1.

A number system is a way to represent quantities, and there are various number systems
besides the decimal number system that us, humans use. Each of these number systems has
different purposes, rules, or specifications for representing quantities and they are defined by
each of their own unique set of symbols called digits. Whether the numbers are invented or
discovered, numbers came to life because it served a purpose to us humans to continue to strive
in our day to day live and this representation of quantities and the way we use a systematic way
to structure and form this numbers laid a foundation and became the core of mathematics in its
earliest form and just like before number system are use to qualify, measure, and perform
calculation to solved a computational problem in our daily lives.
12. Binary fraction is just a fraction represented in a base 2 binary notation it follows the same rules
for having a fraction in decimal numbers system it has a numerator it also has denominator and
the only difference is that the usage of using only 2 digits which is 1 and 0 but the overall rules
that govern about fraction is still apply in binary fraction. And the way to convert decimal
fraction to binary fraction is first (1). multiply the decimal (current decimal after iteration) part
successively by 2 and (2). each iteration or the result, you take the integer part and (3). after
iteration you check whether the decimal part is now a zero because if the decimal part is now
zero you stop the iteration and (4). read the answer which is the integer part from top to
bottom. If decimal part is not equal to zero then continue and repeat the process. If the decimal
part would not equal to zero then find a pattern in all the integers you collected and that’s the
answer.

14. The concept of positional number system is a method of representing a number and the place
value digits of a number play a significant role in order to determine its value. It is accomplished
by raising the base of the number to each of its place value digit and add its corresponding digit
starting from zero and incremented as it moves from right all the way to the left-hand side of
the number and by summing up these products, we get the value of the number.

16. One of the reasons why hexadecimal is crucial for computer system especially in representing
colors and memory addresses is because of the number of available digits to represent its value.
Because the higher the base of the number, the higher of possible permutation it can generate.
another reason is that each digit of hexadecimal represents 4 bits in total so a pair of
hexadecimals digit is a representation of one of intensity of either red, green or blue colors, thus
the number of possible colors it can represent is at 256^3 which may or may not cover all the
colors that human’s brain and eye perceive. The same logic applies to why memory addresses
use a hexadecimal number system to represent a unique address in our memory it is because of
the number of permutation that hexadecimal can offer thus more permutation means more
unique memory addresses and the representation of 4 bits for each hexadecimal digit. So, for
example if you have a 64-bit system all it need is just 16 digits of combination of hexadecimal
digit to form a unique memory address which make it even more readable not only for
computer but also for us humans too. Therefore, in summary why hexadecimal is important is
because of balance between readability and efficiency of representing this colors and memory
addresses.

18. Octal digit represents 3 bits and hexadecimal digit represent 4 bits so instead of using binary to
represent all bit’s information we can use octal and hexadecimal to represent the same bits of
information with more efficient and readable information, this means that digital systems like
computer now can represent a larger amount of binary data with fewer digits when using octal
or hexadecimal. It's especially helpful when dealing with large binary numbers, such as memory
addresses or color representation.
19. To convert from hexadecimal number to binary first is to represent each individual digit of
hexadecimal to the ratio of hexadecimal which is 1:4 or 1 is to 4, meaning for every individual
digit of hexadecimal it represents four bits or four digits of zeroes and one of binary so we are
going to use this ratio to represent each individual digit to binary to do that all I need to do is
just reverse the conversion from binary to hexadecimal so by using the ratio starting from left to
right since I am reversing, I just add the appropriate zero’s and one to equal to the particular
digit so I have a 4 digit permutations zeroes and ones and after that I just concatenate each
individual ratio to convert hexadecimal to binary. And by vice versa I just have to divide the
binary part to the ratio of hexadecimal which is 1:4 so starting from right most of the binary I
count 1 to 4 and separate that part and continue one and after separating the binary to ratio of
1:4 I just use the exponential method to calculate the value of each individual ratio and again
concatenate to get the hexadecimal value.