Chapter 2: Measures to increase the efficiency of street lighting design

1.Technology solutions for urban road lighting equipment

1.1. Use of high-efficiency lighting
High-efficiency lighting lamps are considered lamps with small focal
power, long service life, and large luminous flux. Table 11 introduces the
basic parameters and scope of application of high-performance
luminaires for urban road lighting.
Table. Types of High Efficiency Luminaires for Urban Road Lighting
Glow
Type of Luminous Lifespa Scope of
Power(W) efficiency
bulb flux (lm) n (h) application
(lm/W)
High
pressure
sodium 23.000-
35-1.000 60-140 >10,000 Street
(High 23.500
pressure
sodium)
Low
pressure
sodium Suburban
35-185 24.000 130-200 >8,000
(Low roads
pressure
sodium)
High
12.000-
Pressure 50-1.000 30-65 >10,000 Intersections
13.000
Mecury
Metal 19.500- 2.000 –
32-1.500 70-125 Intersections
Halide 26.300 6.000
 2.500 – Alleys,
LED 30-160 80 50.000
13.000 streets

1.2. Use power savers

The power saver works to reduce lighting consumption during off-peak
hours. There are two main types of power economizers:
- Dimmer: is a device that is installed in an existing lamp without
having to replace the devices in the lamp or install it with a new bulb
(2-stage bi-power bulb). Dimmer kits are often used to transform
existing lighting systems into energy-efficient lighting systems. Bi-
power bulbs are often newly installed. The advantage of this device is
that it reduces power but still ensures an even glow of the lights. Its
disadvantages are large installation costs and difficult maintenance.
- Power reduction cabinet: is a device installed in the control cabinet to
reduce power consumption on the lighting route. This device is
suitable for the case of renovating and upgrading existing lighting
routes into energy-saving lighting systems. The advantage of this
device is fast and convenient installation, no need to change the bulb,
combined with automatic shut-off for the lighting route. The
disadvantage of this device is that when installed on a long lighting
line, there will be a pressure drop at the end of the line.
1.3. Use new energy such as wind, solar
- Lamps use solar energy.
- Wind-powered lamps
1.4.Use intelligent systems
Currently, countries are researching smart energy-saving systems in
public lighting.
For example, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) in the
Netherlands is testing a smart street lighting system on campus that uses
80% less of the electricity the current system currently consumes and is
also cheaper for maintenance.
The system includes street lights with LED lighting, motion sensors and
wireless communication. At first glance, it looks like a lamp widely used
in home gardens but with a motion sensor attached. In this system, the
surrounding lights will light up if any object or person approaches. And
the light does not go out completely; They will retain about 20%
brightness compared to standard lighting energy. When someone enters
the " safe circle" of the lamp, it glows brightly. Another convenience is
that the lights will automatically report the error to the control room.
This makes maintenance cheaper and more efficient than it is today.
1.5. Use of lighting control centers
The construction of control centers for public lighting systems is the
application of appropriate communication technologies. The control
information is transmitted from the center to the lighting control cabinets
and can reach each light point depending on the level of each
technology: phase switching control, energy saving mode control at the
lighting control cabinet, power reduction control at bright points and
receiving feedback from bright spots, Lighting grid, control cabinets
illuminate the central control room.
Currently, the communication technologies used for the control center
include 3 types as follows:
- Model 1: Control signal from the control center to the area control
cabinets connected via dial-up telephone line (communication via public
telephone line). From these area control cabinets, information is
transmitted to the lighting control cabinets through lighting power
supply cables (Power Line Communication (PLC) communication
technology). With PLC technology: the data transmission signal is
modulated with a current of 220V/50Hz to transmit without the need for
a secondary data transmission line.
Using a dial-up communication solution has many limitations for
operation management, control & monitoring is not instantaneous
because to control or monitor to a computer area cabinet in the central
control room, you must dial directly to the area control cabinets (each
dial only gets results from one zone control cabinet If you want to
retrieve the safes from another area control cabinet, you dial again) so
the control time and feedback are slow, and monitoring is not
instantaneous for all lighting areas.
The design of communication circuits via lighting power cables at
lighting control cabinets in an area is very complicated when installing
underground cables. The stability of the system is also not high because
the PLC transmission line between the lighting control cabinets is
relatively far, so the communication quality is not good, the maximum
distance between the cabinets in each area is < 2km.
- Model 2: Control signal from the control center to the regional control
cabinets connected via ADSL line. From these area control cabinets,
information is transmitted to the lighting control cabinets and to the light
points through PLC (Power Line Communication) using the lighting
power supply cable to transmit control and monitoring information.
With this solution, the installation design must be installed
synchronously with both control equipment and energy-saving
equipment for each bright spot, so the investment cost is huge. This
solution has been applied at the Ho Chi Minh City Public Lighting
Control Center. However, the wire is a wired communication solution,
so the installation cost is high and the system operation also takes a lot
of labor.
- Model 3: Use GSM/GPRS wireless network to control public lighting
system. Control signals from the control center to the lighting control
cabinets and vice versa are transmitted wirelessly, communication from
the control cabinet to the light points via lighting power cables (PLCs).
Applying this solution will reduce the area control level, only 2 control
levels: the central control cabinet and the lighting control cabinet. The
signal transmission line from the control center to the lighting control
cabinets uses wireless transmission (using GSM / GPRS networks).
From the lighting control cabinet, information is transmitted to the light
points through the PLC transmission line, using existing lighting power
cables to power the lamp grid to transmit control monitoring information
to each light point.
This model is the most modern application model today, an
internationally recognized solution in the field of controlling public
lighting systems. As a wireless connection, it can be installed at any
location, has unlimited coverage, and is easy to expand the system. Do
not affect the built infrastructure.
The investment cost under this model is suitable for our country's cities.
Cities can invest in steps depending on the operating levels according to
the actual requirements of each locality:
+ Control and supervision to the lighting control cabinet: Install control
equipment at the cabinet, power reduction equipment at the cabinet.
+ Control and monitor each lamp to save energy. Can control and
connect to many different types of balast and power reducer of many
manufacturers.