
ensure that the towers and poles constructed are safe, reliable,
technically advanced, cost-effective, resource-saving, and
environmentally friendly.
1.0. 2 This regulation is applicable to the design of tower and pole
structures in new 110 kV750 kV overhead transmission lines.
1.0. 3 This regulation specifies principles for the design of tower
and pole structures of overhead transmission lines, and provides the
calculation method for design of angle steel towers and concrete
poles.
1.0. 4 In this regulation, the ultimate state design method based on
probability theory is used. According to this theory, reliability indices
are used to measure the stability of structural members so as not to
exceed the critical limits of operation while transmission lines operate
under specified load combinations or various deformation or crack
limits.
1.0. 5 The tower and pole structures should be designed based on
practical conditions with due consideration of regional characteristics.
New technologies, processes, equipment and materials shall be
actively employed to promote advanced technologies, energy-saving
and environmentally friendly products.
1.0. 6 New theories, materials or structure forms shall be used in
design of tower and pole structures. If practical experience is not
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
available, tests shall be carried out for verification.

1.0. 7 This regulation specifies basic requirements for design of
tower and pole structures. If it contradicts with relevant provisions of
national laws or administrative regulations, the latter shall prevail.
1.0. 8 The design of tower and pole structures shall also follow
relevant current national standards in addition to this regulation.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1. 1 Overhead transmission line

Air insulated power transmission lines routed above ground.
2.1. 2 Light/medium/heavy icing area
A light icing area is an area with design icing thickness of 10
mm and below, a medium icing area with 10 mm to 20 mm, and a
heavy icing area with 20 mm and above.
2.1. 3 Reference wind speed
Wind speed determined by probabilistic method through the
mean annual maximum wind speed in 10 minutes at 50 (30)year
return period at 10 m height above flat and open ground.
2.1. 4 Rare wind speed, rare ice thickness
Severe winds or icing which did occur according to historical
records and significantly exceeded historically recorded frequency
curves over the years.
2.1. 5 Unequal leg extension
Legs of different lengths designed according to difference of
elevation between legs.
2.1. 6 Stub
A short member of which the upper end is connected with the
leg member and the lower end is inserted into the chimney of a
foundation so as to connect the tower and the foundation.
2.1. 7 Structure work temperature
The minimum daily average temperature over years at the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
workplace of structures, which may be sourced from the Outdoor

Meteorological Parameters listed in the current national standard GB
50736 Design Code for Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning of
Civil Buildings or obtained through meteorological survey.
2.2 Symbols
A— contour area of a tower; gross sectional area of a

member; sectional area of a base plate;
AI— calculated value of wind pressure area of an insulator
string;
An— net cross-section area of a member or stub angle;
Ao— transformed sectional area of a pole;
Ap— cross-section area of a longitudinal pre-stressed
reinforcement;
As— cross-section area of a longitudinal ordinary reinforcement;
cross-sectional area of a bolt; calculated projection
area of a windward member;
Asv— cross-section area of a spiral reinforcement;
B— stiffness of a pole; width of a member;
B1— wind load magnification factor of a conductor,
earthwire or insulator string after being coated with
ice;
B2— wind load magnification factor of a tower member
after being coated with ice;
BL, Bs— long-term and short-term stiffness of a member;
C— limits of crack width or deformation of a structure or
member; distance from the main angle edge to the
base plate edge;
D— effective width;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
D0— outer diameter of a pole;

Ec— modulus of elasticity of concrete;
Es— modulus of elasticity of steel and reinforcements;
H— distance from the guying point of a pole to the ground;
full height of a tower;
I— moment of inertia of a cross-section;
Ib1— moment of inertia of a cross-section after the filler
plate is punched;
Io— moment of inertia of a transformed section;
K— correction coefficient of slenderness ratio of a member;
correction coefficient of calculated length of crossing
diagonal bracings;
K1— shape factor of wind section of a tower;
L, Lo— length, calculated length;
Lp— horizontal span of towers;
Lw— calculated length of a weld;
M— bending moment;
Mcr— cracking bending moment of a pole;
ML, Ms— bending moment under combinations of long-term/
short-term action effects;
Mu— design value of the bending resistance of normal
cross-section calculated based on the flexural plane
containing the application point of axial tension;
Mv— torque on bolts;
M1, M2— bending moment of cross-sectionⅠ-Ⅰ/Ⅱ-Ⅱ;
N— tension or compression;
Ncr— axial cracking force of a pole;
NEx— parameter;
Nt, Nv— design value of tension/shear of each bolt;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Nkp— critical compression;

Ns, NL— axial force of the check cross-section under combinations
of short-term/long-term action effects;
Nu— normal cross-section tension resistance of a tension
member with eccentricity; design value of the axial
tension resistance of a member;
Nc , N t , N v — design value of compression/tension/shear resistance
b b b
of each bolt;
N t — design value of tension resistance of each anchor bolt;
a
Q— uniform reaction;
Qn— design value of shear resistance of an anchor bolt;
R— design value of resistance of a structural member;
S— spacing between spiral reinforcements; moment of
area of a half cross-section about the imaginary axis at
the neutral axis of a combined section;
S  — moment of area of a half cross-section about the
centroid after the filler plate is punched;
SEhk, SEvk— effect of characteristic value of horizontal/vertical
seismic actions;
SEQk— effect of representative value of variable tension loads
of conductors and earthwires;
SGE— effect of representative value of permanent loads;
SGk— effect of characteristic value of permanent loads;
SQik— effect of characteristic value of the variable load i;
T— uplift force on a foundation; tension on a base plate;
T1— uplift force on an anchor bolt;
Tk— design value of torque;
Tu— design value of torsion resistance of a member;
V— wind speed at a reference height;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Vmax— total shear on the bolt farthest from the centroid of

bolts;
Vs— design value of shear; the shear perpendicular to stub;
Vu— design value of shear resistance;
V1— average shear on each bolt;
V2— shear about axis x-x on the bolt farthest from the
centroid of bolts;
W— resistance moment of a cross-section;
Wd— elastic resistance moment of a transformed section of a
pole;
WI— characteristic value of wind loads on an insulator
string;
Wo— characteristic value of reference wind pressure;
Wsa, Wsb— characteristic value of wind loads on a tower when the
wind direction is perpendicular to side “a”/”b”;
Wsc— characteristic value of wind loads on a cross-arm when
the wind direction is perpendicular to the front of it;
Ws— characteristic value of wind loads on a tower;
Wt— plastic resistance moment of a torsional cross-section;
Wx— characteristic value of horizontal wind loads perpendicular
to conductors and earthwires, resistance moment of a
cross section about axis X;
Wy— moment of resistance of a cross section about axis Y;
W1, W2— flexural modulus of cross-sectionⅠ-Ⅰ/Ⅱ-Ⅱ;
Yi— distance from the center of anchor bolts to the edge of
the main angle in segment i;
Z0— gravity center distance of a combined member;
a— deformation of anchorage and shrinkage of reinforcement
at the tension end; width of the windward side of a
7
DL / T 5154 — 2012
tower;
b— leg width of an angle anchor; outstanding width of an
angle flange; distance between the windward side and
leeward side of a tower; edge yield width of a
combined cross-section;
be— effective width of a plate;
bi— width of segment i;
b1— distance from the centroid to the edge of a
cross-section;
b2— distance from the center of bolts to the center of a
filler plate;
d— outer diameter of conductors and earthwires; diameter
of circular cross-section members; diameter of bolts;
de— effective diameter of bolts or anchor bolts with
threads;
eo— distance from the application point of the axial force
to the center of a cross-section;
f— design value of steel strength; design value of tensile
strength of ordinary reinforcements; deflection;
f  — design value of compressive strength of ordinary
reinforcements;
fc— design value of concrete axial compressive strength;
fcu— concrete cubic compressive strength when pre-stress is
applied;
f p , f p — design value of tensile/compressive strength of
pre-stressed reinforcements;
fpy, fpty— characteristic value of strength of pre-stressed
reinforcements and heat treated reinforcements;
fsv— design value of tensile strength of spiral reinforcements;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
ft— design value of axial tensile strength of concrete;

ftk— characteristic value of axial tensile strength of concrete;
fu— characteristic value of minimum tensile strength of
steel;
fv— design value of shear strength of steel;
fy— yield strength of steel and reinforcements;
f cb — design value of hole-wall strength of steel;
w
f , ft
c
w
— design value of compressive strength and tensile
strength of butt-welds;
f f — design value of strength of fillet welds;
w
f t , f t b — design value of tensile strength of anchor bolts and

a
bolts;
f — design value of shear strength of bolts;
v
b
h— height; depth;
he— effective thickness of fillet welds;
hf— smaller leg size of fillet welds;
hmax— height at the point farthest from the centroid of a filler
plate;
m— reduction factor of member strength;
mN— reduction factor of stability strength of a compression
member;
n— number of angle anchors; number of evenly divided
sections of calculated length l of a member;
nv— number of shear planes;
q— uniformly distributed wind load on a pole;
r— arc radius of angles;
rx, ry, ru— radius of gyration about axis x-x, y-y, and u-u;
r1, r2— inner/outer radius of a pole;
9
DL / T 5154 — 2012
rp, rs— radius of the circle formed by longitudinally pre-

stressed reinforceemnts/ordinary reinforcements;
rt— equivalent radius of gyration of a crisscross-section;
t— thickness of plates; leg thickness of angles; wall
thickness of steel pipes;
to— thickness of a filler plate;
∑t— the minimum total thickness of compression members
in the same stress direction;
x— length of the triangular reaction block of an angle
anchor;
 — non-uniformity coefficient of wind pressure; ratio of
the cross-section area of concrete under compression
to the full cross-section area; stiffness ratio of
horizontal bracings to diagonal bracings;
 1— ratio of the stress in the rectangular stress block of
concrete to the design value of concrete axial
compressive strength in a compression zone;
 E— ratio of modulus of elasticity of reinforcements to that
of concrete;
 EP— ratio of modulus of elasticity of pre-stressed
reinforcements to that of concrete;
t— ratio of the cross-section area of longitudinal tension
reinforcements to the total cross-section area of
longitudinal reinforcements;
c— adjustment factor of wind loads applied on conductors
and earthwires;
f— magnification factor of design value of strength of
front fillet welds;
10
DL / T 5154 — 2012
z— adjustment factor of tower wind loads;

γ— plastic coefficient of concrete within a tensile zone;
γEQ— combination of partial factors of variable tension loads
on conductors and earthwires;
γEh, γEv— partial factor of horizontal/vertical seismic actions;
γG— partial factor of permanent loads;
γo— importance factor of a structure;
γQi— partial factor of variable load i;
γRE— adjustment factor of seismic capacity;
 — reduction factor of leeward load of a tower;
magnification factor of eccentricity;
θ— included angle; stress diffusion angle;
λ— slenderness ratio of a member;
s— shape factor of a member;
sc— shape factor of conductors or earthwires;
z— altitude variation coefficient of wind pressure;
v— coefficient related to surface features of longitudinally
stressed reinforcements;
 — reinforcement ratio;
 — normal stress;
con— control stress for pre-stressing;
f — stress perpendicular to the length of welds;
L— total pre-stress loss;
L1— pre-stress loss caused by deformation of anchorages
and shrinkage of reinforcements;
L3— pre-stress loss caused by temperature difference
between pre-stressed reinforcements and steel molds;
L4— pre-stress loss caused by relaxation of pre-stressed
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
reinforcements;
L5— pre-stress loss caused by shrinkage and creep of
concrete;
Lc— normal stress in the concrete at the edge for crack
resistance check under combination of long-term
action effects of loads;
p— normal stress applied by pre-stressed reinforcements
on concrete cross-section considering the pre-stress
loss before preloading;
pc— effective pre-stress on concrete cross-section
considering the total pre-stress loss;
po— effective pre-stress of pre-stressed reinforcements;
sc— normal stress in the concrete at the edge for crack
resistance check under combination of short-term
action effects of loads;
 — shear stress;
 f —shear stress in the weld direction;
 — stability coefficient of axially compressed member;
buckling stability factor of combined angles about the
imaginary axis;
c — stability factor of circular cross-section reinforced
concrete poles;
 p — stability factor of circular cross-section pre-stressed
concrete poles;
 — combination coefficient of variable loads;
 wE — combination factor of wind loads in basic combination
for seismic calculation;
 — non-uniformity coefficient of strain of tension
12
DL / T 5154 — 2012
reinforcements;
 fmax — maximum crack width;
 t — temperature difference between the steel mold and the
reinforcements;
ω— relative reinforcement ratio.
13
DL / T 5154 — 2012
3 Loads
3.1 General Requirement
3.1. 1 The loads shall be classified as follows:

1 Permanent loads: gravity loads of conductors and earthwires,
insulators and fittings, tower structures, and various anchoring parts;
initial tension and pre-stress of guys or towlines.
2 Variable loads: wind and ice (snow) loads; tensions of
conductors, earthwires, and guys; various additional loads due to
installation and maintenance, secondary loads due to structure
deformation, and dynamic loads caused by vibration.
3.1. 2 The action direction of loads shall comply with the follow
requirements:
1 Loads imposed on towers and poles are generally broken
down into lateral, longitudinal and vertical loads.
2 In calculation of tower loads, the most unfavorable wind
directions shall be considered. For suspension towers, the calculation
shall be made based on the basic wind speed in the directions at 0°,
45°(or 60°) and 90°to the line respectively; for tension towers, the
calculation shall only be made in directions at 90° and 45° to the
line; for terminal towers, it shall also be made in the direction at 0°
in addition to 90° and 45° to the line; for suspension angle towers
and tension towers with small angles, the calculation shall also be
made in the direction opposite to the horizontal component of the
tension in conductors and earthwires.
3.1. 3 For wind directions at a certain angle to the direction of
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
conductors, earthwires or tower panels, the components of wind load

on conductors and earthwires perpendicular to or along the line
directions and that of wind load on tower and cross-arms in two
directions perpendicular to the tower panels can be sourced from
Table 3.1.3.
Table 3.1.3 Distribution of wind load

Wind Wind Load on
Wind Load
Direction Wind Load on Towers Horizontal
on Lines
Angle θ Cross-arms Diagram of Wind
(°) x y x y x y
0 0 0.25Wx 0 Wsb 0 Wsc
K10.424 K10.424
45 0.5Wx 0.15Wx 0.4Wsc 0.7Wsc
(Wsa+Wsb) (Wsa+Wsb)
K1(0.747 K1(0.431
60 0.75Wx 0 Wsa+ Wsa+ 0.4Wsc 0.7Wsc
0.249Wsb) 0.144Wsb)
90 Wx 0 Wsa 0 0.4Wsc 0
Notes:
1 x, y stand for the components of wind load perpendicular to and along the
conductors and earthwires respectively.
2 Wx is the characteristic value of wind load on conductors and earthwires when
wind is perpendicular to the conductors and earthwires. Wx can be calculated
using Formula 3.7.1-1.
3 Wsa and Wsb are the characteristic values of wind loads on towers when the wind
is perpendicular to the plane “a” and “b” respectively. They can be calculated
using Formula 3.8.1.
4 Wsc is the characteristic value of wind load on cross-arms when the wind is
perpendicular to the front of cross-arms. Wsc can be calculated using Formula
3.8.1.
5 K1 is section coefficient of towers for wind load: it is 1.0 for single angle
section and 1.1 for combined angle section.
3.1. 4 Load combinations for various types of towers under normal
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
operation, line breakage, non-uniform ice coating and erection conditions

shall be calculated. And if necessary, the load combinations under rare
conditions such as earthquake shall be checked.
3.1. 5 For Eiffel type towers, the unfavorable condition with
different wind speeds present along the height of the tower shall be
calculated. See Appendix A for details.
3.1. 6 The breaking tension under line breakage condition (or
longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors) of
various types of towers, and unbalanced tension under non-uniform
icing condition shall all be calculated as static load.
3.1. 7 For reinforced anti-collapse suspension towers, in addition to
calculations under conventional operating conditions, calculations
considering breaking tension (or longitudinal unbalanced tension in
case of bundle conductors) on the same side of a tower shall be
performed.
3.2 Normal Operation Conditions
3.2. 1 The following load combinations shall be calculated under

normal operation of various kinds of towers:
1 Basic wind speed, no ice, and no line breakage (including the
combination of minimum vertical load and maximum horizontal
load).
2 Design icing, corresponding wind speed and temperature,
without line breakage.
3 Minimum temperature, no ice, no wind, and no line breakage
(applicable to terminals and angle towers).
3.3 Line Breakage Conditions
3.3. 1 For suspension towers (excluding those for large crossing),
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
load combinations under the following line breakage conditions shall

be calculated assuming a temperature of 5℃, icing and no wind:
1 For single-circuit towers, any phase conductor breaks in
case of single conductors (or conductors of any phase are subject
to longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors)
and no earthwire breaks; or, any earthwire breaks and no
conductor breaks.
2 For double-circuit towers, any two phase conductors break in
case of single conductors (or conductors of any two phases are
subject to longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle
conductors) and no earthwire breaks in a same span; or, any earthwire
breaks and any phase conductor breaks in case of single conductors
(or conductors of any phase are subject to longitudinal unbalanced
tension in case of bundle conductors) in a same span.
3 For multiple-circuit towers, any three phase conductors
break in case of single conductors (or conductors of any three phases
are subject to longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle
breaks and any two phase conductors break in case of single conductors
(or conductors of any two phases are subject to longitudinal
unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors) in a same span.
3.3. 2 For tension towers, load combinations under the following
line breakage conditions shall be calculated assuming a temperature
of 5℃, icing and no wind:
1 Single-circuit and double-circuit towers:
1) AC lines: any two phase conductors break (or conductors
of any two phases are subject to longitudinal unbalanced
tension in case of bundle conductors) and no earthwire
breaks in a same span; or, any earthwire breaks and any
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
phase conductor breaks (or conductors of any phase are

subject to longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of
bundle conductors) in a same span;
2) Single-circuit DC lines: any earthwire breaks and any
pole conductor breaks in case of single conductors (or
conductors of any pole are subject to longitudinal
unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors) in a
same span;
3) Double-circuit DC lines: any two pole conductors break
(or conductors of any two poles are subject to
longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle
conductors) and no earthwire breaks in a same span; or,
any earthwire breaks and any pole conductor breaks in a
same span (or conductors of any pole are subject to
longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle
conductors).
2 Multiple-circuit towers: any three phase conductors break in
case of single conductors (or conductors of any three phases are
subject to longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle
breaks and any two phase conductors break in case of single
conductors (or any two phase conductors are subject to longitudinal
unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors) in a same span.
3.3. 3 In areas with ice thickness of 10 mm and below, the
breaking tensions of conductors and earthwires (or longitudinal
unbalanced tensions in case of bundle conductors) shall be
calculated according to the percentage of maximum working
tension specified in Table 3.3.3, and the vertical ice load shall be
100% of the design icing load.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Table 3.3.3 Percentage of working tensions of conductors and

earthwires (or longitudinal unbalanced tensions in case of bundle
conductors) in areas with ice thickness of 10 mm and below (%)
Suspension Towers Tension towers
Two- or
Landform Earthwires More-
Single Two-bundle Single more-
bundle
conductors conductors conductors bundle
conductors
conductors
Flat and
hilly 100 50 25 20 100 70
grounds
Mountainous
100 50 30 25 100 70
grounds
3.3. 4 In medium icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors

and earthwires (or longitudinal unbalanced tensions in case of bundle
conductors) shall be calculated according to percentage of the
maximum working tension specified in Table 3.3.4, and the vertical
ice load shall be 100% of the design icing load.
Table 3.3.4 Percentage of working tensions of conductors and

earthwires (or longitudinal unbalanced tensions in case of
bundle conductors) in medium icing areas (%)
Icing Two-or
Thickness Single Two- More-
Single more-
(mm) conductors bundle bundle Earthwires Earthwires
conductors bundle
conductors conductors
conductors
15 50 40 35 100 100 70 100
20 50 50 45 100 100 70 100
3.3. 5 In heavy icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors and

19
DL / T 5154 — 2012
conductors) shall be calculated according to the percentage of icing

load as specified in Table 3.3.5-1, and the vertical ice load shall be
100% of design icing load.
Table 3.3.5-1 Percentage of icing load of conductors and earthwires

(or longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors)
under line breakage condition in heavy icing areas (%)
Icing Suspension Towers Tension towers
Thickness
(mm) ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ
20 70 60 50 100 70 60
30 80 70 60 100 80 70
40 90 80 70 100 90 80
50 100 90 80 100 100 90
Note: ClassⅠ: 750 kV, 500 kV and important 330 kV lines; ClassⅡ: 330 kV and
important 220 kV lines; Class Ⅲ: 220 kV and 110 kV lines.
In heavy icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors and

conductors) shall be calculated according to the percentage of icing
load in Table 3.3.5-1, and it shall not be less than the maximum
working tension calculated according to the percentage for conductors
and earthwires as specified in Table 3.3.5-2.
Table 3.3.5-2 Percentage of icing load of conductors and earthwires

(or longitudinal unbalanced tension in case of bundle conductors)
in heavy icing areas (%)

Thickness Single Two-or more-
(mm) Conductors Earthwires Earthwires
conductors bundle conductors
20 55 100 100 75 100
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Table 3.3.5-2 (continued)

Thickness Single Two-or more-
(mm) Conductors Earthwires Earthwires
conductors bundle conductors
30 60 100 100 80 100
40 65 100 100 85 100
50 70 100 100 90 100
3.3. 6 The actuating force for rotary cross-arms or deformable

cross-arms shall meet the safety requirements of operation and
construction. Generally, characteristic value of 2 kN3 kN is used for
110 kV lines and 5 kN 6 kN for 220 kV lines.
3.4 Non-uniform Icing Conditions
3.4. 1 The unbalanced tension of various types of towers caused by

non-uniform icing shall be calculated according to combinations of
loads under the following conditions:
1 In areas with ice thickness of 10 mm: non-uniform icing of
all conductors and earthwires on the same side of a tower.
2 Heavy icing areas:
1) non-uniform icing of all conductors and earthwires on the
same side of a tower;
2) non-uniform icing of all conductors and earthwires on
different sides of a tower.
3.4. 2 For icing areas with ice thickness of 10 mm, the unbalanced
tensions of conductors and earthwires under non-uniform icing conditions
shall be calculated according to the percentage of maximum working
tension of conductors and earthwires specified in Table 3.4.2, and the
vertical ice load shall be 75% of design icing load. The corresponding
21
DL / T 5154 — 2012
meteorological conditions assumed are 5℃ and 10 m/s wind.
Table 3.4.2 Percentage of maximum working tension of conductors

and earthwires under non-uniform icingconditions in icing areas
with ice thickness of 10 mm (%)
Conductors Earthwires Conductors Earthwires
10 20 30 40
3.4. 3 For heavy icing areas, under non-uniform icingconditions,

the unbalanced tension of conductors and earthwires shall be
calculated according to the percentage of icing load specified in Table
3.4.3-1, and the vertical ice load shall not be less than 75% of the
design icing load. The corresponding meteorological conditions are
assumed to be 5℃ and 10 m/s wind.
Table 3.4.3-1 Percentage of icing loading of conductors and

earthwires under non-uniform icingconditions in
heavy icing areas (%)
Class of Lines The opposite The opposite
One side One side
side side
750 kV, 500 kV and
100 20 100 0
important 330 kV lines
330 kV and important
100 30 100 15
220 kV lines
220 kV and
100 40 100 30
110 kV lines
In medium icing areas, the unbalanced tension of conductors and

earthwires under non-uniform icingconditions shall be calculated
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
according to the percentage of icing load specified in Table 3.4.3-1,

and it shall not be lower than the percentage of maximum working
tension of conductors and earthwires specified in Table 3.4.3-2.
Table 3.4.3-2 Percentage of maximum working tension of

conductors and earthwires under non-uniform
icingconditions in medium icing areas (%)
Icing Thickness (mm)
Conductor Earthwire Conductor Earthwire
15 15 25 35 45
20 20 30 40 50
In heavy icing area, unbalanced tension of conductors and

earthwires under non-uniform icingconditions shall be calculated
according to the percentage of icing load specified in Table 3.4.3-1,
and it shall not be less than the percentage of maximum working
tension of conductors and earthwires in Table 3.4.3-3.
Table 3.4.3-3 Percentage of maximum working tension

of conductors and earthwires under non-uniform
icingconditions in heavy icing areas
Icing Thickness Suspension Towers Tension towers

(mm) Conductor Earthwire Conductor Earthwire
20 25 46 42 54
30 29 50 46 58
40 33 54 50 63
50 38 58 54 67
3.5 Construction Conditions
3.5. 1 The load of various types of towers and poles under construction
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
conditions shall be calculated according to the following load

combinations based on a wind speed of 10 m/s, no ice and corresponding
air temperature:
1 For suspension towers and poles:
1) Loads during lifting of conductors, earthwires and
accessories. These loads include the weight of conductors,
earthwires, insulators and fittings (usually multiplied by
2.0) and the additional loads of workers and tools. A
dynamic coefficient of 1.1 shall be considered. The
characteristic value of additional loads should be sourced
from Table 3.5.1.
Table 3.5.1 Characteristic value for additional loads (kN)

Conductor Earthwire
Voltage
Suspension Tension Suspension Tension Jumper
(kV)
towers towers towers towers
110 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0
220330 3.5 4.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
500750 4.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 3.0
2) Loads during anchoring of conductors and earthwires.

The angle between the anchor wire and ground should
not be larger than 20°, a dynamic coefficient of 1.1 shall
be considered for the tension of the phase under
anchoring. The vertical load at the suspension point shall
be taken as the sum of the vertical component of the
anchor wire tension, the gravity of the conductor or
earthwire, and the additional loads. The longitudinal
unbalanced tension shall be taken respectively as the
difference between the longitudinal component of the
24
DL / T 5154 — 2012
conductor or earthwire tension and that of the anchor

wire tension.
2 For tension towers and poles:
1) Loads of conductors and earthwires:
During anchoring: during anchoring of earthwire, the
load shall be calculated with the conductors and
earthwires of the adjacent spans not in place; during
conductor anchoring, it shall be calculated with the
earthwires of the same span in place.
During stretching: during stretching of earthwires, the
load shall be calculated with the earthwires of the
adjacent spans in or not in place, and the conductors
within the same span not in place; during stretching of
conductors, it shall be calculated with the earthwires of
the same span in place, and the conductors and
earthwires of adjacent spans in or not in place.
2) Loads of temporary guys:
Loads of temporary guys should be considered during
anchoring and stretching, and the temporary guys shall
have an angle of not larger than 45° to the ground and
be arranged in the same direction as the conductors and
earthwires. Generally, the temporary guys can set off 30% of
the tensions of conductors and earthwires for 500 kV below
towers; for 500 kV and above towers, they can set off 30 kN
of the tension of four-bundle conductors, for six-and
more-bundle conductors, 40 kN and for earthwires, 5 kN.
3) Loads of stretching wires:
The included angle between the stretching wires and the
ground should not be greater than 20°. In stretching
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
tension calculation, factors such as initial elongation of

conductors or earthwires, construction errors and
excessive pulling shall be taken into consideration.
4) Additional loads during construction:
The loods shall be determined according to Table 3.5.1.
3 Conductors and earthwires should be erected by phase (or
wire) from top to bottom. For double-circuit and multiple-circuit
towers, erection in phases shall be considered as required.
4 For terminal towers, the situation with the conductor and
earthwire at the substation (or step-up substation) side in or not in
place shall be considered.
5 Tower members that have an angle of not greater than 30°to
the horizontal plane and accessible to people shall be able to
withstand the design human load of 1000 N which shall not be
combined with other loads.
3.6 Check Conditions
3.6. 1 Check conditions refer to special conditions including rare

meteorological conditions and earthquake.
3.6. 2 Towers located in areas with seismic intensity of Ⅸ or
above shall be checked for earthquake resistance. Checking
condition: wind (wind load is 30% of the maximum design value), no
ice and no line breakage.
3.6. 3 The check icing load of various types of towers shall be
calculated based on the check icing thickness, 5℃ and 10 m/s wind
speed, with all conductors and earthwires simultaneously subject to
unbalanced tension in the same direction.
3.6. 4 For towers with a vertical span coefficient (ratio of vertical
span to horizontal span) less than 0.8 in heavy icing areas, the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
conductor cross-arms and earthwire supports shall be checked with

the uplifting force caused by bouncing of conductors and earthwires
during de-icing and by uneven icing, which shall be 5%-10% and 5%
of the maximum working tension respectively for conductors and
earthwires. In cases where there is significant height difference
between neighboring tension towers, the torques of cross-arms of
tension towers shall be checked as well.
3.7 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on

Conductors and Earthwires
3.7. 1 The characteristic value of wind loads applied on conductors

and earthwires shall be calculated as follows:
Wx   Wo z sc c d Lp B1 sin 2  (3.7.1-1)
Wo  V 2 /1600 (3.7.1-2)
Where:
Wx —characteristic value of horizontal wind loads perpendicular
to conductors and earthwires, kN;
 —non-uniformity coefficient of wind pressure, which shall be
determined based on the design reference wind speed as
specified in Table 3.7.1-1;
z —altitude variation coefficient of wind pressure, which can be
determined as per Table 3.7.1-2 if the reference height is 10 m;
sc —shape factor of conductors or earthwires, which shall be 1.2
when the line is less than 17 mm in diameter or coated with
ice (regardless of diameter), and shall be 1.1 when the line
diameter is 17 mm or above;
c —adjustment coefficient of wind loads of conductors and
earthwires for 500 kV and 750 kV transmission lines, only
27
DL / T 5154 — 2012
used for calculating the wind loads of conductors and

earthwires acting on towers (the tension sags and wind
deflection angles of conductors and earthwires are not
considered), c shall be determined in accordance with Table
3.7.1-1; The c for lines of other voltage levels shall be 1.0;
d —outer diameter of conductors or earthwires, or their calculated
outer diameter when coated with ice. For a bundle
conductor, its outer diameter shall be the sum of outer
diameters of all conductor bundles, m;
Lp —horizontal span of towers, m;
B1 —magnification factor of wind load of a conductor, earthwire
or insulator string after being coated with ice, which shall
be taken as 1.1 for areas with an icing thickness of 5 mm,
1.2 for areas with an icing thickness of 10 mm, 1.3 for
areas with an icing thickness of 15 mm, and 1.5-2.0 for
areas with an icing thickness of 20 mm or above;
θ —the included angle between the wind direction and direction
of conductors or earthwires;
Wo —characteristic value for reference wind pressure, kN/m2;
V —wind speed at the reference height of 10 m, m/s.
Table 3.7.1-1 Non-uniformity coefficient of wind pressure and wind

load adjustment coefficient  for conductors and earthwires
Wind Speed V 20≤V＜ 27≤V＜
＜20 ≥31.5
(m/s) 27 31.5
Tower load calculation 1.00 0.85 0.75 0.70
 Tower design (for wind deflection
1.00 0.75 0.61 0.61
calculation)
 c 500 kV and 750 kV tower load calculation 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
Note: For jumper calculation,  should be 1.0.
28
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Table 3.7.1-2 Height coefficient of wind pressure  z
Height above Ground or Roughness Category of the Ground

Sea Level (m) A B C D
5 1.17 1.00 0.74 0.62
10 1.38 1.00 0.74 0.62
15 1.52 1.14 0.74 0.62
20 1.63 1.25 0.84 0.62
30 1.80 1.42 1.00 0.62
40 1.92 1.56 1.13 0.73
50 2.03 1.67 1.25 0.84
60 2.12 1.77 1.35 0.93
70 2.20 1.86 1.45 1.02
80 2.27 1.95 1.54 1.11
90 2.34 2.02 1.62 1.19
100 2.40 2.09 1.70 1.27
150 2.64 2.38 2.03 1.61
200 2.83 2.61 2.30 1.92
250 2.99 2.80 2.54 2.19
300 3.12 2.97 2.75 2.45
350 3.12 3.12 2.94 2.68
400 3.12 3.12 3.12 2.91
≥450 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12
Note: Roughness category of the ground: category A refers to offshore areas and
sea island, seaside, lakeside and desert; category B refers to open land,
countryside, jungle, hills, and towns and suburbs with sparsely distributed
houses; category C refers to urban areas with densely distributed buildings;
and category D refers to urban areas with densely distributed high-rise
buildings.
29
DL / T 5154 — 2012
3.8 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on Towers
3.8. 1 The characteristic value of tower wind load shall be calculated

according to the following formula:
Ws  Wo z s B2 As z (3.8.1)
Where:
Ws —characteristic value of wind loads on a tower, kN;
s —shape factor of a member, which should be taken as 1.3
(1+) for tower supports and 0.7 for reinforced concrete
towers with circular section;
B2 —magnification factor of wind load of a tower member after
being coated with ice, which should be taken as 1.1 for
areas with an icing thickness of 5 mm, 1.2 for areas with an
icing thickness of 10 mm, 1.6 for areas with an icing
thickness of 15 mm, 1.8 for areas with an icing thickness of
20 mm, and 2.02.5 for areas with an icing thickness of
over 20 mm;
As —calculated projection area of windward member, m2;
—reduction factor of leeward load of a tower which can be
determined according to Table 3.8.1-1;
 z —adjustment factor of tower wind loads. For towers with
height not exceeding 60 m, it shall be the same along the
tower as specified in Table 3.8.1-2; for towers with height
exceeding 60 m, it shall be increased section by section
from bottom to top in compliance with the current national
standard GB 50009 Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures. However, the weighted average shall not be
lower than 1.6 and 1.8 respectively for self-supporting
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
tower and guyed tower with single stem. For foundations

of towers with height less than 60 m, it shall be 1.0; if the
tower is 60 m high or above, it shall be increased section
by section from bottom to top, but the weighted average
shall not be lower than 1.3.
Table 3.8.1-1 Reduction factor of leeward load of towers η

As/A
≤0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ＞0.6
b/a
≤1 1.0 0.85 0.66 0.50 0.33 0.15
2 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.60 0.45 0.30
Notes:
1 A is the contour area of the tower; a is the width of the windward side of the
tower; b is the distance between the windward side and leeward side of the
tower.
2 Intermediate values can be calculated with linear interpolation method.
Table 3.8.1-2 Adjustment factor of wind load of towers  z
Overall Tower Height H (m) 20 30 40 50 60
Guyed Tower with Single Stem 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8
z
Other Towers 1.0 1.25 1.35 1.5 1.6
Notes:
1 The intermediate value can be calculated using the linear interpolation method.
2 For self-supporting towers, the values in the table are applicable to towers with
a ratio of height to heel span of 4  6.
3.9 Characteristic Value of Wind Load on Insulator Strings
3.9. 1 The characteristic value of wind load on insulator strings

shall be calculated as follows:
WI  Wo z B1 AI (3.9.1)
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Where:
WI —characteristic value of wind loads on an insulator string,
kN;
AI —calculated value of wind pressure area of an insulator
string, m2.
32
DL / T 5154 — 2012
4 Materials
4.0. 1 The steel shall be reasonably selected according to the role,

type, connection of structures, steel thickness, and ambient environment
and temperature conditions. Generally, Q235, Q345, Q390 and Q420
steels should be used, and Q460 steels may be used if conditions
permit. The quality of steel shall conform to the current national
standards GB/T 700 Carbon Structural Steel and GB/T 1591 High
Strength Low Alloy Structural Steels.
4.0. 2 All tower structures shall be made of steel with quality not
inferior to Grade B. If the working temperature of structures is not
higher than 40℃, the quality of Q235, Q345, and Q390 welding
members and Q420 steels shall not be inferior to Grade C, the quality
of Q460 steels shall not be inferior to Grade D, and the bolt holes
should be made through drilling.
4.0. 3 If steel plates with thickness of 40 mm and above are used,
measures shall be taken to prevent lamellar tearing during welding.
4.0. 4 For bolt connections, hot-dip galvanized bolts and nuts of
Grades 4.8, 5.8, 6.8, and 8.8 should be employed, and Grade 10.9
bolts may be used when the condition permits. Their material and
mechanical properties shall respectively conform to current national
standards GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners—Bolts,
Screws and Studs, GB/T 3098.2 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners—
Nuts—Coarse Thread and DL/T 284 Hot-dip Galvanized Bolts and
Nuts for Tower and Hardware of Transmission Lines.
4.0. 5 The electrodes for manual welding of steels shall conform to
the current national standards GB/T 5117 Covered Electrodes for
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Manual Metal Arc Welding of Non-alloy and Fine Grain Steels and
GB/T 5118 Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of
Creep-resisting Steels.
4.0. 6 In automatic welding and semi-automatic welding, welding
wire and welding flux suitable for metal strength of the main body
shall be used. Measures shall be taken to ensure that the tensile
strength of deposited metal is not lower than that of manual welding
electrodes. For welding steels of different strength, the welding
consumables may be selected according to the low-strength steel. The
welding wire shall conform to the current national standard GB
50661 Code for Welding of Steel Structures.
4.0. 7 The reinforcements for normal reinforced concrete poles and
pre-stressed concrete poles with circular cross-sections should meet
the following requirements:
1 For ordinary reinforcements, class HRB 400 and HRB 335
should be employed, and class HPB 300 and RRB 400 may be
employed as well.
2 For pre-stressed reinforcements, pre-stressed steel wires
should be employed, and heat-treated reinforcement may be
employed as well.
4.0. 8 For ordinary reinforced concrete eccentric circular poles, the
concrete strength should not be lower than C40; for pre-stressed
concrete eccentric circular poles, the concrete strength should not be
lower than C50; when the condition permits, concrete with higher
strength shall be applied. For other pre-cast members, concrete
strength shall not be lower than C30.
4.0. 9 The mechanical properties of steel (section steel) shall
conform to the current national standards GB/T 1591 High Strength
Low Alloy Structural Steels and GB/T 700 Carbon Structural Steel.
34
DL / T 5154 — 2012
4.0. 10 The design strength of steel shall conform to the current

national standard GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures. The
design hole-wall compressive strength shall be determined according
to Table 4.0.10-1, and the design strength for bolts and anchor bolts
shall be determined according to Table 4.0.10-2.
Table 4.0.10-1 Design hole-wall compressive

strength of steel (N/mm2)
Steel Thickness or Diameter (mm) Hole-wall Compressive Strength*
≤16
＞16  40
Q235 370
＞40  60
＞60  100
≤16 510
＞16  35 490
Q345
＞35  50 440
＞50  100 415
≤16 530
＞16  35 510
Q390
＞35  50 480
＞50  100 450
≤16 560
＞16  35 535
Q420
＞35  50 510
＞50  100 480

Note: *The hole-wall compressive strength is applicable to members where the
distance between the bolt and the member end is not less than 1.5d (d refers
to bolt diameter).
35
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Table 4.0. 10-2 Design strength for bolts and

anchor bolts (N/mm2)
Category Thickness
Compressive Hole-wall
or Tensile Shear
and Flexural Compressive
Diameter Strength Strength
Strength Strength*
Material (mm)
Nominal
Class 4.8 diameter 200 — 170 420
d≤39
Nominal
d≤39
Galvanized Nominal Compressive
rough bolts Class 6.8 diameter 300 — 240 strength of 600
(Grade C) d≤39 stud
Nominal
d≤39
Nominal
Class 10.9 diameter 500 — 380 900
d≤39
Outer
Q235 steel diameter 160 — — —
≥16
Outer
Q345 steel diameter 205 — — —
≥16
No.35
high- Outer
Anchor quality diameter 190 — — —
bolt carbon ≥16
steel
No.45
Outer
high-quality
diameter 215 — — —
carbon
≥16
steel
40Cr alloy
structure Outer 260 — — —
steel diameter
36
DL / T 5154 — 2012
≥16

Category Thickness
Compressive Hole-wall
or Tensile Shear
and Flexural Compressive
Diameter Strength Strength
Strength Strength*
Material (mm)
42CrMo
Outer
Anchor alloy diameter 310 — — —
bolt structure
≥16
steel
Notes:
1 *The hole-wall compressive strength is applicable to members where the
distance between the bolt and the member end is not less than 1.5d (d refers to
bolt diameter).
2 High strength bolt of Grade 8.8 shall be supplied with Category A (plastic
property) and B test certificates.
3 The tensile strength of 40Cr and 42CrMo alloy structure steels shall be the
strength after heat treatment. The mechanical properties of heat- treated
materials shall conform to the current national standard GB/T 3077 Alloy
Structure Steels.
4.0. 11 The physical properties of steel (section steel) shall

conform to the current national standard GB 50017 Code for Design
of Steel Structures.
4.0. 12 The design strength of welds shall conform to the current
national standard GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures.
4.0. 13 The guys should be of galvanized steel strands, the design
strength of which shall conform to the current national standard YB/T
5004 Zinc-coated Steel Wire Strands. The overall design tensile
strength of such a strand shall include the conversion factors, 0.92 for
7-strand wire, and 0.9 for 19-strand wire.
4.0. 14 The characteristic and design values of axial compressive
37
DL / T 5154 — 2012
and tensile strength of concrete shall conform to the current national

standard GB 50010 Code for Design of Concrete Structures.
4.0. 15 The modulus of elasticity of concrete in compression or
tension shall conform to the current national standard GB 50010
Code for Design of Concrete Structures.
4.0. 16 The characteristic and design strength of ordinary
reinforcements and pre-stressed reinforcements shall conform to the
current national standard GB 50010 Code for Design of Concrete
Structures.
4.0. 17 The modulus of elasticity of reinforcements shall conform
to the current national standard GB 50010 Code for Design of
Concrete Structures.
38
DL / T 5154 — 2012
5 Basic Requirement
5.1 General Provision for Calculation
5.1. 1 The tower structure design shall be carried out with the limit
state design method based on the probability theory. Reliability
indexes shall be used to measure the reliability of structural members.
The limit state design expressions are given in terms of characteristic
values for load, property of material, geometric parameter and various
partial coefficients.
5.1. 2 The limit state of structures refers to the critical state that
structures or members can meet the safe operation of lines under
various specified load combinations, or under various limit conditions
for deformations or cracks. The limit states may be divided into
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.
1 Ultimate limit state: It refers to the state when the structure
or member reaches the maximum load-bearing capacity or the
deformation that makes the structure no longer suitable for bearing
loads, which shall be calculated using the following formula:
 o ( G SGk   Qi SQik ) ≤ R (5.1.2-1)
Where:
 o — importance factor of a tower structure, which should be no
less than 1.1 for important lines, and should be 0.9 for
temporary lines and 1.0 for other lines;
 G — partial factor of permanent loads.  G shall not be larger
than 1.0 for loads favorable for structure stress and shall be
39
DL / T 5154 — 2012
1.2 for loads unfavorable for structure stress. For check of

anti-slipping or anti-overturning of structure, a value of 0.9
shall be taken;
 Qi — partial factor of variable load i, which shall be 1.4;
SGk— effect of characteristic value of permanent load;
SQik — effect of characteristic value of variable load i;
 — combination coefficient of variable loads, which shall be
determined according to Table 5.1.2-1;
R— design value of resistance of a structure or member.
Table 5.1.2-1 Variable load combination coefficient

for calculation of various types of towers
Normal Operation Line Breakage Construction Non-uniform Check
Condition Condition Condition icingCondition Condition
1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.75
2 Serviceability limit state: It refers to state when the

deformation or crack of structures or members reaches the limit value
specified for normal service and durability, which shall be calculated
using the following formula:
SGk   SQik ≤ C (5.1.2-2)
Where:
C—specified limit of crack width or deformation of a structure
or member, mm.
3 The earthquake resistance verification for load-bearing
capacity of structures or members shall be carried out using the
following formula:
 G SGe   Eh SEhk   Ev SEvk   EQ SEQk  wE Swk ≤ R /  RE
(5.1.2-3)
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Where:
 Eh ,  Ev —partial factor of horizontal/vertical seismic actions,
which shall be determined according to Table 5.1.2-2;
Table 5.1. 2-2 Partial factor for seismic action
Seismic Action Considered  Eh  Ev
Only horizontal seismic action is considered 1.3 0

Only vertical seismic action is considered 0 1.3
Mainly horizontal seismic
Both horizontal and vertical 1.3 0.5
action
seismic actions are
considered Mainly vertical seismic
0.5 1.3
action
SGe— effect of representative value of permanent loads;

SEhk— effect of characteristic value of horizontal seismic action;
SEvk— effect of characteristic value of vertical seismic action;
EQ— combination of partial factors of variable tension loads of
conductors and earthwires, which shall be 0.5;
SEQk— effect of representative value of variable tension loads of
conductors and earthwires;
Swk— effect of characteristic value of wind loads;
 wE— combination factor of wind loads in basic combination for
seismic calculation, which may be taken as 0.3;
RE— adjustment factor of seismic capacity, which shall be
determined according to Table 5.1.2-3.
Table 5.1.2-3 Adjustment factor of seismic capacity

Adjustment Factor of
Material Structure and Member
Seismic Capacity
Crossing towers 0.85
Steel Other towers 0.80
Welds and bolts 1.00
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Adjustment Factor of
Material Structure and Member
Seismic Capacity
Crossing towers 0.90

Concrete-filled steel tubular
Reinforced 0.80
towers
concrete
Reinforced concrete pole 0.80
Various shear members 0.85
5.1. 3 Strength, stability and connection strength of a structure or

member shall be calculated as per the ultimate limit state by adopting
design value of loads and material strength. Deformation or crack of a
structure or member shall be calculated as per the serviceability limit
state by adopting characteristic value of loads and serviceability limit
value.
5.1. 4 For calculation of suspension towers without guys under
longitudinal loads, holding force of earthwires along the line may be
considered. But the maximum holding force shall not exceed the
allowable grip force of earthwire clamp, and certain tolerance shall be
considered.
5.1. 5 For regular guyed tower, when simplified calculation of
stress is adopted for the guy, a magnification coefficient of 1.05 shall
be multiplied.
5.1. 6 The initial stress for guys of towers shall be controlled within
120 N/mm2-140 N/mm2, and the pretension for tension members can
be 20%-30% of its maximum working tension.
5.1. 7 Bearing capacity of redundant members of a tower shall be
normally no less than 2% of the internal force of the supported main
member or 5% of the internal force of the diagonal bracing. If the
42
DL / T 5154 — 2012
included angle between stressed members is less than 25°, the

bearing capacity of their redundant members shall be properly
increased or determined through tests.
5.1. 8 For various types of towers in medium and heavy icing areas,
the effects of icing on structural members shall be taken into account
under icing condition.
5.1. 9 The following types of towers should not be used for power
lines in heavy icing areas:
1 Towers on which conductors are arranged asymmetrically;
2 Steel towers with non-square cross-sections.
5.1. 10 The tower structure shall be designed in light of the
characteristics of heavy icing lines:
1 The root structures of guyed towers should be hinged
supports;
2 Rotational or deformable cross-arms shall not be used;
3 Self-supporting towers should be used for 110 kV angle
towers with an angle of more than 30° as well as tension towers of
220 kV and above;
4 Means shall be provided for reinforced concrete poles to
allow for climbing during icing period.
5.1. 11 If towers of spatial truss structure are used, the internal
force shall be analyzed through three-dimensional calculation model
and program. When the internal force of towers is analyzed manually,
simplified calculation can be adopted as per Appendix B. Process
drawing of tower structures shall be in consistence with calculation
drawing of internal force.
5.1. 12 For calculation of towers with unequal leg extensions,
various configuration modes of unequal leg extensions selected shall
be calculated as per all load combinations for engineering design.
43
DL / T 5154 — 2012
5.2 General Provision for Tower Structures
5.2. 1 Under the long-term load effect combination (no icing, wind
speed of 5 m/s and annual average temperature), the calculated
deflection of towers (foundation inclination and displacement of
guying point not considered) shall meet the requirements as specified
in Table 5.2.1.
Table 5.2.1 Calculated tower deflection (foundation inclination and

displacement of guying point not considered)
Limits on Calculated
Item
Tower Deflection
Unguyed suspension tangent pole of reinforced
5h/1000
concrete with single stem
Top of guyed suspension tangent tower/pole 4h/1000
Guyed suspension tangent tower, tower/pole body
2h1/1000
below the guying point
Self-supporting suspension tangent tower 3h/1000
Self-supporting suspension angle tower 5h/1000
Strain angle tower and self-supporting terminal tower 7h/1000
Notes:
1 h is the height from the top surface of foundation for the longest tower leg to
the calculating point; h1 is the height from the guying point on the tower to the
ground.
2 Pre-deflection requirements for construction shall be set forth in design as per
the characteristics of tower.
5.2. 2 Considering the standard combination of effect of loads, the

control class of cracks in the normal section of common and partial
pre-stressed reinforced concrete members shall be class Ⅲ. The
allowable widths of crack in them shall be 0.2 mm and 0.1 mm
respectively. The control class of cracks in the normal section of
44
DL / T 5154 — 2012
pre-stressed reinforced concrete shall be class Ⅱ, and normally no

crack is allowed.
5.2. 3 The maximum allowable slenderness ratio of members of
steel structures shall comply with Table 5.2.3.
Table 5.2.3 Maximum allowable slenderness ratio of

members of steel structures
Maximum Allowable Slenderness
Item Ratio of Members of Steel
Structure
Main compression members 150
Compression members 200
Redundant members 250
Tension members (pre-stressed tension
members are not restricted by 400
slenderness ratio)
5.2. 4 The maximum allowable slenderness ratio of the main

column of guyed towers shall comply with Table 5.2.4.
Table 5.2.4 Maximum allowable slenderness ratio of the

main column of guyed towers
Maximum Allowable Slenderness
Item Ratio of the Main Column of
Guyed Towers
Common concrete tangent pole 180
Pre-stressed concrete tangent pole 200
Strain angle and terminal towers 160
Main column of single-stem guyed
80
steel tower
Main column of double-stem
110
guyed steel tower
45
DL / T 5154 — 2012
5.2. 5 Corrosion protection measures such as hot-dip galvanizing or

other equivalents shall be provided for iron parts of towers. The guy
rods in heavy corrosion areas shall have a diameter 2 mm more than
the calculated value or shall be provided with other additional
effective protection measures.
5.2. 6 The thread part of shear bolts shall not fall within the shear
plane. Where this cannot be avoided, the verification of shear strength
shall be performed based on the net area.
5.2. 7 Anti-loosening measures shall be taken for tensile bolts and
those at locations subject to vibration such as cross-arms or top
brackets. Anti-unscrewing measures shall be taken for connecting
bolts on tower legs and guys close to the ground.
46
DL / T 5154 — 2012
6 Calculation and Cross-section

Selection for Members
6.1 Calculation and Cross-section Selection

for Tower Members
6.1. 1 The strength of axially loaded members shall comply with

the following requirement:
N / An ≤ m f (6.1.1)
Where：
N —design value of axial tension or axial compression, N;
m—reduction factor of member strength, which shall be sourced
from Table 6.1.1;
An—net cross-section area of a member, mm2; for tension
members connected with several rows of bolts, saw-tooth
damages should be considered in the calculation;
f —design value of steel strength, N/mm2.
Table 6.1.1 Reduction factor of member strength

Compression Member Tension Member
Double leg connected Double leg connected angle
1.00 1.00
angle member member
Single leg connected angle
Single leg connected
0.85 member 0.70
angle member
(leg width＞40 mm)
Single leg connected angle
Combined member
1.00 member 0.55
(without eccentricity)
(leg width≤40 mm)
Combined member
0.85
(with eccentricity)
47
DL / T 5154 — 2012
6.1. 2 The stability of axially compressed members shall comply

with the following requirements:
N / ( A) ≤ mN f (6.1.2-1)
When ≤   , mN = 1.0
b b
t  t lim
b
When   ＜ ≤
b b 380
, mN  1.677  0.677 t (6.1.2-2)
 t lim t fy b
 
 t lim
For axially compressed members:
 b  =(10 + 0.1 ) 235
  (6.1.2-3)
 t lim fy
For compressed bending members:

 b  = 15 235
  (6.1.2-4)
 t lim fy
Where:
A —gross sectional area of a member, mm2;
 —slenderness ratio of a member; the value of  should be
taken as 30 when it is smaller than 30 and as 100 when it
is greater than 100;
f y —yield strength of steel, N/mm2;
mN —reduction factor of stability strength of compression
members, which should be determined based on the ratio
of the outstanding width b (Figure 6.1.2) of a flange to
the thickness t;
 —stability factor of axially compressed members, which
should be determined according to 6.1.3.
48
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 6.1.2 Schematic drawing of outstanding width of flanges
6.1. 3 The stability factor of axially compressed member shall be

determined according to the following requirements:
1 Appendix C shall apply for the stability of equal-leg single
angle members about their axis with the minimum radius of gyration;
2 For latticed combined structures, the equivalent slenderness
ratio shall be first calculated according to Table C.0.2 in Appendix C
to further determine the stability factor according to Table C.0.1-1
and Table C.0.1-2 in Appendix C;
3 For combined angle members with dual-axis symmetrical
crisscross section (Figure 6.1.3), the formula 6.1.3 shall be used to
calculate the effective radius of gyration to further determine the
stability factor according to Appendix C.
t
rt  b12  0.16L2 (6.1.3)
2b1
Where:
rt —equivalent radius of gyration of a crisscross-section; when
rt ≥rx, rt≥ry , or rt≥ru, rt = rx, rt = ry, or rt = ru;
b1—distance from the centroid to the edge of a crisscross-section,
mm;
49
DL / T 5154 — 2012
L—effective length of a member, mm.
Figure 6.1.3 Schematic drawing of combined angle members

with dual-axis symmetrical crisscross sections
6.1. 4 Calculation for bending members

Mx My
 ≤f (6.1.4)
Wx Wy
Where:
Mx, My —design bending moment respectively about axis x and
axis y, N·mm;
Wx, Wy—resistance moment of a cross-section respectively
about axis x and axis y, mm3.
6.1. 5 Calculation of stability in the flexural plane of compressed
bending members
N M
 ≤f (6.1.5-1)
 mN A  N 
W 1  0.8
 N EX 
NEX  π2 EA / (1.1x2 ) (6.1.5-2)
Where:
M —design bending moment, N·mm;
W —resistance moment of a cross-section, mm3;
50
DL / T 5154 — 2012
E —modulus of elasticity of steel, N/mm2;

x —slenderness ratio of a member about x-x;
N EX —parameter.
6.1. 6 Calculation of strength in the flexural plane of tensioned
bending members
N M
 ≤f (6.1.6)
m An W
6.1. 7 For axially compressed members, the shear shall be
calculated using the following formula:
N fy
Vs  (6.1.7)
85 235
Notes:
1 The value of shear Vs can be regarded as constant along the full length
of a member.
2 For axially compressed latticed members, the shear Vs shall be regarded
as borne by the bracing elements in the stressed plane (including the
plane formed by integral plates).
6.1. 8 The effective length of members shall comply with the
following requirements:
1 The effective length of main members shall be sourced from
Table 6.1.8-1.
Table 6.1.8-1 Effective length of main members
Effective Effective Radius of
Structure Type Length L0 Gyration r
51
DL / T 5154 — 2012
L ry0

Effective Effective Radius of
Structure Type
Length L0 Gyration r
1.2 L rx
1.2 L rx
52
DL / T 5154 — 2012
2 L/3 ry0
Note: All angles have equal legs.
2 The effective length of crossing diagonal bracings shall be

sourced from Table 6.1.8-2.
Table 6.1.8-2 Effective length of crossing diagonal bracings

One Tension Diagonal
Bracing and One
Bracing and One
Compression Diagonal
Bracing, the Internal
Force of the Former
Force of the Former
Being Less than 20%
Being Greater than or
No. Structure Type of that of the Latter, or
Equal to 20% of that
Two Compression
of the Latter
Diagonal Bracings
Effective Effective
Effective Effective
length radius of length radius of
gyration gyration
L0 L0
r r
1 L2 ry0 KL3 rx
53
DL / T 5154 — 2012
2 1.1 L2 rx KL3 rx
3 L2 rx — —

Bracing and One
Bracing and One
Force of the Former
Force of the Former
Being Less than 20%
Being Greater than or
No. Structure Type of that of the Latter, or
Equal to 20% of that
Two Compression
of the Latter
Diagonal Bracings
Effective Effective Effective Effective

L0 gyration L0 gyration
r r
54
DL / T 5154 — 2012
4 1.1 L2 rx KL3 rx
5 1.1 L2 rx KL3 rx
Notes:
1 All angles have equal legs.
2 As shown in the table, the crossing diagonal bracings shall be continuous at the
intersections for structure types 1, 2, 4 and 5, while for structure type 3, this is
not necessary.
3 K is the correction coefficient of effective length of crossing diagonal bracings
and shall be determined according to 6.1.9.
3 The effective length of K-shaped diagonal bracings shall be
sourced from Table 6.1.8-3.
Table 6.1.8-3 Effective length of K-shaped diagonal bracings

One Tension Compression
Diagonal Bracing and Diagonal Bracings
One Compression Meeting at One Point
Diagonal Bracing on the Main Member
No. Structure Type
gyration gyration
L0 L0
r r
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
1 L1 ry0 0.65 L2 rx
2 L1 ry0 — —
0.55 L3
3 L1 ry0 rx
(a≥0.25)

One Tension Compression
Diagonal Bracing and Diagonal Bracings
One Compression Meeting at One Point
Diagonal Bracing on the Main Member
No. Structure Type
gyration gyration
L0 L0
r r
56
DL / T 5154 — 2012
0.55 L3
(a≥0.4)
4 L1 ry0 rx
0.65 L2
(a≥1.0)
Notes:
1 All angles have equal legs.
2 The effective length of diagonal bracings for tower legs shall be multiplied with
a magnification factor of 1.2.
3 For compression diagonal bracings that meet at one point on the main member,
the slenderness ratio can be taken as the same with that of the redundant
member.
4 As shown in structure types 3 and 4, the horizontal connecting rods shall be
regarded as stressed members which shall be considered in the calculation of
the tower body. a is the rigidity ratio between the horizontal bracing and the
diagonal bracing.
6.1. 9 The correction coefficient of effective length of crossing

diagonal bracings shall be determined according to the formulas
below:
In case of one tension diagonal bracing and one compression
diagonal bracing:
K  (L2 /L3 ) (1  3N0 /4N ) ≥ 0.5 (6.1.9-1)
In case of two compression diagonal bracings:
K  0.5(1  N0 /N ) (6.1.9-2)
Where:
N —internal force (N) of the diagonal bracing considered,
absolute value;
N0 —internal force (N) of the other crossing diagonal bracing,
57
DL / T 5154 — 2012
absolute valve; in case of two compression diagonal

bracings, N0 shall be no greater than N.
6.2 Calculation for Circular Cross-section

Reinforced Concrete Poles
6.2. 1 The resistance shall be calculated according to the following

requirements:
1 The tension resistance of a normal cross-section of axially
tensioned members can be calculated using the formula below:
N f As (6.2.1-1)
Where:
N —design axial tension, N;
As—cross-section area of a longitudinal ordinary reinforcement,
mm2;
f —design tensile strength of a longitudinal ordinary reinforcement,
N/mm2.
2 The compression resistance of a normal cross-section of
axially compressed members can be calculated using the formula
below:
N ≤ 0.9c ( fc A  f  As ) (6.2.1-2)
Where:
N —design axial compression, N;
f  —design value of compressive strength of a longitudinal
ordinary reinforcement, N/mm2;
A —cross-section area of a member, mm2. If the longitudinal
reinforcement ratio is greater than 3%, the cross-section
area of the member (A) shall exclude the cross-section area
of longitudinal ordinary reinforcements (As);
58
DL / T 5154 — 2012
f c —design value of concrete axial compressive strength,

N/mm2;
c —stability factor of circular cross-section reinforced concrete
poles, which shall be sourced from Table 6.2.1.
Table 6.2.1 Stability factor of circular cross-section

reinforced concrete poles (  c )
Slenderness
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ratio
40 0.960 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.940 0.935 0.930 0.925 0.920 0.913
50 0.905 0.898 0.890 0.884 0.876 0.868 0.860 0.852 0.844 0.837
60 0.830 0.820 0.810 0.802 0.794 0.786 0.778 0.769 0.760 0.752
70 0.745 0.738 0.730 0.722 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693 0.686 0.678
80 0.670 0.663 0.656 0.648 0.641 0.634 0.627 0.620 0.613 0.606
90 0.600 0.594 0.588 0.581 0.574 0.568 0.563 0.557 0.552 0.546
100 0.540 0.535 0.530 0.525 0.520 0.515 0.510 0.504 0.498 0.492
110 0.486 0.481 0.476 0.469 0.462 0.456 0.450 0.445 0.440 0.434
120 0.428 0.422 0.416 0.409 0.402 0.397 0.392 0.386 0.380 0.375
130 0.370 0.365 0.360 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.336 0.331 0.326 0.321
140 0.316 0.310 0.304 0.300 0.297 0.293 0.290 0.285 0.280 0.275
150 0.271 0.266 0.262 0.257 0.253 0.249 0.246 0.242 0.238 0.234
160 0.230 0.225 0.221 0.218 0.215 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.201
170 0.200 0.198 0.195 0.192 0.190 0.189 0.188 0.187 0.186 0.185
180 0.184 — — — — — — — — —
3 The bending resistance of a normal cross-section of bending

members can be calculated using the formulas below:
sin π sin π  sin π t
M ≤ 1 fc A (r1  r2 ) f As rs
2π π
(6.2.1-3)
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
f As
 (6.2.1-4)
1 fc A  2.5 f As
 t  1  1.5 (6.2.1-5)
The relative reinforcement ratio ω should comply with the
formula below:
f As
 ≤ 0.9 (6.2.1-6)
1 f c A
Where:
M —design bending moment, N·mm;
r1, r2—inner/outer radius of a pole, mm;
rs —radius of the circle formed by longitudinal ordinary
reinforcements, mm;
fc —design value of concrete axial compressive strength,
N/mm2;
α1 —ratio of the stress in the rectangular stress block of
concrete in a compression zone to the design value of
concrete axial compressive strength. If the concrete
strength is not greater than C50, α1 is 1.0; if the concrete
strength is C80, α1 is 0.94; the intermediate value of α1
shall be determined using the linear interpolation
method;
α —ratio of the cross-section area of concrete under compres-
sion to the full cross-section area;
αt—ratio of the cross-section area of longitudinal tension
reinforcements to the total cross-section area of longitu-
dinal reinforcements. When α＞2/3, αt = 0;
ω —relative reinforcement ratio.
4 The tension resistance of a normal cross-section of
60
DL / T 5154 — 2012
eccentrically tensioned members can be calculated using the formula

below:
1
N≤ (6.2.1-7)
1 e
 o
Nu M u
Where:
N u —design value of axial tension resistance of member, N;
M u —design value of the bending resistance of normal
cross-section calculated based on the flexural plane
containing the application point of axial tension, N·mm;
eo —distance from the application point of the axial force to
the center of a cross-section, mm.
5 The resistance of cross-sections below the guying point of a
circular cross-section compressed bending pole made of reinforced
concrete shall comply with the formula below:
M Lx ( x / Lo )  M x  N f ≤ M (6.2.1-8)
Where:
M Lx —bending moment at pole end caused by an external force
above the guying point (including the bending moment
caused by guy eccentricity), N·mm;
M x —bending moment at the cross-section considered caused
by an external force applied on the pole section below
the guying point, N·mm;
Lo —effective length of a pole, mm. If the depth of the pole
section buried underground is no more than five times
the outer diameter of the pole (h/D0 ≤ 5), Lo = h + H.
Otherwise, Lo = h + 5 D0;
H —distance from the guying point of a pole (or the point
61
DL / T 5154 — 2012
where the resultant force is applied) to the ground, mm;

D0 —outer diameter of a pole;
f —algebraic sum of increased deflection of a pole at the
cross-section subject to calculation, which shall be
calculated according to item 6, mm.
6 The algebraic sum f of increased deflection of a pole at the
cross-section subject to calculation can be calculated using the
formulas below:
f  ( f0  f1  f 2  f 4 ) (6.2.1-9)
2L πx
f0  sin (6.2.1-10)
1000 Lo
q x 3
f1  ( Lo  2Lo x 2  x3 ) (6.2.1-11)
24 B
M Lx Lo x  x 2 
f2  1  2  (6.2.1-12)
6B  Lo 
p b x
f3  ( L2o  x 2  b2 ) (6.2.1-13)
6 Lo B
1
 (6.2.1-14)
N
1
N kp
π2 B
N kp  (6.2.1-15)
L2o
Where:
f0—initial deflection caused by manufacture and installation,
mm; see Figure 6.2.1 (d);
62
DL / T 5154 — 2012
f1—deflection caused by wind pressure on the pole, mm; see

Figure 6.2.1 (a);
f2—deflection caused by end bending moment MLx, mm; see
Figure 6.2.1 (b);
f3—deflection caused by concentrated transverse loads on the
pole, mm; see Figure 6.2.1 (c);
η —magnification factor due to eccentricity;
B—stiffness of a pole, N·mm2, which shall be calculated
according to 6.2.3;
Nkp—critical compression, N;
q —uniformly distributed wind load on a pole, N/mm.
7 The resistance of an oblique cross-section of concrete poles
shall be calculated according to Appendix D of this standard.
Figure 6.2.1 Drawings for calculation of deflection

Notes: When the pole section below the guying point is regarded as a compressed bending
member or an eccentrically compressed member, calculation shall be made not only for
the resistance of the flexural plane according to item 3 of 6.2.1 but for the resistance
normal to the flexural plane of the axially compressed member according to item 2 of
6.2.1. In this case, the effect of bending moment can be disregarded, but the longitudinal
bending shall be considered.
6.2. 2 The width of cracks in serviceability limit state shall be
checked according to the following requirements:
1 Under combination of short-term action effects of loads, the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
maximum width δfmax of cracks can be calculated using the formulas

below:
1) For bending members:
M s  M cr
 fmax  (200  S )  (6.2.2-1)
As Es rs
2) For eccentrically tensioned members and eccentrically
compressed members:
Ns  Ncr  eo 
 fmax  (200  S )  r  0.6   (6.2.2-2)
As Es  s 
Notes: For the item “±0.6” in the formula, “+” shall be used for tension
members, and “–” shall be used for compression members.
Where:
 fmax —maximum crack width, mm;
Ns —axial force of the check cross-section under combi-
nations of short-term action effects of loads, N;
Ms—bending moment of the check cross-section under
combinations of short-term action effects of loads,
N·mm;
Ncr —axial cracking force of the check cross-section, N, which
shall be calculated according to item 3 below;
Mcr—cracking moment of the check cross-section, N·mm,
which shall be calculated according to item 3 below;
S —spacing between spiral reinforcements, mm. For spacing
smaller than 100 mm, the value of 100 mm shall be
taken;
Es —modulus of elasticity of reinforcements, N/mm2;
 —coefficient related to surface features of longitudinally
stressed reinforcements, 0.7 for deformed reinforcements,
64
DL / T 5154 — 2012
1.0 for plain reinforcements, and 1.25 for cold-drawn

mild steel wires.
2 For check of crack width with formulas (6.2.2-1) and
(6.2.2-2) under combination of long-term action effects of loads, a
multiplier of 1.5 shall be applied in which case Ns and Ms shall be
calculated based on a combination of long-term action effects of
loads.
3 The cracking moment and axial force (cracking strength) of
a cross-section of members can be calculated using the formulas
below:
M cr   f tk Wd (6.2.2-3)
Wd  (r12  r22 ) Ao / (4r2 ) (6.2.2-4)
  2  0.4r1 / r2 (6.2.2-5)
Ao  A  ( E  1) As (6.2.2-6)
2) For eccentrically compressed members:
 f tk Wd
N cr  (6.2.2-7)
W
eo  d
Ao
3) For eccentrically tensioned members:
 f tk Wd
N cr  (6.2.2-8)
Wd
eo  
Ao
Where:
ftk —characteristic value of axial tensile strength of concrete,
N/mm2;
Ao —transformed sectional area of a pole, mm2;
Wd—elastic resistance moment of a transformed section of a
pole, mm3;
65
DL / T 5154 — 2012
αE —ratio of modulus of elasticity of reinforcements to that of

concrete;
γ —plastic coefficient of concrete within a tensile zone.
6.2. 3 Deformation shall be checked in accordance with the
1 The deflection of members in serviceability limit state can be
calculated using methods of structural mechanics based on the
rigidity of the members.
2 The short-term rigidity Bs of members that do not crack
under short-term action effects of loads can be calculated using the
formulas below:
Bs  0.85Ec I o (6.2.3-1)
1
Io  I  ( E  1) As rs2 (6.2.3-2)
2
Where:
Bs—short-term rigidity of a member, N·mm2;
Ec—modulus of elasticity of concrete, N/mm2;
Io —moment of inertia of a transformed section, mm4;
I —moment of inertia of a cross-section, mm4.
3 The short-term rigidity Bs of members that crack under
short-term action effects of loads can be calculated using the formulas
below:
1) For eccentrically stressed members:
As Es rs2
Bs  (6.2.3-3)
 r 
0.9 1  0.6 s    E 
 eo 
0.8M cr
 1 (6.2.3-4)
Ms
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
0.8 Ncr
 1 (6.2.3-5)
Ns
2) For bending members (eo→∞), the formula (6.2.3-3) can
be simplified as:
As Es rs2
Bs  (6.2.3-6)
0.9   E 
Where:
ρ—reinforcement ratio of a member;
ζ—non-uniformity coefficient of strain of tension reinforcements.
Notes:
1 For the item “±0.6” in formula (6.2.3-3), “+” shall be used for tension
members, and “–” shall be used for compression members.
2 If the relative eccentricity of an eccentrically compressed member is no
more than 0.6 (eo/rs ≤ 0.6) or the Bs resulted is no less than 0.425
Ao·Ec·r2s (Bs ≥ 0.425 Ao·Ec·r2s), Bs  0.425 Ao Ec rs2 .
4 The long-term rigidity, under combination of short-term
action effects of loads while considering long-term action effects of
loads, can be calculated using the formulas below:
Ms
BL  Bs (6.2.3-7)
0.6M L  M s
Ns
BL  Bs (6.2.3-8)
0.6 N L  Ns
Where:
BL —long-term rigidity of a member, N·mm2;
Ns, NL —axial force of the check cross-section under combina-
tions of short-term/long-term action effects, N;
Ms, ML—bending moment of the check cross-section under
combinations of short-term/long-term action effects,
67
DL / T 5154 — 2012
N·mm.
6.3 Calculation for Circular Cross-section

Pre-stressed Concrete Poles
6.3. 1 General provision

1 The control stress con used in tensioning of reinforcements
(steel wires) should not be greater than the values given in Table
6.3.1-1.
Table 6.3.1-1 Permissible control stress used in tensioning

Control Stress Used in
No. Type of Steel
Tensioning
1 Carbon steel wire and indented wire 0.75 fpty
Heat-treated reinforcement and cold-rolled 0.70 fpty
2
ribbed reinforcement
3 Cold drawn reinforcement 0.90 fpy
Notes:
1 In the table above, fpy and fpty are respectively the characteristic strength of
pre-stressed reinforcements and heat-treated reinforcements (N/mm2);
2 The control stress used in tensioning of carbon steel wires, indented wires,
heat-treated reinforcements, and cold-rolled ribbed reinforcements shall not be
less than 0.4 fpty;
3 The control stress used in tensioning of cold drawn reinforcements shall not be
less than 0.5 fpy.
2 The pre-stress loss shall be calculated in accordance with the

1) The pre-stress loss L1 (N/mm2) caused by deformation
of anchorages and shrinkage of reinforcements at the
tensioned end can be calculated using the formula below:
 L1  a Es / L (6.3.1-1)
68
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Where:
a —deformation of anchorage and shrinkage of reinforcement at
the tension end, mm, which shall be determined according to
the actual conditions and is generally taken as 1 mm for
button head anchorages;
L—length from the tensioned end to the anchored end, mm.
2) When concrete is heated for curing, the pre-stress loss
L3 caused by temperature difference between the
tensioned reinforcements and steel molds can be
calculated using the formula below:
 L3  2t (6.3.1-2)
Where:
Δt—temperature difference between the steel mold and the
reinforcements, which is generally taken as 20℃;
3) The pre-stress loss L4 caused by relaxation of pre-
stressed reinforcements shall be determined according to
Table 6.3.1-2.
Table 6.3.1-2 Calculation of pre-stress loss caused by relaxation

of pre-stressed reinforcements (L4)
Type of Reinforcement
L4
(Wire)
Common relaxation: 0.4 ( con / fpty  0.5) con

Where: for one-off tensioning: ζ=1; for over
tensioning: ζ = 0.9
Carbon steel wire and Under-relaxation:
indented wire When  con  0.7 fpty , 0.125( con / fpty  0.5) con
When 0.7 f pty＜ con ≤ 0.8 fpty , 0.20( con / f pty 
0.575) con
69
DL / T 5154 — 2012

Type of Reinforcement
L4
(Wire)
Cold drawn reinforcement For one-off tensioning: 0.05con; for over tensioning:
and heat-treated
0.035con
reinforcement
Cold-rolled ribbed
For one-off tensioning: 0.08con
reinforcement
4) The pre-stress loss caused by shrinkage and creep of

concrete can be calculated using the formulas below:
p
45  280
f cu
 L5  (6.3.1-3)
1  15
 con  ( L1   L3   L4 )
 p  Ap (6.3.1-4)
A  Ap ( Ep  1)
  ( Ap  As ) / A (6.3.1-5)
Where:
fcu —concrete cubic compressive strength when pre-stress is
applied, N/mm2. It shall be determined through calculation
and should not be smaller than 75% of design compressive
strength of concrete;
ρ —reinforcement ratio;
Ap—cross-section area of a longitudinal pre-stressed reinforcement,
mm2;
p —normal stress applied by pre-stressed reinforcements on
concrete cross-section considering the pre-stress loss
(L1+L3+L4) before preloading, N/mm2.
5) Total pre-stress loss:
 L   L1   L3   L4   L5 (6.3.1-6)
70
DL / T 5154 — 2012
If the calculated total loss of pre-stress L is less than 100

N/mm2, the value of 100 N/mm2 shall be taken for L.
3 The effective pre-stress on concrete cross-section considering
the total pre-stress loss can be calculated using the formulas below:
Ap ( con   L )
 pc  (6.3.1-7)
Ao
Ao  A  (Ep  1) Ap  (E  1) As (6.3.1-8)
Where:
pc —effective pre-stress on concrete cross-section considering
the total pre-stress loss, N/mm2;
αEp—ratio of modulus of elasticity of pre-stressed reinforcements
to that of concrete.
6.3. 2 The resistance shall be calculated according to the following
requirements:
1 The tension resistance of a normal cross-section of axially
tensioned members can be calculated using the formula below:
N≤ f As  f p Ap (6.3.2-1)
Where:
N—design axial tension, N;
fp—design value of tensile strength of pre-stressed
2
reinforcements, N/mm .
2 The resistance of a normal cross-section of axially compressed
N ≤ 0.9p [ fc A  f  As  ( f p   po ) Ap ] (6.3.2-2)
 po   con   L (6.3.2-3)
Where:
N—design axial compression, N;
71
DL / T 5154 — 2012
f p —design compressive strength of longitudinal pre-stressed

reinforcements, N/mm2;
po —effective pre-stress of pre-stressed reinforcements, N/mm2;
φp —stability factor of circular cross-section pre-stressed
concrete poles, which shall be sourced from Table 6.3.2.
Table 6.3.2 Stability factor of circular cross-section

pre-stressed concrete poles (φp)
Slenderness
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ratio
50 0.935 0.931 0.928 0.925 0.922 0.919 0.917 0.914 0.911 0.908
60 0.906 0.903 0.900 0.896 0.893 0.890 0.887 0.884 0.881 0.878
70 0.876 0.873 0.870 0.867 0.865 0.862 0.860 0.857 0.854 0.852
80 0.850 0.846 0.843 0.840 0.837 0.833 0.830 0.827 0.825 0.823
90 0.820 0.817 0.815 0.812 0.810 0.806 0.803 0.800 0.797 0.793
100 0.790 0.787 0.785 0.782 0.780 0.774 0.768 0.762 0.756 0.750
110 0.745 0.740 0.736 0.731 0.726 0.719 0.713 0.706 0.700 0.695
120 0.690 0.684 0.678 0.671 0.665 0.660 0.655 0.649 0.643 0.637
130 0.630 0.625 0.620 0.615 0.610 0.605 0.600 0.595 0.590 0.585
140 0.570 0.560 0.550 0.543 0.537 0.528 0.520 0.511 0.503 0.494
150 0.485 0.476 0.467 0.458 0.450 0.441 0.433 0.424 0.416 0.408
160 0.400 0.391 0.382 0.372 0.363 0.354 0.346 0.337 0.329 0.320
170 0.310 0.302 0.295 0.287 0.280 0.270 0.260 0.252 0.245 0.238
180 0.230 0.221 0.212 0.203 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.171 0.163 0.157
72
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Table 6.3.2 (continued)

Slenderness
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ratio
190 0.150 0.142 0.135 0.127 0.120 0.113 0.106 0.099 0.093 0.087
200 0.080 — — — — — — — — —
3 The bending resistance of a normal cross-section of bending

1) For members made of only pre-stressed reinforcements:
sin π sin π
M  1 f c A(r1  r2 )  f p Ap rp 
2π π
(6.3.2-4)
sin π t
( f p   po ) Ap rp
π
f p Ap
 (6.3.2-5)
1 fc A  f p Ap  1.5( f p   po ) Ap
 t  1  1.5 (6.3.2-6)
2) For members made of both pre-stressed reinforcements
and ordinary reinforcements:
sin π sin π  sin π t
M ≤ 1 f c A(r1  r2 ) f As rs 
2π π
sin π sin π t
f p Ap rp  ( f p   po ) Ap rp
π π
(6.3.2-7)
f p Ap
 (6.3.2-8)
1 fc A  2.5 f As  f p Ap  1.5( f p   po ) Ap
The relative reinforcement ratio ω should comply with the

formulas below:
73
DL / T 5154 — 2012
1) When only pre-stressed main reinforcements are used:

  ( fp Ap ) / (1 fc A) ≤ 0.75 (6.3.2-9)
2) When both pre-stressed and non-pre-stressed main

reinforcements are used:
  ( f p Ap  f As ) / (1 fc A) ≤1.25 (6.3.2-10)
Where:
rp—radius of the circle formed by longitudinally pre-stressed
reinforcements, mm.
4 The tension resistance of a normal cross-section of
eccentrically tensioned members for pre-stressed poles can be
1
N≤ (6.3.2-11)
1 e
 o
Nu M u
5 The resistance of cross-sections below the guying point on a
compressed bending pole with circular cross-section made of
pre-stressed concrete shall comply with the formula below:
M Lx ( x / Lo )  M x  N f ≤ M (6.3.2-12)
The rigidity of a pole shall be calculated according to 6.3.4.
6 The resistance of an oblique cross-section of pre-stressed
poles shall be calculated according to Appendix D.
6.3. 3 The crack resistance shall be checked according to the
1 For pre-stressed concrete poles where cracking is absolutely
not permissible (crack control level 1):
Tensioned edges shall not suffer tensile stress under combination
of short-term action effects of loads, that is:
74
DL / T 5154 — 2012
 sc   pc ≤ 0 (6.3.3-1)
Where:
sc—normal stress in the concrete at the edge for crack
resistance check under combination of short-term action
effects of loads, N/mm2.
2 For pre-stressed concrete poles where cracking is generally
not permissible (crack control level 2):
The following formula shall be used under combination of
short-term action effects of loads:
 sc   pc ≤ f tk (6.3.3-2)
The following formula shall be used under combination of

long-term action effects of loads:
 Lc   pc ≤ 0 (6.3.3-3)
Where:
ftk —characteristic value of axial tensile strength of concrete,
N/mm2;
Lc—normal stress in the concrete at the edge for crack
resistance check under combination of long-term action
effects of loads, N/mm2.
3 The normal stress in the concrete at the edge for crack
resistance check under combination of short-term/long-term action
effects of loads can be calculated using the formulas below:
1) For axially tensioned members:
N
 sc  s (6.3.3-4)
Ao
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
NL
 Lc  (6.3.3-5)
Ao
Ms
 sc  (6.3.3-6)
Wd
ML
 Lc  (6.3.3-7)
Wd
compressed members:
M N
 sc  s  s (6.3.3-8)
Wd Ao
M L NL
 Lc   (6.3.3-9)
Wd Ao
4 For pre-stressed concrete poles where cracking is permissible in
service, the maximum crack width under combination of short-term
action effects of loads can be calculated using the formulas below:
M s  M cr
 max  (200  S )  (6.3.3-10)
As Es rs
compressed members:
Ns  Ncr  eo 
 max  (200  S )  r  0.6   (6.3.3-11)
As Es  s 
Where:
Ncr, Mcr—respectively axial cracking force (N) and cracking
moment (N·mm) of a check cross-section of
member, which shall be calculated according to item
6 below.
76
DL / T 5154 — 2012
5 When checking the crack width under combination of

long-term action effects of loads with formulas (6.3.3-10) and
(6.3.3-11), a multiplier of 1.5 shall be applied, in which case Ns and
Ms shall be calculated based on the combination of long-term action
effects of loads.
6 The cracking moment and axial force (cracking strength) of
a cross-section of member can be calculated using the formulas
below:
M cr  ( pc   f tk ) Wd (6.3.3-12)
2) For eccentrically compressed members:

( pc   f tk ) Wd
N cr  (6.3.3-13)
Wd
eo 
Ao
3) For eccentrically tensioned members:

( pc   f tk ) Wd
N cr  (6.3.3-14)
W
eo  d
Ao
6.3. 4 Deformation shall be checked in accordance with the

1 The deflection of members in normal service state can be
calculated using methods of structural mechanics based on the
rigidity of the members.
2 The short-term rigidity Bs of pre-stressed concrete poles can
be calculated using the formulas below:
1) For members where cracking is not permissible:
77
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Bs  0.85Ec I o (6.3.4-1)
1 1
Io  I  ( E  1) As rs2  ( Ep  1) Ap rp2 (6.3.4-2)
2 2
2) For members where cracking is permissible:
 2  M cr 
Bs  0.65   M  0.7   Ec I o (6.3.4-3)
 3  s 
Note: Formula (6.3.3-17) only applies when 0.7≤Mcr/Ms ≤l.0.
3) The long-term rigidity BL of pre-stressed concrete poles
can be calculated using the formula below:
Ms
BL  Bs (6.3.4-4)
Ms  ML
78
DL / T 5154 — 2012
7 Calculation of Connection
7.1 Bolt Connection
7.1. 1 At joints where bolts are subject to shear, the design

resistance of each bolt shall be the design values of shear resistance
or compression resistance, whichever is smaller:
π d2 b
Shear resistance: N vb  nv fv (7.1.1-1)
4
Compression resistance: Ncb =d  t fcb (7.1.1-2)
Where:
N vb — design value of shear resistance of each bolt, N;
N cb — design value of compression resistance of each bolt, N;
nv— number of shear planes;
d— diameter of bolt shaft, mm;
∑t— the minimum total thickness of compression members in
the same stress direction, mm;
f v , f c — design value respectively of shear strength
b b of bolts and
hole-wall strength of members, N/mm2.
7.1. 2 At joints subject to tension in the direction of bolt or anchor
bolt shaft, the design resistance of each bolt or anchor bolt shall be
calculated using the following formulas:
π de2 b
Bolt: N tb  ft (7.1.2-1)
4
π de2 a
Anchor bolt: N ta  ft (7.1.2-2)
4
Where:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Ntb, Nta—design value of tension resistance respectively of each

bolt and each anchor bolt, N;
de—effective diameter at threaded part of bolts or anchor
bolts, mm;
ftb, fta—design value of tensile strength respectively of bolts and
anchor bolts, N/mm2.
7.1. 3 Bolts subject to both shear and axial tension shall comply
with the following formulas:
2 2
 Nv   Nt 
 b    b  ≤1 (7.1.3-1)
 Nv   Nt 
N v ≤ Ncb (7.1.3-2)
Where:
Nv, Nt— design value respectively of shear and tension of each
bolt, N.
7.1. 4 At one side of a node or joint of members, if the length l1 of
the bolts connecting the members along the axial force direction is
more than 15d0, the design resistance of bolts shall be multiplied with
a reduction factor of (1.1l1/150d0). If l1 is more than 60d0, the design
resistance of bolts shall be multiplied with a reduction factor of 0.7,
where d0 is the diameter of the bolt holes.
7.2 Weld Connection
7.2. 1 The calculation of butt welds shall be performed according to

the following requirements:
1 For butt welds perpendicular to axial tension or axial
compression in butt joints and T-type joints, the strength shall be
calculated with the following formula:
N N
 ≤ f t w or   ≤ f cw (7.2.1-1)
Lw t Lw t
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Where:
Lw—effective length of a weld, mm;
t—the smaller thickness of connected members in butt joints;
the thickness of web plate in T-type joints, mm;
ftw, fcw—design value respectively of tensile and compressive
strength of butt welds, N/mm2.
2 For butt welds subject to both bending moment and shear in
butt joints and T-type joints, the normal stress and shear stress shall
be calculated separately. However, the reduced stress shall be
calculated with the following formula for welds subject to both
normal stress and shear stress of large magnitude:
 2  3 2 ≤1.1 f t w (7.2.1-2)
Where:
 —normal stress, N/mm2;
 —shear stress, N/mm2.
Notes:
1 Where the plates bearing axial stress are connected with skew welds
and tan ( is the included angle between the weld and direction of
stress) is not larger than 1.5, strength calculation is not required.
2 Where butt welds cannot be welded with run-on and run-off plates, a
value of 2t shall be reduced from the calculated length of each weld.
7.2. 2 The strength of orthogonal fillet weld (see Figure 7.2.2) shall
be calculated according to the following formulas:
1 Under the effect of tension, compression or shear that runs
through the centroid of welds:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.2.2 Cross-section of orthogonal fillet weld
When the stress is perpendicular to the direction of the length of

weld:
N
f  ≤ f f t w (7.2.2-1)
he Lw
When the stress is parallel to the direction of the length of weld:
N
f  ≤ ftw (7.2.2-2)
he Lw
2 Where f and f act concurrently:
2
 f 
    f ≤ ft
2 w
(7.2.2-3)

 f
Where:
f — stress perpendicular to the length of welds calculated
according to the effective cross-section of the weld
( he Lw ), N/mm2;
f — shear stress in the weld direction, calculated according to
the effective cross-section of the weld, N/mm2;
he— effective thickness of fillet welds, mm. The effective
thickness of orthogonal fillet welds is 0.7hf, where hf is the
size of the smaller weld leg;
Lw— effective length of a fillet weld, mm. For each weld it is the
actual length reduced by 2hf and should not be less than 10 mm;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
2
f t w — design value of strength of fillet welds, N/mm ;
f — magnification factor of design value of strength of front
fillet welds. For structures subject to static loads and
indirect dynamic loads, f is 1.22; for structures subject to
dynamic loads, f is 1.0.
7.2. 3 For the T-type joints with an included angle between two
weld legs  where 60°≤≤135°, the strength of the oblique-angle
fillet weld (see Figure 7.2.3-1 and Figure 7.2.3-2) shall be calculated
according to formulas 7.2.2-1 through 7.2.2-3, where f = l.0, and the

calculated thickness is he  hf cos (root gap b, b1 or b2 ≤ 1.5 mm)
2
 b(or b1 , b2 )  
or he   hf   cos 2 (b, b1 or b2 ＞ l.5 mm but ≤ 5 mm).
 sin  
Figure 7.2.3-1 Cross-section of oblique-angle filletweld of T-type joints
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.2.3-2 Root gap and cross-section of weld of T-type joints
7.2. 4 For fillet welds connecting angles and steel plates, the
ratio of force borne by the angle ridge to that borne by the angle
edge is 7 :3.
7.3 Gusset Plate Connection
7.3. 1 In addition to the requirements on the bolt hole-wall bearing

capacity, the strength of connecting gusset plates shall also satisfy the
formula below:
N
 ≤f (7.3.1)
be t
Where:
N— tension or compression acting on the plate, N;
be— effective width of a plate, mm, as shown in Figure 7.3.1;
when connected with bolts, the diameter of bolt holes shall
be deducted;
t— thickness of a plate, mm.
Figure 7.3.1 Effective width of plate
Note:  is the stress dispersion angle and can be taken as 30°.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
7.4 Stub Angle Connection
7.4. 1 The strength of stub angles shall be calculated using the

formula below:
N Vs
An ≥  (7.4.1)
f 0.75 f
Where:
An— net cross-section area of a stub angle, mm2;
N— tension or compression borne by a stub angle, N;
Vs— shear perpendicular to a stub angle, N.
7.4. 2 The resistance of angle anchors shall be calculated using the
formulas below (Figure 7.4.2), while the resistance of bolts
connecting the anchors and stub angles shall be calculated according
to 7.1.1 herein:
Figure 7.4.2 Sketch of stress on an angle anchor
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
f
xt (7.4.2-1)
1.19 f c
P  1.19 fc L (t  r  x / 2) (7.4.2-2)
nN /P (7.4.2-3)
t r  x≤b (7.4.2-4)
Where:
P— design value of shear resistance of an angle anchor, N;
x— length of the triangular reaction block of an angle anchor, mm;
t— thickness of an angle, mm;
r— radius of inner circular arc of an angle, mm;
fc— design value of concrete axial compressive strength, N/mm2;
L— length of an angle anchor, mm;
b— leg width of an angle anchor, mm.
7.4. 3 The resistance of anchor bolts shall be calculated using the
formula below (Figure 7.4.3). The anchors can be welded or bolted
for connection. The bolt diameter d shall not be less than 16 mm or
more than 2.5 times the thickness of the members to be connected,
and the anchorage width b shall not be less than four times the bolt
diameter.
Qn  0.425 As fc Ec (7.4.3)
Where:
Qn —design value of shear resistance of an anchor bolt, N;
As —cross-section area of a bolt, mm2;
Ec—modulus of elasticity of concrete, N/mm2.
7.4. 4 The minimum depth h for a stub angle embedded into
concrete shall be calculated using the formula below:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.4.3 Sketch of stress on an anchor bolt
fu
h ≥ 12d (7.4.4)
400
Where:
d — diameter of a round steel having a cross-section area
equivalent to that of the stub angle, mm;
fu— characteristic value of minimum tensile strength of steel,
N/mm2.
Note: The minimum depth for a stub angle embedded into concrete shall
also meet related structural requirements.
7.5 Tower Foot Plate
7.5. 1 The strength of the base plate of a non-stiffened square

tower foot plate shall be calculated using the formulas below
(Figure 7.5.1):
1 When subject to compression:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
1) Thickness of base plate:

N
Q (7.5.1-1)
A
3Q C 2
t≥ (7.5.1-2)
f
Where:
Q — uniform reaction of a base plate, N/mm2;
N — compression caused by the foundation, N;
A— area of a base plate (B×B), mm2;
C — distance from the edge of the main angle to the edge of a
base plate, mm;
t— thickness of a base plate, mm.
2) Strength of ⅠⅠ cross-section:
1
W1  B t2 (7.5.1-3)
6
C2
M1  Q B (7.5.1-4)
2
M1
1  ≤f (7.5.1-5)
W1
Where:
W1— bending modulus of ⅠⅠ cross-section, mm3;
M1— bending moment of ⅠⅠ cross-section, N∙mm;
B— width of a base plate, mm.
2 When subject to tension:
1) Force borne by anchor bolts:
T
T1  (7.5.1-6)
4
Where:
T— uplift force applied on a foundation, N;
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
T1— uplift force borne by an anchor bolt, N.

2) Strength of ⅡⅡ cross-section:
1
W2  D t2
6 (7.5.1-7)
M 2  T1 Y (7.5.1-8)
M2
2  ≤f (7.5.1-9)
W2
Where:
W2— bending modulus of ⅡⅡ cross-section of an anchor
bolt, mm3;
M2— bending moment of ⅡⅡ cross-section of an anchor
bolt, N∙mm;
D — effective width of ⅡⅡ cross-section of an anchor bolt,
mm;
Y— distance from the center of an anchor bolt to the edge of
the main angle, mm.
3) The strength of welds connecting the main angle and
base plate shall be calculated based on the actual size of
the weld groove according to 7.2.3.
3 The formulas above shall not be used for strength calculation
for non-stiffened base plates of tower foot plates unless:
1) The center of gravity of the main angle coincides with
the center of the base plate;
2) When a diagonal bracing is directly bolted to the main
angle, the steel plate welded to the leg edge of the main
angle is kept. Its height h is not be less than 2b (b is the
width of the full weld between the steel plate and the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
base plate), and its thickness can be taken as t2 mm (t is

the thickness of the main angle).
Figure 7.5.1 Non-stiffened tower foot plate
7.5. 2 The strength of base plates of stiffened square tower foot

plates shall be calculated using the formulas below (Figure
7.5.2):
1 When subject to compression:
1) Bending moment on the base plate:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.5.2 Stiffened tower foot plate
M  0.06Q a 2 (7.5.2-1)
Where:
a — length of the free side of a base plate segment under
calculation, mm.
2) Thickness of a base plate:
5M
t≥ (7.5.2-2)
f
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
2 Thickness of a base plate when subject to tension:

1 3T
t= (Yi bi )max (7.5.2-3)
1.5 f B2
When Yi＜0.5bi, Yi = 0.5bi.

Where:
T— tension applied on a base plate, N;
B— width of a tower foot plate, mm;
Yi — distance from the center of anchor bolts to the main angle in
segment i, mm;
bi — width of segment i, mm.
7.5. 3 Calculation for tower foot plates each with eight anchor
bolts
See Figure 7.5.3 for the design and calculation model and
structural arrangement of square tower foot plates each fixed with
eight bolts. Where no stiffened plate is used, the strength of base plate
shall be calculated using the formula for non-stiffened plates each
fixed with four anchor bolts. D and Y for each bolt in the assumed
area under stress are as shown in the figure. Where a stiffened plate is
used, the strength of base plate can be calculated assuming that only
three sides are fixed, or calculated using formulas 7.5.1-7 through
7.5.1-9 assuming that 1/3 of the area is under stress as shown in the
figure.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.5.3 Structural arrangement of tower foot plates each

with eight anchor bolts
(a) With eight anchor bolts (non-stiffened plate); (b) With eight anchor bolts (stiffened plate)
7.6 Block Shear of Tension Member
7.6. 1 For tensioned members, when the line formed by centers of

bolts on the legs of angle (Figure 7.6.1) goes beyond the centroid line
of the angle, the block shear can be verified using the following
method:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.6.1 Determination of block shear (cracking)
N＝Av f v  At f (7.6.1-1)
Av  t (a  2b) (7.6.1-2)
At  t c (7.6.1-3)
Where:
fv — design value of shear strength of steel, N/mm2;
f — design value of tensile strength of steel, N/mm2;
t — thickness of angle legs, mm.
7.7 Calculation for Filler Plates of Combined Angles
7.7. 1 Common cross-sections of combined angles are shown in

Figure 7.7.1-1. The shear borne by the filler plates or bolts shall be
calculated in accordance with the following requirements:
2 f (1   ) S   3π   π 
Vs   sin    sin    (7.7.1-1)
b   2n   2n  
“ ┐┌” and “ ” cross-sections (see Figure 7.7.1-2):
A
S (Z 0  t / 2) (7.7.1-2)
2
“┐└” cross-section:
A
S (Z 0  t / 2) 2 (7.7.1-3)
2
For “┐└” cross-sections, if a pair of filler plates is arranged
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
symetrically about an equal division point, then the longitudinal shear

Vs of each filler plate shall be 0.5 times the result of formula
(7.7.1-1).
Where:
f — design value of compressive strength of steel, N/mm2;
— buckling stability factor of combined angles about the
imaginary axis;
b— edge yield width of a combined cross-section, mm;
n— number of evenly divided sections of effective length l of a
member;
S— moment of area of a half cross-section about the imaginary
axis at the neutral axis of a combined cross-section, mm3;
A— gross area of the entire cross-section, mm2;
t— thickness of a filler plate, mm;
Z0— gravity center distance of a combined member, mm, see
Figure 7.7.1-2.
7.7. 2 For continuous members with a combined cross-section, as
shown in Figure 7.7.2, welded filler plates with “ ” cross-section
shall be used at the nodes [Figure 7.7.1-1 (d)]. The vertical shear is:
2 f (1   ) S  
Vs  sin   (7.7.2)
b  2n 
7.7. 3 Calculation for bolts used for “┐└” cross-sections shall
comply with the following requirements:
M v  Vb2 (7.7.3-1)
π
Vmax  (V1  V2 ) ≤ d 2 f vb (7.7.3-2)
4
V1  V / n (7.7.3-3)
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.7.1-1 Common combined cross-sections of angles
Figure 7.7.1-2 “┐┌” and “ ” cross-sections

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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 7.7.2 A schematic drawing of a continuous member

with a combined cross-section
V2  M v ymax / R (7.7.3-4)
n n
R   xi2   yi2 (7.7.3-5)
i i
Where:
Mv— torque on bolts, N·mm;
b2— distance from the center of bolts to the center of a filler
plate, mm;
Vmax— total shear on the bolt farthest from the centroid of bolts,
N;
V1— average shear on each bolt, N;
V2— shear along axis xx on the bolt farthest from the
centroid of bolts, N;
xi — distance along axis yy from a bolt to the centroid of
bolts, mm;
yi — distance along axis xx from a bolt to the centroid of
bolts, mm;
7.7. 4 Calculation for filler plates in “┐└” cross-sections shall
comply with the following requirements:
1 Normal bending stress borne by filler plates:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
M Q hmax
 ≤f (7.7.4-1)
I b1
Where:
Ib1— moment of inertia of a cross-section after the filler plate is
punched, mm4;
hmax— height at the point farthest from the centroid of a filler
plate, mm.
2 Shear stress borne by filler plates:
VS 
 ≤ fv (7.7.4-2)
I b1t0
Where:
S  — moment of area of a half cross-section about the centroid
after the filler plate is punched, mm3;
t0— thickness of a filler plate, mm.
Figure 7.7.4 Sketches for calculation of filler plates used for combined angles
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
8 Structural Requirements
8.1 General Requirement
8.1. 1 The construction of pole and tower structures shall be simple

with forces clearly identified. The centroid lines (or directrices of
bolts) of bearing members shall meet at one point as possible to
minimize eccentricity. The directrices of bolts used for angle
members shall be as close to the centroid lines as possible to
minimize eccentricity in force transmission.
8.1. 2 The minimum sizes of pole and tower members shall comply
with the following requirements:
1 The minimum thickness (or minimum diameter) of pole and
tower members shall be determined according to Table 8.1.2.
Table 8.1.2 Minimum thickness
(or minimum diameter) of steel pole and tower members
(mm)
Corrosion-resistant
Measures Hot
Paint Remarks
Galvanizing
Member
Main members 4 5 Profiled steel
Diagonal bracings and
3 4 Profiled steel
redundant members
Steel plate 4 5 —
A value of 4 mm is required in
Steel tube 3 —
areas subject to serious corrosion
Round steel (flexible web A value of 16 mm is required for
12 —
members) poles and towers for large crossing
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
2 The specification of equal-leg angles should not be inferior

to L40×3.
3 The cross-section of guys shall not be smaller than 50 mm2.
4 The diameter of guy rods shall not be smaller than 16 mm,
and the calculated diameter shall be increased by 2 mm  4 mm
according to the corrosivity of the earth.
8.1. 3 The structural requirements of joints shall comply with the
1 The main members and diagonal bracings shall be connected
with more than one row (two or three rows) of bolts as practical, and
the diagonal bracings shall be directly connected to the main
members.
2 The connecting bolts should have a strength of Grade 6.8 or
Grade 8.8, shall have as a small number used for connecting joints as
possible, and shall be used to connect a length as short as possible.
3 The directrix of redundant members and that of secondary
bearing members are allowed to stagger away from each other by a
small distance to ease direct connection to the main members.
4 If the gusset plates are large, their edges should be curled or
stiffeners should be used to increase the rigidity of gusset plates. The
gusset plates should be stiffened only to a limited thickness.
5 Both legs and both sides of each main member shall be able
to transmit forces at joints. Otherwise, reinforcement measures shall
be taken.
6 In the same stress area, the joints of main members and
diagonal bracings of a tower shall not be located in one horizontal plane.
7 For a gusset plate used to connect a single angle subject to
compression, if the slenderness ratio of diagonal bracings is smaller
than 120 and the diagonal bracings and main members are located at
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
different sides of the gusset plate, then the thickness of the steel plate
should be one grade greater than the leg thickness of the angles
consisting of the diagonal bracings.
8 The joints of main angle members should be dual shear
bolted connection. When single shear bolted connection plus encasing
angles are used, the leg width of encasing angles should be one grade
larger than that of angles to be connected.
8.1. 4 Diaphragms shall be provided at the cross-sections where the
tower slope changes, torsion is applied directly, or the tower top or the
tower legs are connected to the tower body. In the tower body section
of a uniform slope, the spacing between diaphragms should not be
greater than five times the average width (wide face), and should not be
larger than four intervals of main member. Each diaphragm shall be a
geometric invariant system which can be composed of rigid or flexible
members. For large diaphragms, measures shall be taken to prevent
them from falling down due to dead weight.
8.1. 5 For tower bodies where the main members are of a large
slope and spatial size, diagonal bracings should be arranged between
two crossing members adjoining the main members.
8.1. 6 The included angle between members shall not be less than 15°.
8.1. 7 For members of a great length and weight, especially the
horizontal members, which are prone to bending deformation after
installation, suspension rods or slings should be used to eliminate the
deformation.
8.1. 8 Combined members shall comply with the following structural
requirements:
1 See Figure 8.1.8-1 for the commonly used combined members.
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
Figure 8.1.8-1 Commonly used combined members
2 Combined members shall meet the following structural

requirements (Figure 8.1.8-2):
Figure 8.1.8-2 Requirements on construction of filler plates for

combined members
1) For double-angle or double-channel members connected

with filler plates, the spacing (L1) between filler plates
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
shall not be more than 40ri (for compressed members) or

80ri (for tensioned members).
2) In the case of a double-angle cross-section or
double-channel cross-section as respectively shown in
Figure 8.1.8-2 (a) and (b), ri is the radius of gyration of
one angle or channel parallel to the centroid axis of the
filler plate. In the case of a crisscross-section as shown
in Figure 8.1.8-2 (c), ri is the minimum radius of
gyration of one angle. In the case of a crisscross-section
formed by four angles as shown in Figure 8.1.8-2 (d), ri
is ry and ry is equal to rx.
3) At least two filler plates shall be placed between two
lateral supporting points on a compressed member,
which shall be evenly staggered along the member.
4) For combined members with four legs, oblique lacing
bars should be used. The included angle between the
lacing bars and the member axis shall be 40° 70°.
3 Structural requirements on nodes of combined members:
1) The thickness of gusset plates shall be consistent with
that of the filler plates of combined members.
2) For a combined member, the gusset plate shall be
connected to the legs of the main member.
3) For the main member of a combined member, the
eccentricity at the joint where the cross-section changes
shall be minimized.
8.2 Detailing of Connection
8.2. 1 Bolt connection shall comply with the following basic

requirements:
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
1 The spacing and edge distance of bolts shall comply with the
requirements in Table 8.2.1.
Table 8.2.1 Allowable spacing between bolts
Maximum
Minimum
Allowable
Item Position and Direction Allowable
Spacing (the
Spacing
Smaller One)
Outer row 8d or 12t
Member subject
Center-to-cen 12d or 18t
In any direction Middle to compression 2.5d
ter distance
row Member subject
16d or 24t
to tension
In the direction of internal force 1.5d
Distance from
the center of Cut edge
bolt to the Perpendicular 4d or 8t 1.45d
High-strength
edge of to the direction Rolled
bolts
member of internal force edge
Regular bolts 1.25d
Notes:
1 d is the bolt diameter; t is the thickness of the thinner outer plate.
2 High-strength bolts refer to bolts with a strength of Grade 8.8 or above.
3 The bolt hole subject to shear is generally 1.5 mm larger than the bolt in
diameter. In the case of special requirements, the former can be only 1.0 mm
larger than the latter in diameter.
2 The connecting bolts at each end of encasing angles of joints

shall not be less than six for main members and shall not be less than
four for diagonal bracings. In addition, the joints shall be arranged
close to the nodes.
3 The diameter of bolts used to connect bearing members
should not be less than 16 mm.
8.2. 2 The weld shall have quality grade determined according to
the following principles based on the importance, load characteristics,
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
weld type and state of stress:

1 The butt welds which are required to have the same strength
as base material shall be full-penetration welds; their quality grade
shall not be lower than Grade 2 when subject to tension and should be
Grade 2 when subject to compression.
2 For stress carrying fillet welds or incomplete-penetration
butt-fillet composite welds, the appearance quality shall comply with
the requirements of Grade 2.
3 For longitudinal butt welds without full penetration requirements
and other construction welds, the quality grade can be Grade 3.
8.2. 3 The strength of welding materials shall match that of the
main steel members. If the steel members to be connected are of
different strength, welding materials can be selected based on the
steel member that has a lower strength.
8.2. 4 For the thicker plates in T-type joints, cross joints and fillet
joints, measures shall be taken to prevent lamellar tearing.
8.2. 5 The type of weld groove shall be determined based on the
size of welded pieces and processing conditions in accordance with
relevant national standards.
8.2. 6 For welded pieces with a thickness not less than 25 mm,
preheating and post-welding heat insulation shall be done
according to relevant specifications to eliminate welding stress
and deformation.
8.2.7 The welds shall be arranged to avoid spatial crossing or
concentration. The height of welds shall not be enlarged randomly.
The size of fillet welds shall comply with the following
requirements:
1 The leg size of a fillet weld hf shall not be less than 1.5 t
(t is the thickness of thick welded pieces) and shall not be greater than
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
1.2 times the thickness of thin welded pieces. The minimum leg size
of fillet weld with automatic welding can be reduced by 1 mm and the
single-side fillet welds of T-type connection shall be increased by
1 mm. When the thickness of welded pieces is not larger than 4 mm,
the minimum size of weld leg can be the same as the thickness of
welded pieces.
2 For the maximum leg size of fillet weld on the edge of
welded pieces, when the thickness of welded piece t is not larger than
6 mm, hf ≤ t; when the thickness of welded piece t is larger than
6 mm, hf ≤ t (12) mm.
3 The effective length of a side fillet weld or front fillet
weld shall not be less than 8hf or 40 mm, whichever is greater. The
effective length of a side fillet weld should not be larger than 60hf;
otherwise, the excess length shall not be counted in the
calculation. If the internal force distributes along the full length of
the side fillet weld, the effective length is not subject to the above
limitation.
8.2. 8 Generally, a member connected to a gusset plate should be
welded on two sides or all three sides (all-around welding). For angle
members, L-shaped welding can be adopted. A gusset plate connected
to a member is generally welded on all three sides. All corners in the
all-around welding must be continuously welded, while other sides
shall be sealed with thin welds. See Figure 8.2.8 for the welds
connecting a member and a gusset plate.
8.2. 9 If the main member (stub angle) of tower leg is directly
inserted into the foundation, the following structural requirements
shall be met:
1 The quality and specification of the stub angle shall not be
inferior to those of the main member of tower leg.
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Figure 8.2.8 Welds connecting a member and a gusset plate

(a) Welding on two side surfaces; (b) All-around welding;
(c) L-shaped welding; (d) All-around welding
2 The minimum depth of the anchors buried in the ground can

be taken as 8b (see Figure 7.4.2 and Figure 7.4.3).
3 The end of the stub angle needs to be fixed if the stub angle
does not reach the foundation bottom.
8.2. 10 The thickness of the foot plate of a self-supporting tower
should not be less than 16 mm, and the thickness of the anchor bolt
pad should not be less than 12 mm.
8.3 Circular Cross-section Reinforced Concrete Pole
8.3. 1 The minimum reinforcement (Grade Ⅰ) for circular cross-

section reinforced concrete bending member should be adopted as per
Table 8.3.1.
Table 8.3.1 Minimum reinforcement for circular
cross-section reinforced concrete pole
Outer Diameter
 200  250  300  350  400  450  500  550
(mm)
Reinforcement 810 10 10 12 12 14 12 16 12 18 12 20 14 22 14
8.3. 2 The diameter of main reinforcement (Grade Ⅰ) for circular
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
cross-section reinforced concrete bending member should be within

10 mm–20 mm, the net distance within 30 mm – 70 mm, and the net
protective layer no less than 15 mm.
8.3. 3 For pre-stressed and ordinary circular cross-section
reinforced concrete members, uniformly-spaced spiral
reinforcements, with a diameter no less than 3.5 mm and a spacing of
50 mm – 100 mm depending on the pole diameter, and inner steel
hoops, with a diameter no less than 6 mm and a spacing of 500
mm – 1000 mm, should be provided. For inner steel hoops of a
large-diameter pole, a cross reinforced frame shall be used for
enhancing rigidity.
8.3. 4 The diameter of main reinforcement for pre-stressed circular
cross-section bending member should not be greater than 12 mm, the
net distance no less than 30 mm, the tip of tapered member no less
than 25 mm, and the net protective layer no less than 15 mm.
8.3. 5 For circular cross-section bending members with pre-stressed
and ordinary reinforcements alternatively used, the diameter of main
pre-stressed reinforcement should not be greater than 12 mm, and that
of ordinary main reinforcement should be within 10 mm – 20 mm.
The net distance should not be less than 30 mm, and the net
protective layer no less than 15 mm.
8.3. 6 The height and thickness of steel ring for pre-stressed and
ordinary circular cross-section reinforced concrete members should
not be less than 140 mm and 8 mm respectively. The diameter of the
hole for pre-stressed reinforcement should be 0.5 mm greater than
that of the main reinforcement.
8.3. 7 The reserved holes in pre-stressed and ordinary reinforced
concrete poles should be provided with bolt pipes (steel pipes).
8.3. 8 To meet requirement of grounding, bolt pipes and grounding
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nuts embedded in pre-stressed reinforced concrete pole shall be

connected with each main pre-stressed reinforcement. Regularly, bolt
pipes and grounding nuts are welded onto the inner steel hoop which
is then tied to the main reinforcement. When bolt pipes and
grounding nuts are embedded together in pre-stressed and ordinary
reinforced concrete poles, they shall be directly welded to the
ordinary main reinforcements.
8.3. 9 The upper end and lower end of pre-stressed reinforced
concrete pole should be provided with steel plate rings with a height
of 70 mm – 100 mm.
8.3. 10 For concrete poles set in areas with erosive medium,
erosion analysis and erosion protection measures should be taken as
per related requirements. Drainage and frost-proof measures shall be
adopted in rainy and cold areas.
Note: Articles 8.3.3, 8.3.6, 8.3.7, and 8.3.9 herein are all applicable to
circular cross-section members made of both pre-stressed and
ordinary reinforcements.
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9 Ancillary Facilities
9.0. 1 For towers with a total height less than 80 m, step bolts can
be used for climbing. For towers higher than 80 m, either vertical
ladders or step bolts in combination with simple rest platforms should
be used.
1 Step bolts can be made of round steel and should have a
diameter not less than 16 mm and a spacing not larger than 450 mm.
The end of each step bolt shall be hooked or headed to avoid slipping.
2 The vertical ladders should have a width of 450 mm – 500 mm
and employ 16 round steel as steps. The spacing between steps
should not be larger than 350 mm, and retainers or fall arrest devices
should be provided.
3 The design resistance of the rest platform and walkway shall
not be less than 2500 N/m2. The width of the walkway should not be
less than 600 mm and the height of the guardrails on both sides shall
not be less than 1.2 m.
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10 Environmental Protection
10.0.1 In mountainous areas, unequal tower legs combined with

unequal foundations shall be used for towers to accommodate the
terrain changes.
10.0.2 The towers should be in harmony with the surrounding
environment.
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Appendix A
Eiffel Effect and Minimum Resistance of
Diagonal Bracings of Tower Body
A.0.1 Definition of Eiffel effect of diagonal bracings:

The wind speed changes randomly with time in three directions
in the space. As a tower occupies a large space, it is impossible to
reach the maximum wind speed simultaneously at different heights.
When the wind speed at a certain height along the tower reaches the
maximum value, the more far away from this height, the lower
probability the wind speed at another height reaches its maximum
value. This characteristic of changes in wind speed has a significant
influence on the force bearing of the diagonal bracings of curved
towers. As curved towers have a profile similar to that of the Eiffel
Tower, this kind of influence is called Eiffel effect of diagonal
bracings. The Eiffel effect of diagonal bracings of curved towers can
be calculated using the reduction factor method and the shear ratio
method.
A.0. 2 The reduction factor method is to divide a tower into two
sections by the intersections of main members where the tower
slope changes, and calculate the internal force in the diagonal
bracings under the most unfavorable distribution of wind speed
with the design wind load and the reduced wind load separately
applied on the upper and lower sections. The design wind load
refers to the horizontal wind load calculated based on the design
reference wind speed and relevant coefficient, while the reduced
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wind load is calculated by multiplying the design wind load with a

reduction factor. This method mainly applies to situations where a
strong wind is 90°or 0°to the tower. The calculation is detailed as
follows:
1 First determine the positions of intersections of main
members where the tower slope changes;
2 Divide the tower into two sections by each intersection of
main members;
3 Apply the design wind load and reduced wind load
separately on the upper and lower sections of the tower to form
different load combinations;
4 Calculate the maximum internal force of diagonal bracings
with a computer for different load combinations.
For Case 1 in Figure A.0.2, the intersection of main members
where the tower slope changes is above the tower top, the tower will
not be divided into two sections, and only the design wind load
needs to be included in the calculation. For Case 2, the intersection
of main members where the tower slope changes is in the tower
body, the tower is divided into two sections, and therefore
calculation shall be made for three load combinations as shown in
the figure. For Case 3, the tower has three slopes and both
intersections of main members are in the tower body, and therefore
calculation shall be made for five load combinations as shown in the
figure. For tower with more slopes, the calculation can be made in
the similar way.
The value of the reduction factor can be sourced from Table
A.0.2.
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Figure A.0.2 Schematic drawing for load combinations under

the reduction factor method
Table A.0.2 Reduction factor

Tower type Wind Load Tension of Transmission Line
Suspension tangent tower 0.3 —
Angle tower
0.3 0.8
(including suspension angle tower)
A.0.3 The shear ratio method is to calculate the internal force in

the diagonal bracings under the most unfavorable distribution of wind
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speed based on the ratio of shear borne by the diagonal bracings to

that borne by the main members. The Chinese national standard GB
50135—2006 Code for Design of High-rising Structures, which has
been implemented since 2007, gives the formula to calculate the
Eiffel effect of diagonal bracings of towers. It stipulates that when the
ratio of the shear borne by the diagonal bracings of quadrangular steel
towers to that borne by the tower posts in the same layer is
V b
  1 ≤ 0.4 , the internal force in the diagonal
2 M tan 
bracings shall be taken as the internal force in the tower posts
multiplied by a coefficient  (see Figure A.0.3), and  can be
calculated using formula (A.0.3):
b
   (0.228  0.649) (A.0.3)
h
Where:
V, M — respectively shear and bending moment on the top of the
concerned layer, N·mm;
b — width on the top of the concerned layer, mm;
 — included angle between a tower post and the plumb
line, (°);
h — height of a tower above the cross-section subject to
calculation, mm;
 — coefficient, which is 1.0 for rigid diagonal bracings and
2.0 for flexible diagonal bracings.
A.0.4 If the Eiffel effect is not calculated for diagonal bracings of
curved towers according to A.0.2 and A.0.3, the design internal force
of such diagonal bracings should not be less than 3% of the internal
force of the main members to ensure sufficient resistance.
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Figure A.0.3 Sketch for calculation of diagonal bracings
A.0.5 The minimum resistance of diagonal bracings shall be

determined using the following methods:
The diagonal bracings of towers shall not only transfer the shear
from external loads but play a key role in supporting the main
members to maintain stability. Therefore, the calculation of internal
force of diagonal bracings shall not only be based on external loads
but also take into account the strength and rigidity required to
maintain the stability of main members.
To ensure effective supporting to the main members, the internal
force of diagonal bracings shall be calculated as a percent of that of
main members, just as the case of redundant members. The diagonal
bracings not only support the main members but bear the loads from
redundant members used to maintain stability of main members.
Therefore, the minimum resistance of diagonal bracings should be
determined based on a load of 2.5% of the internal force of main
members. In the calculation, it shall be assumed that 2.5% of the
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
internal force of main members is applied on the intersections normal

to the axis of main members in the plane of diagonal bracings.
For bearing diagonal bracings, a load of 2.5% of the internal force
of main members and the effective length and slenderness ratio of the
diagonal bracings shall be used to verify the minimum resistance. For
non-bearing diagonal bracings under symmetrical load effects, as the
diagonal bracings on the left side of the tower shown in Figure A.0.5, a
load of 2.5% of the internal force of main members and the full-length
parallel axis shall be used to verify the minimum resistance.
Figure A.0.5 Schematic drawing of symmetrical loads
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Appendix B
Table for Simplified Analysis of Internal Force of Trusses
Table B Simplified analysis of internal force of

trusses
Drawing of Actual Force Drawing of Force Bearing
No. Remarks
Bearing for Simplified Analysis
Horizontal member A
1 is under a compression
of 0.5P
Assume that members

2 in dotted lines are
non-bearing members
Assume that members

3 in dotted lines are
non-bearing members
Ta = P·c/2b
Tb = P·c/2a
1 The front and side
diagonal bracings are
arranged in the same
way;
4 2 Below the cross-
section subject to a
torsion force, the ratio of
the width of the front
surface to that of the
side surface is of a
constant value which is
not greater than 1.4
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Appendix C
Stability Factor () of Axially Compressed Members
of Poles and Towers
C.0.1 The stability factor () of axially compressed members of

poles and towers shall be sourced from Table C.0.1-1 and Table
C.0.1-2 based on the slenderness ratio (Kλ) of member.
Table C.0.1-1 Stability factor () of axially
compressed
members with type “a” cross-section
fy
K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
235
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996
10 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.988 0.986 0.985 0.983
20 0.981 0.979 0.977 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.968 0.966 0.964
30 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.955 0.952 0.950 0.948 0.946 0.944
40 0.941 0.939 0.937 0.934 0.932 0.929 0.927 0.924 0.921 0.919
50 0.916 0.913 0.910 0.907 0.904 0.900 0.897 0.894 0.890 0.886
60 0.883 0.879 0.875 0.871 0.867 0.863 0.858 0.854 0.849 0.844
70 0.839 0.834 0.829 0.824 0.818 0.813 0.807 0.801 0.795 0.789
80 0.783 0.776 0.770 0.763 0.757 0.750 0.743 0.736 0.728 0.721
90 0.714 0.706 0.699 0.691 0.684 0.676 0.668 0.661 0.653 0.645
100 0.638 0.630 0.622 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.592 0.585 0.577 0.570
110 0.563 0.555 0.548 0.541 0.534 0.527 0.520 0.514 0.507 0.500
120 0.494 0.488 0.481 0.475 0.469 0.463 0.457 0.451 0.445 0.440
130 0.434 0.429 0.423 0.418 0.412 0.407 0.402 0.397 0.392 0.387
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Table C.0.1-1 (continued)
fy
K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
235
140 0.383 0.378 0.373 0.369 0.364 0.360 0.356 0.351 0.347 0.343
150 0.339 0.335 0.331 0.327 0.323 0.320 0.316 0.312 0.309 0.305
160 0.302 0.298 0.295 0.292 0.289 0.285 0.282 0.279 0.276 0.273
170 0.270 0.267 0.264 0.262 0.259 0.256 0.253 0.251 0.248 0.246
180 0.243 0.241 0.238 0.236 0.233 0.231 0.229 0.226 0.224 0.222
190 0.220 0.218 0.215 0.213 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.203 0.201
200 0.199 0.198 0.196 0.194 0.192 0.190 0.189 0.187 0.185 0.183
210 0.182 0.180 0.179 0.177 0.175 0.174 0.172 0.171 0.169 0.168
220 0.166 0.165 0.164 0.162 0.161 0.159 0.158 0.157 0.155 0.154
230 0.153 0.152 0.150 0.149 0.148 0.147 0.146 0.144 0.143 0.142
240 0.141 0.140 0.139 0.138 0.136 0.135 0.134 0.133 0.132 0.131
250 0.130 — — — — — — — — —
Table C.0.1-2 Stability factor () of axially

compressed
members with type “b” cross-section
fy
K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
235
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.994
10 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.987 0.985 0.983 0.981 0.978 0.976 0.973
20 0.970 0.967 0.963 0.960 0.957 0.953 0.950 0.946 0.943 0.939
30 0.936 0.932 0.929 0.925 0.922 0.918 0.914 0.910 0.906 0.903
40 0.899 0.895 0.891 0.887 0.882 0.878 0.874 0.870 0.865 0.861
50 0.856 0.852 0.847 0.842 0.838 0.833 0.828 0.823 0.818 0.813
60 0.807 0.802 0.797 0.791 0.786 0.780 0.774 0.769 0.763 0.757
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
fy
K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
235
70 0.751 0.745 0.739 0.732 0.726 0.720 0.714 0.707 0.701 0.694
80 0.688 0.681 0.675 0.668 0.661 0.655 0.648 0.641 0.635 0.628
90 0.621 0.614 0.608 0.601 0.594 0.588 0.581 0.575 0.568 0.561
100 0.555 0.549 0.542 0.536 0.529 0.523 0.517 0.511 0.505 0.499
110 0.493 0.487 0.481 0.475 0.470 0.464 0.458 0.453 0.447 0.442
120 0.437 0.432 0.426 0.421 0.416 0.411 0.406 0.402 0.397 0.392
130 0.387 0.383 0.378 0.374 0.370 0.365 0.361 0.357 0.353 0.349
140 0.345 0.341 0.337 0.333 0.329 0.326 0.322 0.318 0.315 0.311
150 0.308 0.304 0.301 0.298 0.294 0.291 0.288 0.285 0.282 0.279
160 0.276 0.273 0.270 0.267 0.265 0.262 0.259 0.256 0.254 0.251
170 0.249 0.246 0.244 0.241 0.239 0.236 0.234 0.232 0.229 0.227
180 0.225 0.223 0.220 0.218 0.216 0.214 0.212 0.210 0.208 0.206
190 0.204 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.197 0.195 0.193 0.191 0.190 0.188
200 0.186 0.184 0.183 0.181 0.180 0.178 0.176 0.175 0.173 0.172
210 0.170 0.169 0.167 0.166 0.165 0.163 0.162 0.160 0.159 0.158
220 0.156 0.155 0.154 0.153 0.151 0.150 0.149 0.148 0.146 0.145
230 0.144 0.143 0.142 0.141 0.140 0.138 0.137 0.136 0.135 0.134
240 0.133 0.132 0.131 0.130 0.129 0.128 0.127 0.126 0.125 0.124
250 0.123 0 — — — — — — — — —
C.0.2 Kλ = K·L0/r. For latticed combined members, K = 1, and λ

is the equivalent slenderness ratio. The equivalent slenderness ratio of
latticed combined members shall be calculated according to Table
C.0.2.
Table C.0.2 Formulas for calculation of equivalent
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
slenderness ratio of latticed combined members

Type of
Type of Combined
No. Lattice Calculation Formulas Explanation of Symbols
Cross-section
Strut
λhx, λhy — Equivalent

Rectangular Batten hx  x2  12
1 slenderness ratio of
cross-section plate hy  y2  12 a combined member
respectively about axes x—x
and y—y;
A λx, λy—Slenderness ratio
hx  x  40
2
A of the entire member

Lacing lx
2 combination respectively
bar A
hy  y2  40 about axes x—x and y—y;
Aly λ1—Slenderness ratio of a
leg about axis i—i that has
the minimum rigidity;
Alx, A ly —Total gross
sectional area of individual
lacing bars in the cross-
section of the members
Triangular normal to the axes x—x and
cross-section y—y;
42 A
λhx  λx2  A1—Total gross sectional
A1 (1.5  cos θ )
2
Lacing area of lacing bars in the

3 42 A horizontal cross-section of
bar λhy λy2 
A1 cos 2 θ the members;
A—Total gross sectional
area of legs in the horizontal
cross-section of combined
members;
 —Included angle
between the plane of the
lacing bar and axis x
C.0.3 Correction coefficient (K) of slenderness ratio of angle

members:
1 For main members with both two legs connected at both
ends, the correction coefficient of slenderness ratio shall be 1 (K = 1);
2 For other compressed members, the correction coefficient of
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
slenderness ratio shall be calculated according to Table C.0.3-1.

Table C.0.3-1 Correction coefficient K of
slenderness
ratio of compressed members
Correction
Stress on Member Slenderness Coefficient K of Examples of
No.
Ends Ratio Slenderness Members
Ratio
Axially compressed 0＜L0/r＜ Members with two

1 1
on both ends 120 legs connected
1. Members with two

Axially compressed legs connected at one
on one end and end and one leg
0＜L0/r＜
2 eccentrically 0.75 + 30/(L0/r) connected at the
compressed on 120 other;
the other 2. Crossing diagonal
bracings
Eccentrically Members with a

0＜L0/r＜
3 compressed on both 0.50 + 60/(L0/r) single leg connected
ends 120 at both ends
Crossing diagonal
bracings and single
Unconstrained on 120≤L0/r ≤
4 l diagonal bracing
both ends 200 connected with one
bolt
Crossing diagonal
Constrained on one 120≤L0/r ≤ 0.762 + bracings connected
5
end 225 28.6/(L0/r) with two or more
bolts
Members connected
Constrained on both 120≤L0/r≤ 0.615 +
6 with two or more
ends 250 46.2/(L0/r)
bolts on both ends
3 For redundant members, the correction coefficient of
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
slenderness ratio shall be calculated according to Table C.0.3-2.

Table C.0.3-2 Correction coefficient K of
slenderness
ratio of redundant members
Correction
Stress on Member Slenderness
No. Coefficient K of Examples of Members
Ends ratio
Slenderness Ratio
Eccentrically Members with a single

0＜L0/r＜
1 compressed on 1 leg connected on both
both ends 120 ends
Crossing diagonal
bracings and single
Unconstrained on 120≤L0/r≤
2 l diagonal bracing
both ends 250 connected with one
bolt
Crossing diagonal
Constrained on one 120≤L0/r≤ 0.762 + 28.6/(L /r)
3 0 bracings connected
end 290 with two or more bolts
Members connected
Constrained on 120≤L0/r≤
4 0.615 + 46.2/(L0/r) with two or more bolts
both ends 330 at both ends
C.0.4 Conditions that joints impose partial twist constraints on

connected members:
1 The constrained member must be connected to the member
that imposes the constraints with at least two bolts;
2 The rigidity factor I/L (I is the moment of inertia and L is the
length) of the member that imposes the constraints in the stress plane
must be equal to or greater than the total rigidity factor of the
constrained member in the stress plane;
3 The eccentricity at the joint shall be minimized, and the bolt
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
hole in the angle with one leg connected shall be between the angle
ridge and the center line of the connected leg.
C.0.5 The stability factor  of axially compressed members, as
given in Table C.0.1-1 and Table C.0.1-2, shall be calculated using
the formulas below:
 fy 2
When  ≤ 0.215,   1  1  (C.0.5-1)
π E
When  ＞0.215,
1 2
 2
[( 2   3    )
2 (C.0.5-2)
2 2 2
 ( 2   3    )  4 ]
Where:
1, 2, 3— coefficients, which shall be sourced from Table
C.0.5-2 based on the cross-section classification
given in Table C.0.5-1;
fy— yield strength of steel and reinforcements, N/mm2.
Table C.0.5-1 Classification of cross-sections of
axially compressed steel members
Cross-section
Cross-section Types and Corresponding Axis
Classification
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Cross-section
Cross-section Types and Corresponding Axis
Classification
Table C.0.5-2 Coefficients 1, 2, and 3
Cross-section Classification 1 2 3
a 0.410 0.986 0.152
b 0.650 0.965 0.300
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Appendix D
Calculation of Resistance of Oblique Cross-sections
of Circular Cross-section Concrete Poles
D.0.1 For a circular cross-section concrete pole, the shear

resistance Vs of oblique cross-sections under a shear force can be
Vs ≤ Vu = 1.2t·D0·ft (D.0.1-1)
Where:
Vs — design shear, N;
Vu — design shear resistance of a member, N;
t — thickness of the cross-section of a pole, mm;
ft — design value of concrete axial tensile strength, N/mm2;
D0 — outer diameter of a pole, mm.
When Vs is smaller than or equal to Vu, the principal tensile
stress caused by the shear shall be totally borne by the concrete.
When Vs is greater than Vu, the pole breaks, 80% of the principal
tensile stress on the oblique cross-section shall be borne by the spiral
reinforcements and 20% by the longitudinal reinforcements. The
cross-section area of spiral reinforcement Asv and that of longitudinal
reinforcement As can be calculated using the formulas below:
Vs S
Asv  (D.0.1-2)
2.8π rs fsv cos(45   )
0.2Vs
As  (D.0.1-3)
f
Where:
Asv— cross-section area of a spiral reinforcement, mm2;
S— spacing between spiral reinforcements, mm;
f — design value of tensile strength of ordinary reinforcements,
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DL / T 5154 — 2012
N/mm2;
rs— radius of the circle formed by ordinary reinforcements, mm;
fsv— design value of tensile strength of spiral reinforcements,
N/mm2;
 — included angle between a spiral reinforcement and the
cross-section of a pole, (°).
D.0.2 For a circular cross-section reinforced concrete pole, the
torsion resistance Tu of oblique cross-section under a torsion force
can be calculated using the formula below:
Tk ≤ Tu = 0.5(r1+r2)A·ft (D.0.2-1)
Where:
Tk— design value of torque, N·mm;
Tu— design value of torsion resistance of a member, N·mm;
r1, r2 — inner radius and outer radius of a pole, mm;
ft— design value of concrete axial tensile strength, N/mm2.
When Tk is smaller than or equal to Tu, the principal tensile
stress caused by the torque shall be totally borne by the concrete.
When Tk is greater than Tu, the pole breaks, and the principal tensile
stress on the oblique cross-section shall be borne by both the spiral
reinforcements and the longitudinal reinforcements. The cross-section
area of spiral reinforcement Asv and that of longitudinal reinforcement
As can be calculated using the formulas below:
Tk S
Asv = (D.0.2-2)
2 2π fsv rs2 cos(45   )
Tk S
As = tan(45   ) (D.0.2-3)
2π rs2 f
Where:
 — included angle between a spiral reinforcement and the
cross-section of a pole, which shall be negative when the
torque is in the direction of the spiral reinforcement,
otherwise positive.
127
DL / T 5154 — 2012
D.0.3 Where both shear and torsion forces are applied, you only
need to combine the above formulas.
D.0.4 For a pre-stressed concrete pole, the torsion resistance Tu of
oblique cross-sections under a torsion force can be calculated using
the formulas below:
  pc 
Tk ≤ Tu  1  0.15  Wt f tk (D.0.4-1)
 f tk 
Wt = 0.5(r1 + r2)·A(D.0.4-2)
Where:
σpc — effective pre-stress on a concrete cross-section, N/mm2;
Wt — plastic resistance moment of a torsional cross-section,
N·mm.
D.0.5 Under both bending and torsion forces, the cracking strength
of a pre-stressed concrete pole shall comply with the formula below:
2 2
 M   Tk 
     ≤1 (D.0.5)
 M cr   Tu 
Where:
M — design bending moment (caused by external loads), N·mm;
Mcr — cracking moment of a pole (structure resistance), N·mm.
128
DL / T 5154 — 2012
Explanation of Wording in this Code
1 Words used for different degrees of strictness are explained

as follows in order to mark the differences in executing the
requirements in this code.
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory
requirement:
“Must” is used for affirmation; “must not” for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirement under
normal conditions:
“Shall” is used for affirmation; “shall not” for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of a slight
choice or an indication of the most suitable choice when
conditions permit:
“Should” is used for affirmation; “should not” for negation.
4) “May” is used to express the option available,
sometimes with the conditional permit.
2 “Shall comply with…”or “shall meet the requirements
of…”is used in this code to indicate that it is necessary to comply
with the requirements stipulated in other relative standards and codes.
129
DL / T 5154 — 2012
List of Quoted Standards
GB 50009 Load Code for the Design of Building Structures

GB 50010 Code for Design of Concrete Structures
GB 50011 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings
GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures
GB 50068 Unified Standard for Reliability Design of Building
Structures
GB 50135 Code for Design of High-rising Structures
GB 50545 Code for Design of 110 kV–750 kV Overhead Transmission
Line
GB 50661 Code for Welding of Steel Structures
GB 50736 Design Code for Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning of Civil Buildings
GB/T 700 Carbon Structural Steel
GB/T 1591 High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steels
GB/T 3077 Alloy Structure Steels
GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners—Bolts, Screws
and Studs
GB/T 3098.2 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners—Nuts—Coarse
Thread
Non-alloy and Fine Grain Steels
Creep-resisting Steels
DL/T 5440 Technical Code for Designing of Overhead Transmission
Line in Medium & Heavy Icing Area
130
DL / T 5154 — 2012
DL/T 284 Hot-dip Galvanized Bolts and Nuts for Tower and
Hardware of Transmission Lines
YB/T 5004 Zinc-coated Steel Wire Strands
131
DL / T 5154 — 2012

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ICS 29.

Electric Power Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China

Technical Code for the Design of

Issue Date: November 9, 2012 Implementation Date: March 1, 2013

Technical Code for the Design of

CHINA ELECTRIC POWER PRESS

DL/T 5154—2012 架空输电线路杆塔结构设计技术规定：代替

Ⅰ. ①D… Ⅱ. ①国… Ⅲ. ①架空线路输电线路线路

中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2016）第 096573 号

Announcement of the National

As stipulated in the Industrial Standardization Management Methods

National Energy Administration

List of Industrial Standards

This regulation is jointly prepared by Southwest Electric Power

2. The value and combination of loads for towers and poles of

9. The expressions for seismic calculation of structural members

Energy Industry, and interpreted by Southwest Electric Power Design

1 General Provisions ·····················································1

7.3 Gusset Plate Connection ·

1.0. 1 This regulation is developed to implement the national

available, tests shall be carried out for verification.

2 Terms and Symbols

2.1. 1 Overhead transmission line

workplace of structures, which may be sourced from the Outdoor

A— contour area of a tower; gross sectional area of a

D0— outer diameter of a pole;

Nkp— critical compression;

Vmax— total shear on the bolt farthest from the centroid of

ft— design value of axial tensile strength of concrete;

f t , f t b — design value of tensile strength of anchor bolts and

rp, rs— radius of the circle formed by longitudinally pre-

z— adjustment factor of tower wind loads;

3.1 General Requirement

3.1. 1 The loads shall be classified as follows:

conductors, earthwires or tower panels, the components of wind load

Table 3.1.3 Distribution of wind load

3.1. 4 Load combinations for various types of towers under normal

operation, line breakage, non-uniform ice coating and erection conditions

3.2 Normal Operation Conditions

3.2. 1 The following load combinations shall be calculated under

3.3 Line Breakage Conditions

3.3. 1 For suspension towers (excluding those for large crossing),

load combinations under the following line breakage conditions shall

phase conductor breaks (or conductors of any phase are

Table 3.3.3 Percentage of working tensions of conductors and

3.3. 4 In medium icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors

Table 3.3.4 Percentage of working tensions of conductors and

3.3. 5 In heavy icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors and

conductors) shall be calculated according to the percentage of icing

Table 3.3.5-1 Percentage of icing load of conductors and earthwires

In heavy icing areas, the breaking tensions of conductors and

Table 3.3.5-2 Percentage of icing load of conductors and earthwires

Icing Suspension Towers Tension towers

Table 3.3.5-2 (continued)

Icing Suspension Towers Tension towers

3.3. 6 The actuating force for rotary cross-arms or deformable

3.4 Non-uniform Icing Conditions

3.4. 1 The unbalanced tension of various types of towers caused by

meteorological conditions assumed are 5℃ and 10 m/s wind.

Table 3.4.2 Percentage of maximum working tension of conductors

3.4. 3 For heavy icing areas, under non-uniform icingconditions,

Table 3.4.3-1 Percentage of icing loading of conductors and

In medium icing areas, the unbalanced tension of conductors and