Solution Manual for Dynamics of Structures, 4/E 4th

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Solution Manual for Dynamics of Structures, 4/E 4th Edition : 0132858037

CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.1
(a) For vibration amplitudes smaller than uy, the system
is vibrating in the linear elastic range. The period of these
oscillations is

2π kg 2112
. × 386
Tn = = 2π ÷ = 2π ÷ = 0.502 sec.
ωn w 5.2
and the damping ratio ζ = 2 %, as given.
(b) A system vibrating at amplitudes larger than uy
yields; because it is no longer linear, a natural period or
damping ratio cannot be defined.
(c) For the corresponding linear system,
Tn = 0.502 sec. and ζ = 2 %
(d) The peak value fo of the equivalent static force for the
associated linear system due to the El Centro ground
motion was determined in Example 6.3: f o = 5.72 kips .
For ground motion scaled up by a factor of 3,
f o = 17.16 kips

The yield strength of the elastoplastic system is given:

f y = 5.55 kips

From Eq. (7.2.1)

fy 5.55
fy = = = 0.323
fo 17.16

From Eq. (7.2.2)

f 17.16
Ry = o = = 3.09
fy 5.55

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 Problem 7.2 2.0 Calculations for each time step
The central difference method is modified to include 2m
2.1 pˆ i = − m(u&&g ) i − au i −1 − ( f s )i + ui
a nonlinear restoring force; the remainder of the algorithm (Δt )2
is unchanged from the implementation for a linear system.
An outline of the algorithm is listed as follows (for zero pˆ i
damping): 2.2 u i +1 =
kˆ
Steps
LM
= − (u&&g ) i −
b f g OPbΔt g
s i 2
− ui −1 + 2
1.0 Initial calculations
MN m PQ
Tn = 0.5 sec. fo = 1.37w
2.3 Determine restoring force at time step i+1
f y = 0125
. ⇒ f y = f y f o = 0125 . w ) = 0171
. (137 . w
2.3.1 ( Δf s ) i = k ( ui +1 − ui )
Δt = 0.02 sec. u0 = 0 u& 0 = 0
2.3.2 ( f s ) i +1 = ( f s ) i + ( Δf s ) i
Note: p( t ) = − mu&&g ( t ); p i = − m( u&&g ) i

p0 − ku0 − mu&&g 0 − ku0 2.3.3 If ( f s ) i+1 > f y then

1.1 u&&0 = =
m m
ui +1 − ui −1
u& i =
= −(u&&g ) 0 − ω n2 u 0 = 0 2Δt
( f s ) i+1 = sign( u& i ) f y
( Δt ) 2 &&
1.2 u−1 = u0 − ( Δt )u& 0 + u0 = 0
2
Computational steps 2.1-2.3.3 are repeated for i = 0, 1, 2,
m 3, … leading to Table P7.2 which summarizes the results
1.3 k$ = = 2500m
( Δt ) 2 for the first 0.2 second duration. The results are also
shown in Figs. P7.2a-b.
m
1.4 a = = 2500 m
( Δt ) 2

Table P7.2 Numerical solution by Central Difference Method for the first 0.2 seconds
ti pi /m (fs)i / w ui-1 ui p$ i m ui+1
0.00 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.02 -2.4343 -0.1538 0.0000 0.0000 -2.4343 -0.0010
0.04 -1.4065 -0.3867 0.0000 -0.0010 -6.1214 -0.0024
0.06 -0.3825 -0.6193 -0.0010 -0.0024 -9.8043 -0.0039
0.08 -1.6538 -0.9173 -0.0024 -0.0039 -14.5217 -0.0058
0.10 -2.9289 -1.3423 -0.0039 -0.0058 -21.2508 -0.0085
0.12 -4.2002 -1.9479 -0.0058 -0.0085 -30.8377 -0.0123
0.14 -2.6352 -2.5969 -0.0085 -0.0123 -41.1120 -0.0164
0.16 -1.0703 -3.1494 -0.0123 -0.0164 -49.8598 -0.0199
0.18 0.4946 -3.4718 -0.0164 -0.0199 -54.9635 -0.0220
0.20 -1.4220 -3.6647 -0.0199 -0.0220 -58.0174 -0.0232

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 2
u, in

0 (a )

-2
0 .3
fs w

0 (b)

- 0 .3
+ Y ield
(c)
− Yield

0 5 10
Time, sec

Fig. P7.2a

0.3
fs w

0 (d)

-0.3
-2 -1 0 1 2
Deformation u, in

Fig. P7.2b

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 Problem 7.3
1. Determine response of the corresponding linear 4. Determine response of the system of case 2 to double
system. the El Centro ground motion.

u(t) is given in Fig. 7.4.3a; uo = 2.25 in. Tn = 0.5 sec., ζ = 5%, fy = 0.4602w

D ≡ uo = 2.25 in. Excitation: 2 × u&&g ( t ) of Fig. 6.1.4; ügo = 0.638g.

2
A ω n2 D ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2.25 The deformation response u(t) is computed by the
= =⎜ ⎟ = 0.9205
g g ⎝ 0.5 ⎠ 386 average acceleration method using a time step Δt = 0.02
A sec, which was further subdivided to detect the transition
f o = w = 0.9205w from elastic to plastic branches and vice versa, in the
g
force deformation relation. The results are shown in Fig.
2. Determine response of the elastoplastic system with P7.3, which gives um = 3.50 in.
f y = 0.5 ⇒ fy = 0.4602w. fy 2
0.4602mg ⎛T ⎞
uy = = = 0.4602 g ⎜ n ⎟ = 1.125 in.
u(t) is given in Fig. 7.4.3b. k k ⎝ 2π ⎠
u (t ) u (t ) in Fig. P7.3
3. Determine response of the system with half the strength μ (t ) = =
of Case 2. uy 1.125
um 3.50
f y = 0.25 ⇒ fy = 0.2301w. μ= = = 3.11
u y 1.125
u(t) is given in Fig. 7.4.3c; um = 1.75 in.
2
5. Verification.
fy
0.2301mg ⎛T ⎞
uy = = = 0.2301g ⎜⎜ n ⎟⎟ = 0.5625 in. The ductility factor μ is the same in Cases 3 and 4.
k k ⎝ 2π ⎠ So are the μ(t); this is obvious by comparing u(t) in Fig.
u (t ) u (t ) in Fig. 7.4.3c 7.4.3c ÷ uy (=0.5625 in.) and u(t) in Fig. P7.3 ÷ uy (=1.125
μ (t ) = =
uy 0.5625 in.).
um 1.75
μ= = = 3 .11
u y 0 . 5625

2
u, in.

-1
Deformation

-2

-3
u m = 3.50 in.
-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

T im e , s e c

Fig. P7.3

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 Problem 7.4
(a) Excitation: El Centro ground motion. 3. Determine response of the corresponding linear
system.
1. Determine response of the corresponding linear
system. u(t) is twice of that for case 1; uo = 4.50 in.
u(t) is given in Fig. 7.4.3a; uo = 2.25 in. D ≡ uo = 4.50 in.
f o = 1851
. w
D ≡ uo = 2.25 in.
2
A ω n2 D ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2.25 4. Determine response of the elastoplastic system with
= =⎜ ⎟ = 0.9205
g g ⎝ 0.5 ⎠ 386 f y = 0.25 ⇒ fy = 0.4602w.
A
f o = w = 0.9205w The deformation response u(t) is computed by the
g average acceleration method using a time step Δt = 0.02
2. Determine response of the elastoplastic system with sec, which was further subdivided to detect the transition
from elastic to plastic branches and vice versa, in the
f y = 0.25 ⇒ fy = 0.2301w.
force-deformation relation. The results are shown in Fig.
u(t) is given in Fig. 7.4.3c, um = 1.75 in. P7.4; um = 3.50 in.
2
fy 0.4602mg ⎛T ⎞
uy = = = 0.4602 g ⎜ n ⎟ = 1125
. in.
1 um 1 175. k k ⎝ 2π ⎠
μ= = = 311
.
f y uo 0.25 2.25 u( t ) u( t ) in Fig. P7.15
μ(t ) = =
uy 1.125
(b) Excitation: 2 × El Centro ground motion.
um 350 .
μ= = = 311
.
u y 1125
.

The ductility factors calculated for the two systems with

normalized strength f y = 0.25 are independent of the
factor by which the ground motion is scaled.

2
u, in.

-1
Deformation

-2

-3
u m = 3.50 in.
-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

T im e , s e c F ig . P 7 .1 5

Fig. P7.4
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 Problem 7.5
(a) For fy = 0. 5 , from Fig. 7.4.3, um = 1. 62 in. , and
uo = 2. 25 in. Substituting these data in Eq. (7.2.4)
gives
1 um 1 1. 62
μ = = = 1. 44
fy uo 0. 5 2. 25
(b) For fy = 0. 25 , um = 1. 75 in. and uo = 2. 25 in.
1 1. 75
μ = = 3.11
0. 25 2. 25
(c) For fy = 0.125 , um = 2. 07 in. and uo = 2. 25 in.
1 2. 07
μ = = 7. 36
0.125 2. 25

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 Problem 7.6 Ay ( Tn ) 4. 46 Tn−2
= = 1. 487 Tn−2
(a) The design spectrum for elastic systems with ζ = 2% g μ
• 10 sec < Tn ≤ 33 sec
and the selected ground motion was constructed in
Problem 6.23 and is reproduced in Figs. P7.6a, b and c. Ay ( Tn ) 24. 49 Tn−2.74
= = 8.16 Tn−2.74
The inelastic spectrum for μ = 3 is determined by the g μ
following steps: • Tn > 33 sec :
Ay ( Tn ) 1. 84 Tn−2
1-3. The ordinates for the various branches are = = 0. 614 Tn−2
g μ
b'-c': Ay = (1. 83g ) ÷ 2 μ − 1 = 0. 818g

c'-d' : Vy = 70. 08 ÷ μ = 23. 36 in. sec

Fig. P7.3a
d'-e': Dy = 43. 56 ÷ μ = 14. 52 in. 100
c d
4. The ordinate for point f' is Dy = 18 μ = 6 in. . Join 50

10
points f' and e' by a straight line. For Tn > 33 sec ,

10
c’ d’ e

n.
Ay

,i
Dy = 6 in. 20

,g

uy
b

10

10
5. Join a' , which is the same as a, to point b' .

1
Vy, in./sec
b’ e’
6. Draw the line Ay = 0. 50 g for Tn < 1 33 sec . 5 f

1
0.

1
The resulting design spectrum is shown in Fig. P7.3a. 2
a f’
(b) and (c). The two spectra of Fig P7.6a are replotted

01
0.
1

0.
1
in Figs. P7.6b and P7.6c. a’
0.5
(d) Determine Ta ′ , Tb' , Tc ′ , Td ′ , Te ′ and Tf ′ .

1
0.

00
01

0.
Ta′ = 1 33 , Tb ′ = Tb = 1 8 , Td ′ = Td = 3. 91 , 0.2
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50
Te ′ = Te = 10 , Tf ′ = Tf = 33 ; all in sec. Tn, sec

At Tc′ , Ay = 0. 818g and Vy = 23. 36 in. sec

2π Fig. P7.6a
Ay = Vy ⇒
Tn

Tn = 2π
Vy
= 2π
FG 23.36 IJ = 0.465 sec
Ay H 0.818g K 5
Fig. P7.3b

(e) Determine equations for Ay ( Tn ) g .

b c
With reference to the data in Problem 6.23,
Ay ( Tn ) 1 b’ c’
• Tn ≤ 1 33 sec : = 0. 5
g a, a’
• 1 33 sec < Tn ≤ 1 8 sec : Find equation to the d
A, g

straight line on log-log paper connecting points a'

and b': d’
Ay ( Tn ) 0.1
= 1. 687 Tn0.348
g e
Ay ( Tn )
• 1 8 sec < Tn ≤ 0. 465 sec : = 0. 818
g e’
• 0. 465 sec < Tn ≤ 3. 91 sec :
0.01
Ay ( Tn ) 1.14 Tn−1 0.1 1 10
= = 0. 380 Tn−1 Tn, sec
g μ
• 3. 91 sec < Tn ≤ 10 sec : Fig. P7.6b

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 Fig. P7.3c
2.0
b c
Pseudo-acceleration A or Ay, g

1.5

1.0
b’ c’

0.5
d
a, a’
d’
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Natural vibration period Tn, sec

Fig. P7.6c

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 Problem 7.7 Yielding reduces the design force by the factor of
(a) Tn = 0. 02 sec 2 μ − 1 , but increases the design deformation by the
This system is on the Tn < Ta branch of the design factor μ 2μ − 1 .
spectrum (Fig. 6.9.4) and Eqs. (7.11.3) apply. For a (c) Tn = 2 sec
linearly elastic system, A = (1g ) 0. 50 = 0. 5g . Then This system is on the Tn > Tc part of the design
⎛ A⎞ spectrum (Fig. 6.9.4) and Eq. (7.11.5) apply. For a linearly
fo = ⎜ ⎟ w = 0.5w elastic system,
⎝g⎠
V = (110. 4 ) ( 0. 50 ) = 55. 2
2
A ⎛T ⎞
uo = = ⎜ n ⎟ A = 1.955 × 10−3 in. ⎛ 2π ⎞
ωn2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ A = ⎜ ⎟ V = 0.448g
⎝ Tn ⎠
Substituting for fo and uo in Eq. (7.11.3) gives the
⎛ A⎞
following results for μ = 1 , 2, 4 and 8: fo = ⎜ ⎟ w = 0.448w
⎝g⎠
V Tn
μ fy w um , in. uo = = V = 17. 57 in.
ωn 2π
−3
1 0.50 1. 955 × 10 Substituting for fo and uo in Eq. (7.11.5) gives the
−3
2 0.50 3. 910 × 10 following results for μ = 1 , 2, 4 and 8:
4 0.50 7.820 × 10 −3
8 0.50 15.640 × 10 −3
μ fy w um , in.

Yielding has no influence on the design force but the 1 0.448 17.57
design deformation is increased proportional to the 2 0.224 17.57
allowable ductility. 4 0.112 17.57
(b) Tn = 0. 2 sec 8 0.056 17.57
For this ystem Tb < Tn < Tc′ and Tn is on the constant-
Ay branch of the design spectrum for all values of μ = 1 Yielding has no influcence on the design deformation
to 8 [(Figs. 7.11.1 and 7.11.5) and Eq. (7.11.4) apply]. For but reduces the design force by the factor μ .
a linearly elastic system, A = ( 2. 71g ) 0. 5 = 1. 355g .
Then
⎛ A⎞
fo = ⎜ ⎟ w = 1.355w
⎝g⎠
2
A⎛T ⎞
uo = = ⎜ n ⎟ A = 0.53 in.
2
ωn ⎝ 2π ⎠

Substituting for fo and uo in Eq. (7.11.3) gives the

following results for μ = 1 , 2, 4 and 8:

μ fy w um , in.

1 1.355 0.530
2 0.782 0.612
4 0.512 0.801
8 0.350 1.095

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 Problem 7.8
For a system with Tn = 2 sec , Fig. 6.9.5 gives
b
A = 180 g
. g / 2 0.5 = 0.45g . Equation (7.12.1) gives
Ay fy 0112
. w
= = = 0112
.
g w w
and Eq. (7.12.2) leads to
A 0.45g
Ry = = =4
Ay 0112
. g

Knowing R y , μ can be computed from Eq. (7.11.2) for

Tn = 2 sec :
μ = Ry = 4

Then Eq. (7.12.3) gives

um = 4
1 2 FG IJ 2
0.45g = 17.6 in.
4 2π H K

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 Problem 7.9
For transverse ground motion the viaduct can be 3. The design displacement given by Eq. (7.12.5) is
idealized as an SDF system with its lateral stiffness
u m = u y + hθ p = 0.78 + 156 × 0.02 = 3.90 in.
computed from
and the design ductility factor is
3EI μ = u m u y = 3.90 / 0.78 = 5
k= 3
(a)
h
4. The deformation design spectrum for inelastic systems
where E is the elastic modulus of concrete, I is the
is shown in Fig. P7.9 for μ = 5 . Corresponding to um =
effective moment of inertia of the reinforced concrete
cross-section, and h is the column length. Based on the 3.9 in., this spectrum gives Tn = 0.444 sec and k is
American Concrete Institute design provisions ACI 318- computed by Eq. (7.12.6):
95, the effective EI for circular columns subjected to 2
lateral load is given by ⎛ 2π ⎞
k =⎜ ⎟ 4.378 = 878.4 kips/in
⎝ 0.444 ⎠
⎛ E ⎞
EI = E c I g ⎜⎜ 0.2 + 2 ρ t γ 2 s ⎟⎟ (b) 5. The yield strength is given by Eq. (7.12.7):
⎝ Ec ⎠
f y = ku y = 878.4 × 0.78 = 685.1 kips

where Ig is the second moment of area of the gross cross-
section, Ec and Es are the elastic moduli of concrete and
reinforcing steel, ρ t is the longitudinal reinforcement
ratio, and γ is the ratio of the distances from the center of
the column to the center of the outermost reinforcing bars
and to the column edge.
We selected the following system properties: concrete
strength = 4 ksi, steel strength = 60 ksi, and γ = 0.9 .
The mass of the idealized SDF system is the tributary
mass for one bent, i.e., the mass of 130 ft length of the
superstructure:
w 1690
m= = = 4.378 kip − sec 2 /in
g 386
The step-by-step procedure described in Section 7.12
is now implemented as follows:
1. An initial estimate of u y = 0.78 in.
2. The plastic rotation acceptable at the base of the column
is θ p = 0.02 radians.
6. The circular column is then designed using ACI 318-95
for axial force due to dead load of 1690 kips due to the
superstructure plus 55 kips due to self weight of the
column and the bending moment due to lateral force = fy:
M = hf y = 106,876 kip-in. For the resulting column
design, ρ t = 3.5% , flexural strength = 118,800 kip-in, and
lateral strength = 761.5 kips. For ρ t = 3.5% , Eq. (b) gives
EI = 1.54 × 10 9 kip − in 2 ; using this EI value Eq. (a) gives
k = 1219.9 kips/in. The yield deformation is u y = f y k =
761.5/1219.9 = 0.62 in.
7. Since the yield deformation computed in Step 6 differs
significantly from the initial estimate of u y = 0.78 in,
(c)
iteration is necessary. The results of such iterations are
summarized in Table P7.3.
The procedure converged after four iterations giving a
column design with ρ t = 2.9% . This column has an initial
stiffness, k = 1058.7 kips/in and lateral yield strength, fy =
671.5 kips.

Table P7.9

No. uy um μ Tn k fy ρt Design f y Design k uy

(in.) (in.) (secs) (kips/in.) (kips) (%) (kips) (kips/in.) (in.)
1 0.78 3.90 5.00 0.444 878.4 685.2 3.50 761.5 1219.9 0.62
2 0.62 3.74 6.00 0.426 953.0 594.9 2.80 664.6 1046.5 0.64
3 0.64 3.76 5.91 0.427 947.5 601.7 2.90 671.5 1058.7 0.63
4 0.63 3.75 5.92 0.427 947.9 601.2 2.90 671.5 1058.7 0.63
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Solution Manual for Dynamics of Structures, 4/E 4th Edition : 0132858037

200
100
50

20
10
5 u = 3.90′′
m

2 (c)
um, in.

1
μ=5
0.5

Tn = 0.444 sec
0.2
0.1
0.05

0.02
0.01
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50
Tn, sec

Fig. P7.9

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