Introduction to Coastal Engineering

Trilochan Sahoo

Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur - 721302, INDIA
Email: tsahoo@naval.iitkgp.ernet.in
 Coastal Engineering
Basic Information
Evaluation of the course: Mid-term -30, End-term – 50, TA - 20 (Class test/Home work, Presentation and
attendance)

Class timing: There will be three hours of lectures in a week. Approximately, there will be 40-42 hours of lectures. Some
classeswill be devoted to problem solving. Both PPT/Board teaching.

Course Sharing: I will be taking the classes on Monday (two hours) and Tuesday for one hour as per the schedule. Any
change in class timing, I will notify from time to time. Few extra classes to compensate the loss of class hours if any

Course Material: Materials including my presentation details will be shared with you time to time.

Notifications: I will be sharing all the information via email/WhatsApp group.

TA procedure (10 marks for presentation, 5 marks for attendance and 5 marks for Class Test/Homework)
• Assignments/sample questions for self study and practice will be shared.
 15 minutes presentation by all (maximum two can be in a group). All your slides will be shared among others.
Some of the topics I will be mentioning during lectures. You may choose a topic related to the subject.
Introduction to Coastal Engineering Contd…
Introduction to this course: Definition of various terms associated with ocean environment such as ocean, bay,
harbor, coast, coastline, coastal zone etc. Historical back ground, various human activities along the coast,
coastal environment, Indian scenario, various physical processes along the coast, coastal engineering activities
etc.

Basic understanding of the physical system and associated physical processes provides deeper knowledge for
solving any problems of engineering.

Physical System ?

Physical Processes ?

Wave Processes and Sediment transport processes

Physical Phenomena : Tides, Storm Surges, tsunami, oil spilling, coastal erosion, coastal inundation, sediment
transport and processed, Global warming and sealevel rise, Bayand harbor oscillation, mangroves, corals,

An introduction to coastal structures for protecting coast (both from wave and sediment action)

Another bigger branch is coastal zone management

 Introduction to Coastal Engineering Contd…
Few References
 Basic Coastal Engineering by Robert M Sorensen, Springer Verlag
 Coastal Engineering by J. S. Mani, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Coastal Engineering Manuals, United States Army Corps of Engineers
 Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management by J. W Kamphuis, World
Scientific
 Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists by Robert A Dalrymple
and Robert G Dean, World Scientific
 Marine Hydrodynamics NPTEL Lectures by Trilochan Sahoo, Videos, lecture notes
and sample solved problems (Basic understanding on waves refer to lectures 21-32
 My presentation materials
 Lecture notes, solved problems and other materials
 An Introduction to Coastal Zone
(With emphasis on Indian Coast)
 Challenges for 21st Century

1. Science for environmental

Population Need for space &
Protection, Committee on
(7.4 billion till August infrastructures
Science for EPA's Future; Board
2016; 11.2 billion
on Environmental Studies and
predicted by 2100) Toxicology; Division on Earth and
Life Studies; National Research
Council, DOI:
Food Scarcity 10.17226/13510, National
Academy Press, USA
Air Pollution
2. Grand Challenges for
Engineers, National Academy of
Energy requirement Technological Engineering
changes and USA, www.engineeringchallenges.
org
affluent living style

Global Warming and Spread of vector‐

related Hazards such as
borne diseases such
sea‐level rise and
storm surges
as H5N1
Water Pollution
(Drinking and
coastal)
Challenges along the coastal zone
 Impacts of coastal zone and its resources
 70% of world population lives within 100 km from the coast
 2/3rd of the world’s cities are near the coast
 Goods and Services provided by marine coastal ecosystems are worth
US$ 13 trillion per annum
 Developing Countries – Tourism, Production of foodstuffs, Basic industry
 Developed countries – Tourism, Economic Machine, Quality of life
 Sustainable use of coastal resources is linked to public health, food security, and
economic and social benefits (cultural values and traditional livelihoods).

Estuaries
Terrestrial 12%
37%
Seagrass/
Coastal algae beds
37% 11%
Coral reefs
Open ocean 1%
25% Shelf
13%

Coastal resources to global GDP

 Real estate along the coast

Queensland east coast,Australia Dubai, SaudiArab

Slovenia’s coast, Europe Gold Coast,Australia

Oil exploration and drilling in Coastal water
 Busy ports around the world

Shanghai Port, China Hong Kong Port, China

Singapore Port, Singapore Hamburg port, German

Aquaculture is expanding to meet world food demand

Aquaculture
Rise in sea water level due to global warming
Coastal erosion due to wave effect
Storm surge waves crash into harbor
Measures to meet various challenges
Protection against coastal erosion (soft measures)
Mangroves
• The mangroves are
home to a large
number of
economically
important species of
plants and animals.

• A large group of
people are directly
dependent on the
mangroves for their
livelihood. In the
Sunderbans alone
about 3.2 million
people are directly
dependent.
Wave height attenuation in presence of mangroves forest
Wave reflection near a coastal forest
Protection against coastal erosion (soft measures) contd…

Coral Reefs
Protection against storm surge waves crash into harbor
(Hard measures)

Breakwaters

Energy dissipation
Floating rigid breakwater Porous breakwater by porous structurer

Dieppe (France)

Vertical porous barrier Submerged breakwater Porous breakwater

 Bombarden Breakwater in World War -II
• Mullberry Harbours-Portable temporary harbours developed by
the British in World War II were vital for the Allied invasion of
Normandy.
• Two floating breakwaters of length 2.6 miles were used to
protect the floating Mulberry harbour. Wave height was reduced
by 2ft on the lee side of the breakwater
• The Bombardon floating breakwaters were designed for waves
of maximum wave height of 3.3 m, wave length of 45.7 m (5.6 s
period)
• The breakwaters were collapsed due to a storm in June 1944,
(worst storm in 40 years), just after 2 weeks of D-Day. The
details of the storm: Wave height of order of 4.6 m, wave length
of 91m ( 8 s period) in water depth of 22m Bombarden breakwater
Semicircular porous structures as breakwaters
 Various uses of silt curtains

Protection from drain waste Oil spill containment

Protection from wave attack Temporary wave barrier

 Comparing reefs with artificial coastal defenses

Efficiency Economics

• The transmission coefficient, Kt • The costs of building tropical

(ratio of Ht/Hi), of low-crested breakwaters ranged between US$
detached breakwaters typically 456 and 188,817 m-1 with a median
ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 i.e., 30-70% project cost of US$ 19,791 m-1.
height reduction.
• The construction costs of structural
• The average wave height reduction coral reef restoration projects
for reef crust, 64%, is in the upper ranged between US$ 20 and 155,000
range of values reported for m-1 with a median project cost of
artificial structures. US$ 1,290 m-1

23
Indian Coast‐a birds eye view
 COASTAL ZONE OF INDIA
 India’s coastline of over 8100 km.
 Supports a wide variety of coastal activities.
 Comprise various types of coastal habitats.
 Plays a major role in terms of economy and ecology.
 Natural processes and human interventions cause
changes in status of coastal zone resulting in
degradation/loss of amenities and habitats.
 An interface between land and sea with integrated
complex of marine, coastal land sub-systems and
shoreline environments.
 Includes beaches, sand dunes, coastal plains, inter-
tidal mudflats, mangrove forests, salt pans, sea grass,
coral reefs and lagoons.
 It is always dynamic due to various physical processes
 RESOURCES OF COASTAL ZONE
 Natural renewable and non-renewable (oil, gas, minerlas and
tidal energy),
 Coastal Fishery
 Marine transportation, recreation, tourism and salt production.
 Highly productive with high biological diversity
(e.g., Corals, Mangroves, Sea weeds)
 Nursery habitats for many species
 Coastal features form natural defence against storms, floods
and erosion.
 Common and rich nature of resources, with open
access, attract human settlements along coastline.
 20 % of the Indian population lives in the coastal areas.
 Increasing urbanization and human settlements lead to over-
exploitation of coastal resources resulting in resource
depletion and user conflicts.
CHALLENGES ALONG THE COASTAL ZONE OF INDIA

 Rapidly increasing populations and associated urbanization

 Rapid industrialization
 Significant rise in transportation (rise in port and harbor activities)
 Technological improvement
 Detrimental fishing methods
 Logging of forests and mangroves
 Pollution
 Changing agricultural practices and coastal developments or
conversions
 Discharge of huge quantities of untreated sewage into sea
 Expansion of urban settlements, exploitation for fuel, agricultural
development and construction of fish and shrimp ponds put
pressure on mangroves and coastal wetlands.
 Almost 60% of world’s reefs threatened by human activities.
 Coral reefs prone to severe damage from natural disturbances -
cyclones and temperature extremes.
 Climate change and storms lead to bleaching events.
 GAS HYDRATES IN INDIA
 Gas hydrates are considered as vast resources of natural gas
 Gas hydrate resources in India are estimated at 1,894 trillion cubic meters and
these deposits occur in Western, Eastern and Andaman offshore areas.
 A large natural gas discovery has been made in Krishna-Godavari Basin of Bay
of Bengal following a joint expedition by India and the US. The discovery in Kutch
offshore hold about 1 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves. The spread of Kutch offshore
basin covers an area of 28000 square kilometres in water depth of up to 200 meters

Deepwater drillship Chikyu used for

exploring natural gas hydrates in KG
Basin in Bay of Bengal
CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION IN INDIA
COASTAL PLANE OF INDIA
 STRATEGIC LOCATIONS ALONG INDIAN COAST
&
MAJOR NATIONAL COASTAL PROJECTS

Strategic locations Major Marine Projects

 Gulf of Kachchh  Tidal power

 Gulf of Khambat  Kalpasar project
 Bombay High  Sethusamudram Shipping
Canal Project
 Krishna Godavari Basin
 Sagarmala Project
 Tidal Energy along Indian Coast
POTENTIAL LOCATIONS
 Gulf of Khambhat (7,000 MW)
 Gulf of Kutch (1,200 MW)
 Sunderbans (100 MW)
Characteristics of Gulf of Kachchh and Khambat
Area (Sq. km) 7350 3120

Depth (m) 20‐60 15‐45

Depth mean (m) 30 20

Tides (m) Northern Side:3‐8 Western Side:3‐12

Southern Side:3‐5 Eastern Side:6‐10

Tidal Span (km) Northern Side:0.5‐2 Western Side:1.5‐5

Southern Side:1‐5 Eastern Side:2‐8
 KALPASAR PROJECT
Objective
To create world’s largest fresh water
reservoir in sea, by constructing 30 km long
dam in the Gulf of Khambhat, to store more
than 10,000 MCM of surface water

Project highlights
The development of Kalpasar reservoir will
lead to the development of other associated
projects such as
1. Use of top of the dam across the Gulf as
a surface transport link,
2. Potential development of fisheries,
3. Reclamation of saline land around the
fresh water reservoir

Investment Opportunities
1. Development of 2,000 sq.km. of world’s biggest fresh water reservoir in sea
2. 6 lane road on periphery of the reservoir
3. 10 lane 30 km. road connecting Bhavnagar and Bharuch
4. Solar and Wind Power opportunities, Tourism development, Biofuel park, fisheries etc.
 BOMBAY HIGH
Introduction
It is India's largest offshore oil field.
Situated some 161 km north of the
Mumbai coast, Bombay High has a
string of oil and gas rigs in the sea
that pumps oil to the coast. It
produces 14 per cent of India's oil
requirements and accounts for 38 per
cent of all domestic production.
The oil operations are run by ONGC
A Russian and Indian oil exploration
team that was mapping the Gulf of
Cambay in 1965 in a seismic
exploration vessel called Academic
Arkhangelsky discovered the Bombay
High oilfield.

ONGC went offshore in the 1970s with the discovery of Bombay High. The
discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western
offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of
hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered.
ONGC started drilling the Bombay High with the drillship Sagar Samrat in 1973 and the
first well at offshore was drilled in 1974. Production from the well started in 1976
 BOMBAY HIGH CONTD…
• The Western Continental Margin
is having six sedimentary basins
namely
Kutch, Saurashtra, Bombay
Offshore, Konkan, Lakshadweep
and Kerala.
• Out of the six basins Bombay
Offshore is the biggest basin
having an aerial extent of
1,20,000 Sq.Km.

Drill‐Ship Sagar Samrat at work in Bombay High

KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN
Extensive deltaic plain formed by two
large east coast rivers, Krishna and
Godavari in the state of Andhra
Pradesh and the adjoining areas of Bay
of Bengal in which these rivers
discharge their water is known as
Krishna Godavari Basin.
OIL and GAS
The Krishna Godavari Basin is a
proven petroliferous basin of
continental margin located on the east
coast of India. Its on land part covers
an area of 15000 sq. km and the
offshore part covers an area of 25,000
sq. km up to 1000 m isobath. PETROCHEMICAL CORRIDOR
COASTAL REGION Krishna-Godavari basin is expected to be
The Krishna–Godavari coastal region developed into a petrochemical corridor.
in east coast of India has a 525.15-km Various sectors like oil and natural
long coastline with low-lying tidal gas, fisheries, aquaculture, saltpans, indu
mudflats, beaches, mangrove stries, ports and shipping will grow heavily
swamp, creek and tidal channels. in this region
MAJOR PORTS OF INDIA
 SAGARMALA PROJECT
Sagar Mala project is a ₹8 trillion (US$120 billion or
€100 billion) investment initiative of the Government of India

INVESTMENT INITIATIVE UNDER SAGARMELA PROJECT

Project Theme No. of Project Cost in Rs. (Crore)
Port Modernisation and New 189 142,828
Port Development
Port Connectivity 170 230,576
Enhancement
Port‐linked industrialistion 33 420,881
Coastal Community 23 4.218
Development
Total 415 798,500
 Sethusamudram shipping canal project
 Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
proposes to link the Palk Bay and the
Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri
Lanka by creating a shipping canal.
 It will allow ships sailing between the
West to East coast of India to have a
straight passage through India’s
territorial waters, instead of having to
circumvent Sri Lanka.
 It will reduce the distance between Cape
Comorin and Chennai 402 nautical miles
from the prevailing 755 miles.
 Reducing the distance between the east
and the west coasts, travelling time will
come down by 36 hours.
 It will save huge fuel costs
MANGROVES and CORAL REEF
Biosphere reserves of India
 CONCLUSION
 Coastal resources contribute significantly to global GDP
 Several Challenges exists along the coast
 Indian economic growth depends on the proper utilization
of its vast marine resources and its coastline
 A balance to be maintained for saving the eco-system
while taking up economic activities along the coast
 Emphasis should be made in understanding ocean waves
and various coastal processes associated with ocean
waves
 This will help in the better utilization of coastal resources
and protection of coastal infrastructures from wave effects.