NURSING AS A SCIENCE DISCIPLINE (NOT SPECIFIED)

APPRENTICESHIP MODEL • ACADEMIA/ BRANCH OF EDUCATION/A DEPARTMENT

OF LEARNING.
- Nursing practice was based on principles and
• THEORETICAL WORKS LEADING TO HIGHER LEV EL OF
traditions that were handed down through
EDUCATION AND PRACTICE
practice seen by Florence during her time
• Functional focus (WHAT NURSES DO) or what nurses
know and how they use them for thinking and
- Other references note that this is a practice era
decision-making while taking care of a patient.
dated before the curriculum era where to be a
• Knowledge of persons, health, and environment for
nurse can have a diploma for only 2 years under
nursing as a discipline.
vocational.
Kuhn stated: The study of paradigms is what mainly
HISTORICAL ERAS OF NURSING’S SEARCH FOR SPECIALIZED
prepares the student for membership in a particular
KNOWLEDGE
scientific community with which he/she will practice.

CURRICULUM ERA: 1900 to 1940s

PROFESSION (FIELD/ WITH BASIS!)
• What curriculum content should student nurses
• SPECIALIZED FIELD OF PRACTICE founded on the
study?
theoretical structure of the science or knowledge
• Courses taught in nursing programs.
of the discipline and accompanying practice
• Standardized curricula for diploma program
abilities.
• Specialized knowledge and higher education
• Knowledge of THAT DISCIPLINE with PRACTICE
RESEARCH ERA: 1950 to 1970s ABILITIES
• Recognition of respect for their SCHOLARLY
• What is the focus of nursing research? disciplined contribution to the health of society.
• Role for nurses, what to research
• Problem studies
• Theory-based studies for UNIFIED knowledge.

GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA: 1950 – 1970s

• What knowledge is needed for nursing practice?

• Carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing
practice
• Nurses have an important role in quality health
care
• Focus graduate education on knowledge
development

Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing:

THEORY ERA: 1980 – 1990s
1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of
• How do these frameworks guide research and specialized knowledge.

practice?
• There are many ways to think about nursing
• Nursing theoretical works clearly focus on the
patient
• These theories guide nursing research and
practice
THEORY UTILIZATION ERA: 21st CENTURY
• What new theories are needed as evidence for
quality care?
• Nursing theory guides research practice,
education, and administration
• Middle range theories are from quantitative or
qualitative approaches
• Nursing frameworks are the knowledge(evidence)
for quality care
2. Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its
techniques of education and service thru scientific method.
3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/
colleges.
4. Applies knowledge in practical services important to community
welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in developing professional policy.
6. Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of
intensifying service.
7. Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action,
opportunity for continuous professional growth economic security
EPISTEMOLOGY
• Knowledge, Understanding
• Concerned with the theory of knowledge in
philosophical inquiry. How knowledge came to be
• What is REAL is considered KNOWLEDGE.
• Concerned with the nature and scope of
knowledge.
• JUSTIFIES BELIEFS
• Questions what knowledge is, and HOW it is
acquired.
• Aims to discover the meaning of knowledge.

SELF EXPLANATORY TABLES:

(HIGHLIGHT MO NLANG BEH)
10 Phases of Concept Building Process:

1. Write a meaningful practice story.

2. Name the central phenomenon in the practice story.
3. Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon.
4. Link the phenomenon to existing literature.
5. Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon.

Criteria
Professional
1.
2.
knowledge.
uses
education
3.
method.
practitioners
4.
services
5.
welfare.
developing
6.
and
7.
service.
providing
opportunity
professional
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economic
Utilizes
Constantly
Entrusts
Applies
Functions
Attracts
Strives
6.

7.
well
personal
andfor
important
organized
improves
to
in
freedom
knowledge
and
individuals
the
professional
the
compensate
for
autonomously
its
growth
status
to
qualities
enlarges
service
education
Development
practice
continuous
universities/
its
of
to
body
and
action,
in
community
Nursing:
techniques
thru
with
the
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apolicy.
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scientific
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Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message

Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon.

8. Use the core qualities to create a definition.
9. Create a model of the phenomenon
10. Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction

• RELATIONAL STATEMENTS

Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts.

• THEORETICAL STATEMENTS

Relate concepts to one another; permit analysis.

• OPERATIONAL STATEMENTS

Relate concepts to measurements.

SCIENTIFIC LAWS:

- Statement of a FACT, aims to EXPLAIN in brief and SIMPLE terms,

- GENERALLY ACCEPTED/UNIV ERSAL to be TRUE.
- SIMPLE, TRUE, UNIV ERSAL, ABSOLUTE
- BASED ON REPEATED EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS.
- ALWAYS applies under SAME conditions, implies that there is a causal relationship revolving its
elements.

THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
- More complex/dynamic MAY BE REPLACED - Educated guess (observation)
- Explains ENTIRE GROUP - HAS NOT BEEN PROV ED
- Can be changed, improved, - An ASSUMPTION made for the
- ACCEPTED AT TRUE AND PROV ED sake of argument.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• ADEQUATE LIGHT
(THE LADY WITH THE LAMP) - DIRECT SUNLIGHT has quite as real and
tangible effects on human body.
• MOTHER of MODERN NURSING • CLEANLINESS
• Born in FLORENCE, ITALY ( MAY 12, 1820) - Advocated taking a bath daily and NURSES
• 1851 – went to KAISENWERTH HOSPITAL @ 24 years should also do the same and keep their duty
old. uniforms and hands clean.
• Died AUG 13, 1910 • WARMTH
• Served in CRIMEAN WAR - She outlined a procedure for measuring the

• LONDON (St. THOMAS HOSPITAL) body’s temperature through palpitation or

feeling the extremities in order to assess for
NOTES ON NURSING (1859-1992) heat loss.
- Nurses should manipulate the environment by:
• Nursing theory that focuses on manipulation of the
1. POSITIONING the patient
ENVIRONMENT for the patient.
2. OPENING the windows
CRIMEAN WAR (MARCH 1853) 3. REGULATING ROOM TEMP. to maintain this
balance.
• War between RUSSIA and TURKEY • QUIET
• Florence volunteered her services with 38 NURSES - UNNECESSARY NOISE can be harmful to the
to TURKEY patient who is ill.
• SHE FOUND THAT: • DIET
1. Soldiers lay in FILTH straw pallets in crowded - Nurse’s role is to assess both the MEAL and
hallways SCHEDULE and it’s affect on the patient.
2. Rats and insects crawled the floors and walls - Assessing the patient’s dietary intake.
3. Hospitals lack supplies. • MANAGEMENT
4. Water rationed, inadequate amounts - Nurse is in control of the environment
5. Soldiers wearing unwashed uniforms. PHYSICALLY and ADMINISTRATIV ELY so the
6. Typhus, cholera, and dysentery were the patient is protected from PHYSICAL and
primary reasons of a high death rate. PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM
7. OV ERCROWDING, POOR VENTILATION

POST-WAR CONTRIBUTIONS
THEORY IN VIEW OF METAPARADIGMS
• returned to England as NATIONAL HEROINE(1856)
NURSING:
• PUBLISHED TWO BOOKS
1. NOTES ON HOSPITAL (1859) - Nursing was comparable to
2. NOTES ON NURSING (1859) MOTHERLY INSTICTS.
• Raised funds and used to establish THE - Believes every woman should be a
NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL AND HOME FOR NURSES.
nurse because of having the
(St. Thomas Hospital)
responsibility for someone else’s
• Her work influenced John Stuart Mill’s book on
health because it is a characteristic
WOMEN’S RIGHTS.
shared by women.
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY - “NOTES ON NURSING” Provided
guidelines to women who wanted to
“Nursing is the art of utilizing the patient’s environment for
become nurses and gave advice on
his or her recovery”
how to THINK LIKE A NURSE.
What is ENVIRONMENT? - Nursing is a vocation that needs
formal learning and application of
• The EXTERNAL conditions and influences affecting
scientific principles in the care of
the life and development of an organism.
patients.
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT: - Nursing personnel having more skill in
terms of assessment and reporting of
• PROPER VENTILATION
the patient’s health status.
- Nurses responsibility to keep the air that the
patient breathes pure as the external air
(NEXT PAGE LEFT)
without necessarily chilling him. (INADEQUATE
V ENTILATION MAY BE SOURCE OF DISEASE)
PERSON: CARATIV E FACTORS

- patient himself. HUMAN-ALTRUISTIC SYSTEM OF VALUE

- RECIPIENT OF OUR CARE
- Passive patient
patient who wholly DEPENDS on the nurse for
tasks and control of his environment.
- nurse is in TOTAL control of the patient AND
environment.
- needs nursing care REGARDLESS of the
patient’s SOCIAL WORTH.
HEALTH:
- BEING WELL.
- fully Living up to one’s potential.
- Disease and illness are reparative processes
that are instituted by Mother nature herself
when the person DID NOT attend to his
personal health concerns.
- Emphasized the promotion and maintenance of
- Practive loving kindness and equanimity
FAITH-HOPE
- Authentically present, enabling the deep
belief system, subjective life world of self and
the one being cared for.
SENSITIVITY TO SELF AND OTHERSL
- Cultivation of own spiritual practices and
transpersonal self. BEYOND EGO SELF.
HELP-TRUSTING, HUMAN CARE RELATIONSHIP
- Developing/Sustaining and helping-trusting
authentic caring relationship
EXPRESSING POSITIV E AND NEGATIV E FEELINGS

health and prevention of diseases through

- Present to, supportive of, expression of
prudent control of the environment and social
positive and negative feelings as connection
responsibility.
with deeper spirit of self.

ENVIRONMENT:
CREATIV E PROBLEM-SOLVING CARING PROCESS

- Elements external to and which affect the

health of the sick and healthy person
- “Patients food, flowers, patient’s verbal and
nonverbal actions”
- A THERAPUTIC ENVIRONMENT WILL ENHANCE
COMFORT AND RECOV ERY OF PATIENT.
WATSON’S PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSPERSONAL
- CREATIV E use of self, always knowing part of
caring process to engage in artistry of caring-
healing practices
TRANSPERSONAL TEACHING-LEARNING
-GENUINE TEACHING-LEARNING that attends to
unity of being and meaning

CARING SUPPORTIVE, PROTECTIV E, and/or CORRECTIVE

“Nursing is the human science of persons and human health
– illness experiences that are mediated by professional,
personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care
transactions.”
JEAN WATSON:
- WELCH WEST VIRGINIA
- ASSISTANT DEAN OF UNDERGRADUATE
PROGRAM AT UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
- Coordinator and director of PhD Program
(1978 – 1981)
BOOKS:
MENTAL, PHYSICAL, SOCIETAL, and SPIRITUAL
ENVIRONMENT
- Create a healing environment at all levels.
(physical and non physical) subtle environment
of energy and consciousness.
- Beauty, wholeness, comfort, dignity, and peace
(potentiated(
HUMAN NEEDS ASSISTANCE
- Assisting with basic needs, with intentional
caring consciousness, administering “Human
care essentials”
-

1. NURSING: The Philosophy and Science of Caring

(1979)
2. NURSING: Human science and Human Care – A
Theory of Nursing (1985)

TRANSPERSONAL CARING RELATIONSHIP

- It is a special kind of human care relationship

- Union with another person-high regard for the
whole person and their being in the world.
- “CARITAS” Greek word “TO CHERISH” “SPECIAL
LOVING ATTENTION”