PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION &

IMPACT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, &

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES ON EDUCATION

Josephine Jojo
I MSc Nursing
M.O.S.C College of Nursing
Kolenchery
 Profession
A profession is a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical
standards and who hold themselves out as, and are accepted by the
public as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised
body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high
level, and who are prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these
skills in the interest of others. 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PROFESSION
 Authority to control its own work.

 Exclusive body of specialized

knowledge.

 Extensive period of formal

training.

 Specialized competence.
CHARACTERISTICS
Cont.…
 Control over work performance.

 Service to society.

 Self-regulation.

 Credentialing system to certify

competence.

 Public acceptance.
CHARACTERISTICS
Cont.…
 Legal reinforcement of
professional standards.
Ethical practice.

 Creation of a collegial
subculture.

 Intrinsic rewards.
CHARACTERISTICS
Cont.…
• Intellectual
 Body of knowledge
(experience, research,
judgement, rationale)
 Specialized education
 Critical and Creative
Thinking(A logical and critical
thinking, a problem-solving )
CHARACTERISTICS
Cont.…
• Personal(Autonomy, risk
taking, responsible,
accountable)

• Interpersonal
 • practice a well defined and well-organized body of
CRITERIA OF knowledge
• constantly enlarges the body of knowledge by the use of
PROFESSION the scientific method.
• profession entrusts the education to institutions of
higher education.
• profession applies its body of knowledge in practical
Bixler and Bixler service
Criteria for • . A profession functions autonomously
Profession • profession attracts individuals of intellectual and
personal qualities
• providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous
professional growth and economic security
CRITERIA OF professional work:

PROFESSION • Is basically intellectual

• Is based on a body of knowledge (research)

• Is practical in addition to being theoretical.

• Can be taught through a highly specialized professional

Abraham education.
Flexner's Criteria
for a Profession • Has a strong internal organization of members and a well-
developed group consciousness.

• Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (the desire to

help others)
 • The services are vital to humanity and the welfare of the society.
CRITERIA OF • special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research.
PROFESSION • intellectual activities: individual responsibility (accountability) is a strong
feature.

• Practitioners are educated in institutions of higher learning.

• Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies

Kelley's Criteria and activities (autonomy).

• Practitioners are motivated by service (altruism)

• code of ethics guide the decisions and conduct of practitioners.

• organization (association) encourages and support high standards of

practice.
 CRITERIAS OF NURSING AS A PROFESSION

1. The services provided are vital to humanity and the welfare of society".
2. There is a special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through
research".
3. The services involve intellectual activities: individual responsibility
(accountability) is a strong feature
4. Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and
activities (Autonomy)
5. Practitioners are motivated by service (Altruism) and consider their work as an
important component of their lives”
6. There is an organization (association) that encourages and supports high
standards of practice"
PRESPECTIVE OF
NURSING 1. Stipends to the nursing students (Rs.60/month)

PROFESSION 2. Nurses, Midwives and Dais (raised to 7,40,000)

3. Training of Nurses and Midwives

4. Male Nurses

5. Public Health Nurses

At National Level 6. Midwives

7. Dais

8. Nursing Staff
PRESPECTIVE OF • Development of Nursing Education in India
NURSING
PROFESSION ANM/GNM Programme(1951)

Basic BSc Nursing(1946 RAK)

Post Basic BSc Nursing(1962 TVM)

Establishment of Indian MSc Nursing Education(1907 RAK)

Nursing Council
M. Phil Programme(1986 RAK)

Ph.D. Programme(1990)
 Professional Education

• An educational process or program that develops

individuals to acquire special competencies

for professional practice.
  devote moral energies and intellectual powers
to solve problems.

 bring intelligence and patriotism to promote

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
peace and order in the society.

 purpose and philosophy for work and life.

 lacks in such purpose and philosophy, the total

Responsibilities of
Professional Education effect may be great internal stress and even
social deterioration.
 • social responsibility
PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION
• values and relationships, and

• disciplined power to see realities

Fundamentals of
Professional Education without, an appreciation of social and

human prejudice or blind commitment

• Technical skill
 PROFESSIONAL NURSING EDUCATION

• 2 years programme

• usually offered by a university or

Associate Degree Education Junior College.

• focuses on the basic sciences,
theoretical and clinical courses
related to the practice of nursing.
 Professional Education

• Diploma Education

• Baccalaureate Education

• Masters Degree Preparation

• Doctoral Preparation

• Continuing and in-service education

• Licensed Practical Nurse Education

SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL, AND
TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGES ON EDUCATION
 Impact of social changes

• Education emerges out of the needs of the society.

• Education plays a dynamic role in the society. (social change)

• moulds and develops the personality of the young members of the society.

• Education trains people to develop new ideas and adjust to a changing

environment

• fosters liberal values such as equality, freedom, and scientific temper.

 Impact of social changes

• It cultivates awareness about inequality, social deprivation and all sorts of

discrimination.

• Education empowers people to demolish the closed system of stratification

and opens it up for social transformation.

• . Cultural evidence of society is preserved and disseminated through education

 Impact of political changes on Education

 . The ideals of democracy, socialism, secularism, and social

justice have essentially grown in the modern times because
of educational development.

 In India the educated and enlightened people, for example,

provided the leadership in the struggle for freedom.
 Impact of Economical Changes on Education

 Education helps to promote economic growth in terms human resource

development.

 The educational system provides skills and training for different occupations.

 It prepares younger people for occupying different positions according to

education and skills.

 specific economic needs of different countries that they have different

educational priorities.
 Impact of Modernization on Education

 Education is an initiator of change.

 It inculcates in the younger generation; whatever changes are

desirable for rebuilding a society.

 Education cultivates necessary intellectual and emotional readiness

to deal with the challenges of change.

 Education is an important instrument of modernization.