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Solution Manual For Deviance, Conformity, And Social Control In Canada 4/E 4th Edition Tami

Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control, Fourth Canadian Edition

Chapter 5: “Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality

LECTURE OUTLINE

1. Sexuality is socially constructed in that perceptions of and reactions to the very same
sexual activities vary across cultures and over time. That is, sexual cultures vary.
2. With an emphasis on social constructionism, interpretive (especially symbolic
interactionist) and critical theoretical perspectives dominate the contemporary
sociological study of sexuality. Symbolic interactionist perspectives address the
process by which people come to understand and attribute meaning to their own
sexuality, and the sexuality of others. Critical perspectives analyze the ways that
power influences people’s understandings and attributions of meaning.
Foucauldian sociologists who study sexuality analyze the ways elite discourses of
sexuality “shape the ways audience members can imagine organizing their lives”
(Moon, 2008, p.193).
3. The socially constructed nature of sexuality has been the revealed by the cross-
cultural work of anthropologists (e.g. Herdt’s classic study on ritualized
homosexuality in Sambian society) and classicists (e.g. Arkin’s research on the
power of aristocratic men in the sexual culture of Athens in the 5th century BC).
4. Elite discourses of sexuality govern the sexual culture of any society at any
given time in history, influencing sexual identities and practices, as well as
people’s reactions to those identities and practices. The elite discourses of
Canadian society have undergone a long evolution, beginning with the sexual
cultures of Aboriginal cultures prior to and after colonization, and extending into
the sexual culture of the 21st century.
5. Traditional Aboriginal cultures of North America are extremely diverse, and
that includes diversity in sexual cultures (e.g. dominant moral codes governing
premarital and extramarital sex). However, amidst that diversity there were some
commonalities, especially in contrast to the sexual cultures of the colonizing
Europeans.
a. A number of Aboriginal cultures perceived sexuality as an integral part of a
holistic view of life—physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual. Sexuality
was considered a gift from the Creator, rather than as a necessary “sin” (which
was the dominant view of the colonizing European cultures at the time).
b. Many Aboriginal cultures traditionally recognized more than two sexes and
genders (e.g. nadleeh, berdache), incorporating an acceptance of diverse
sexualities.
c. During the early years of colonization, Aboriginal women were frequently les
femmes du pays for male settlers. However, as colonization progressed,
Aboriginal sexuality was increasingly defined as “deviant” and controlled
through religion and law. Even so, such relationships continued in many
forms, such as in the “dance halls” and gold rush towns along the coast of
British Columbia.
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 Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control, Fourth Canadian Edition

6. During the 17th century Euro-Canadian sexual culture was structured, in part, on
the basis of reproduction within marriage, the need for Aboriginal women as
“country wives”, and the sexual social controls of slaves.
a. In the more urbanized United States at this time (called the colonial era), the
dominant meaning of sexuality was reproduction within marriage. Families
(especially fathers), communities, the Christian church, and the legal system
exerted social control over sexuality in order to maintain this dominant
meaning.
b. The sexual culture of the time was intertwined with hierarchies of gender,
race, and class. Women were more likely than men to be punished for sexual
deviance, as were lower-class men (relative to upper-class men), and black
men (relative to white men).
7. Significant social changes occurred throughout North America from the late 18th
century through the 19th century, changes that influenced sexual culture and
created a dominant sexual meaning of intimacy within marriage.
a. Urbanization and wage labour provided individuals with greater freedom
from kinship and community surveillance.
b. Religious shifts transferred responsibility for salvation from the church and
state onto the individual.
c. “Love” marriages began to replace “arranged” marriages.
d. Women increasingly controlled sexuality in an attempt to reduce the
frequency of pregnancy and its associated dangers. The medical profession
provided additional resources, via contraception.
e. The idea of self-control permeated medical and economic discourses, and
influenced sexual culture as well.
f. The culture industry gained a societal presence, as both a regulator of sexual
deviance (e.g. didactic poems and stories) as well as a component of sexual
deviance (e.g. pornography).
g. The social purity movement (or sex hygiene movement) emerged in Canada,
the Northeastern United States, and Britain as a regulator of prostitution,
masturbation, alcohol consumption, and immorality.
h. Hierarchies of race, class, and gender continued to influence sexual culture.
Members of the lower-class were associated with immorality and made
subject to social control, the sexuality of black and Chinese men was defined
as “dangerous” to white women and society as a whole, and the sexuality of
women and men was regulated in different ways.
8. By the early 20th century, the dominant meaning of sexuality had become
personal happiness, independent of marriage. The culture industry rapidly
expanded to the dominant force it is today, not only in terms of the economic
power of the “sex industry” (e.g. videos; magazines; telephone sex), but also in
terms of the mass media more generally.

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9. The sexual cultures of Canada and the United States are characterized by
considerably more freedom than in the past. However, that freedom is not
unlimited. “Deviance” continues to be socially constructed within our
contemporary sexual cultures.
10. Several criteria are used to evaluate “deviant” and “normal” sexuality in
contemporary society.
a. The issue of consent is central to definitions of sexual assault, age-of-consent
laws, the use of “date rape” drugs, and debates over the abuse of power in the
formation of sexual relationships. Is “consent” an attitude? Or, is it a behaviour?
i. Debates over consent are multifaceted. At what age is someone capable of
giving sexual consent? Are males capable of giving consent at an earlier
age than females? Is it possible for someone to give consent to an
individual that is in a position of power or authority?
ii. The issue of consent, and its influence on sexual culture, varies across
cultures and over time. For example, sexual assault within marriage was
not considered criminal in Canada until the 1980s, and it is not considered
criminal in many nations even today. NAMBLA claims that adolescents
are capable of consenting to sexual relationships with adults.
b. The nature of the sexual partner is another of the criteria used to evaluation
“deviant” and “normal’ sexuality. At formal levels, particular people may be
prohibited as sexual partners by the law (e.g. “incest”) or by the policies of
certain organizations (e.g. employers). Informally, sexual relationships with
particular people may generally be perceived as “inappropriate” (e.g.
professor/graduate student). There have been substantial changes in the
acceptance of same-sex partners. These changes were set in motion by the
Stonewall Inn riots in Greenwich Village in 1969, and carried on by efforts by
the LGBT movement. However, stigmatization of same-sex relationships
continued in the midst of these changes (e.g. the federal government’s attempt
to purge homosexuals from public service); in contemporary society, LGBT
youth in particular continue to face stigmatization by peers (e.g. cyberbullying).
c. The nature of the sexual act is considered another criterion. Certain sexual
acts are perceived as “normal”, while other acts are considered “deviant”. In
ancient Athens, anal intercourse was a “deviant” activity punishable by law; it
still is in a number of states in the U. S. A century ago, masturbation was a
“deviant” sexual act that faced considerable controls. Even today, others may
perceive certain acts as “kinky”.
d. Frequency of sex and setting of sex are two of the more peripheral criteria by
which “deviant” and “normal” sexuality are judged.
11. The “deviance dance” consists of many differing points of view, debates, and
controversies regarding sexuality. Even in Sambian society, ancient Athens, and
throughout Canadian and American history, there have been groups of people that
opposed the dominant moral codes governing sexuality in their respective
societies. In contemporary society, we can see many of these debates when
considering the sex trade (i.e. exotic dancing; pornography; prostitution).
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12. The question of whether exotic dancers are victims of violence in a patriarchal
society, or agents of choice has been a cornerstone for debate. However, more
recently scholars have moved away from that debate to analyze dancers’ own
understandings of their work, and the structure of power within which their work
is carried out.
a. Among exotic dancers, survivors, non-conformists, dancers, and workers
have different motivations for entering the industry, and consequently have
varying experiences within the industry.
b. All exotic dancers must carry out their occupations with a larger structure of
power that includes the individual, organizational, and institutional levels.
Within that structure, their customers and employers have some power over
them, but at the same time they have power as well.
c. The individual level of power is based upon relationships between dancers
and customers. In one way, dancers are subjected to the power of customers,
having to embody whatever fantasy has brought them into the club. In another
way, dancers exert their own power (e.g. through counterfeit intimacy).
d. The organizational level of power is based on the written and unwritten rules
of the club (e.g. governing touching, sharing of tips). These rules control the
behaviours of dancers, yet dancers also use the rules to their advantage in
order to maximize their incomes.
e. The institutional level of power is based on the characteristics of the broader
exotic dancing industry. The McDonaldization of society is evident, through
efficiency (e.g. interacting with as many customers as possible), predictability
(e.g. the physical appearance of dancers), control (e.g. through plastic surgery
or body makeup), and calculability (e.g. length and timing of songs). The
institutional level of power is also integrated with organized crime groups
(e.g. Russian mafia), which has caused concerns about the possibility of
human trafficking in the industry.
13. In contemporary North America, the “deviance dance” is also evident with the
issue of pornography, from its very definition to questions of its effects.
a. Functional definitions of pornography emphasize individual arousal—
pornography is seen as being “in the groin of the beholder” (e.g. erotic
videos? Victoria’s Secret catalogues?). Genre definitions emphasize the
intentions of producers (e.g. Playboy? romance novels?). Labelling
definitions emphasize community standards of what is “obscene” (e.g.
Canada’s obscenity laws).
b. Recent research on the possible effects of pornography consumption on
audiences (which is a more objectivist research interest) tends to focus on
adolescents and young adults. Research focusing on sexual attitudes,
unrealistic ideas about sex, and sexual behaviours has been contradictory.
Research is more consistent regarding (a) an association between consumption
of violent pornography and sexually-aggressive behaviours, and (b) the effects
of consumption on adolescents’ self-concept and self-esteem.

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c. Recent research that comes from the more subjective end of the objective-
subjective analyzes the understandings and meanings of pornography in the lives
of young adults. This research reveals an internalized “deviance dance”.
Pornography is normalized and considered acceptable, yet there is an ambivalence
about it as well; for instance, young adults acknowledge that real relationships are
better, and that “love” is missing from the pornographic equation.
14. The “deviance dance” is also evident in debates over prostitution. The past 200
years have been characterized by changing discourses of prostitution—from
moral discourses (of both the prostitute and the male customer), to discourses of
public health, to victimization discourses, and most recently, discourses that
emphasize worker rights (as reflected in recent court decisions regarding
brothels). Academic discourses are debated as well. Some scholars are critical of
the oppression paradigm that has governed research on prostitution, for ignoring
women’s voices and treating all of their experiences as the same; instead, a
polymorphous paradigm is called for, acknowledging the specific, situated
experiences of different groups of sex workers.

TEACHING SUGGESTIONS FOR ACTIVE LEARNING

1. The Ask Yourself questions located throughout the chapter can be used as
discussion points in class, or as a journaling exercise.
2. The Exercise Your Mind boxes located in the chapter can be used as discussion
points in class, or as short written assignments.
3. Divide students into groups and have them analyze the gendered, racial, and class
aspects of sexual culture that are contained in men’s and women’s magazines.
Assign each group either a men’s (e.g. Maxim) or women’s magazine (e.g.
Cosmopolitan). Readership of these specific magazines is dominated by men and
women ages 18-30, so their contributions to sexual culture are significant for
many students, and for the broader society. Have students report back on the
following ideas:
a. Describe the sexual culture within the magazine (i.e. acceptable and
unacceptable partners, acts, etc.).
b. How are men and women portrayed within the context of sexual culture?
c. How are race and ethnicity portrayed within the context of sexual culture?
Which racial and ethnic groups are represented in a sexual way? Which racial
and ethnic groups are excluded from representation in a sexual way? What
does this tell us about race and Canadian sexual culture?
d. How is socioeconomic class represented within the context of sexual culture?
4. Provide students with the sections of the Criminal Code that address various
sexual offenses. Have students try to identify common themes that underlie
the criminalization of the various behaviours. Instructors may want to guide

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discussion on the basis of the objective and subjective characteristics of deviance

addressed in Chapter 1 (e.g. statistical rarity; harm; negative societal reaction;
normative violation; power).
5. Have the students contact school’s student services office, and ask for information
about the extent of sexual offence/violence on the campus. Do students report
such crimes? What policies and procedures does your school have to respond to
sexual offences?
6. The video Open Secrets (see reference under “Video Suggestions”) addresses the
persecution of homosexual men in the Canadian military from the 1940s through
the 1960s, including their experiences of military tribunals and dishonourable
discharge. After watching the video, class discussion can address how society has
changed since that time, but also the ways in which homosexuality continues to be
socially typed as “deviant” in Canadian society.

VIDEO SUGGESTIONS

 Torrealba, J. (Director), Bochner, S., & Wong, G. (Producers) (2003). Open

Secrets. National Film Board of Canada.
 Palmer, M. (Director), LeGuerrier, R. (Producer), & Hogan, T. M. (Producer).
(2012). Sext Up Kids: How Children are Becoming Hypersexualized. Media
Education Foundation.
 Wagoner, B. (Director). (2010). After Porn Ends. Oxymoron Entertainment and
Mallick Media.

WEBSITE SUGGESTIONS

 http://www.sieccan.org
The website of the Sexual Information and Education Council of Canada provides
access to information and research about sex education, sexual activity, and sexually
transmitted diseases, especially in relation to Canadian adolescents and young
adults. It also provides several links to reputable national and international Internet
sites about sexuality. SIECCAN publishes The Canadian Journal of Human
Sexuality, and a number of articles from that journal are available on this site as well.
 http://www.pflag.ca
The website of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays provides information
about homosexuality and bisexuality, resources for support, updates on current
issues, and videos featuring individuals who are LGBT (as well as parents and
children of people who are LGBT).
 http://lrivera0327.tripod.com
This website contains information about the Sambian society in New Guinea.
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Solution Manual For Deviance, Conformity, And Social Control In Canada 4/E 4th Edition Tami

Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control, Fourth Canadian Edition

MySearchLab with eText

This student resource features an online interactive version of the textbook, as well as
chapter quizzes, Deviance in Print (a list of key readings), Deviance at the Movies (a
list of recommended videos), and a series of short video/audio clips to accompany the
textbook. It also provides writing and research tools, discipline-specific readings,
Associated Press news feeds, and access to a variety of academic journals.
Chapter 5 Video Clip: “Alternative Sexual Orientation” (4:10 minutes)
This video clip begins by pointing out American survey data that shows negative
attitudes toward homosexuality declined from 1970 to 1998, but are still pervasive.
Heterosexism continues to be supported in society in many ways. A brief discussion
of the search for the “causes” of homosexuality or bisexuality follows. Dr. Elia then
suggests it is important to consider why the question of causation is even being asked
in the first place; the existence of the question itself implies that there is something
“wrong” with homosexuality that needs to be explained. Conversely, having research
that shows sexual orientation is an in-born trait is a necessary foundation for
legislation and policies to deal with discrimination. The clip ends by listing some of
the forms of discrimination that are faced in the workplace: hiring, pay, benefits, and
exclusion from social networks.
Students are directed to this video clip at the end of Chapter 2 in the textbook, and
asked the following question: Consider the question posed by Dr. Elia in the video
regarding why we are so often driven to seek the cause behind lesbian, gay, or
bisexual behaviour. Why is this question problematic? How might a concern with the
desire to seek out causes of sexual behaviour relate to other "deviant" sexual
practices?
For use in class, additional questions can be posed:
• The video clip refers to survey data from 1998, showing that the most people had
negative attitudes toward homosexuality (i.e. negative societal reaction). Almost
two decades later, what observations and/or experiences have you had that (a)
suggest that similar attitudes continue, and (b) suggest that attitudes have
changed?
• One person in the video states that heterosexism is supported in society. In what
diverse ways can we see heterosexism being supported?

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