continued

" "

Exj Consider IN where we define

( ai ,
92 ) + ( bi ba ) = ( aitbz Gatbi )
, ,

and cfai , as ) = ( Cai , Caa)

will this define a vector
space .

No
,
(1,211-0,0) =
( 1,2 )
( 0,0 ) 1- ( 1,2) = [2,1 )
V51 is violated

¥ :
consider IN where
we define
14,921 + ( bi.bz )=( aitb
,
, Aatbs)
and
clan a)
,
=
( chip )
No
,
properties V51 -

V54 are satisfied

1 ( 1,2 ) =
( 1,0 ) =/ ( 1,2 )
V55 is violated .
¥ : consider R2 where we define
(a ( bi ,ba)=
,
,
as) +
faith aatba )
,

and
C( hi 92 )
,
=
( ca ,
,
Az )

Not vector space V51

satisfied
a
,
-

v51 are

fctd ) ( ai ,aa ) ≥ Act d) ai as )

,

=
fait da , ,
Ga)

cfai ,
92 )
tdfayaa ) =
( ca ,9a)t(da ,
, as )
,
=
( ca ,
+ da
292 )
,
,

i
consider Ihr ) where f- + g) (a)
and c ( ffa ) )
=
ffgra ) ,
=
fcfcai )
violates V51

f- (a) at g (a) sin (a)

=
=

f- 1- g) (a) f- ( gray = =
Sintra ) (gtfkat-g-frad.ES/nra2)
 Subspaces
Deth :
A subset w of a vector
space V is called
a
subspaces of V if W is also a vector
with space
respect to the
operations def bed in V.

Trivial subspaces of a vector

space V are

{ 8 } and V.

Note : Properties V51 V52 V35 V56

, , , ,
V57 and
V58 will be true for
any%ⁿ↑Ñ%it of
vectors from vector
space V.
a

Theorem 1.3 :
A subset w of a vector
space
V Is a subspace of V Iff

(a) JEW
(b) I + JEW whenever I. FEW
(a) CI C- W whenever CEF and I C- W ,
 Note If :
W is a
subspace of V and FEW .

Then (d) I C- W 4hm 1.341 )

Also It C- 1) I =
1. It f- 1) I

-71 -
1) I =
0.5=8

i
By Thm 1-2 ( bi)
C- 1) I = -
I
consider the vector R2
space
(a) Bethe AER }
W
,
= { 9,0 ) /
(a.) Clearly 5=10,0 ) EW ,

( b.) 19,0 ) tfb ,

0 ) = fatb , 0 ) EW
4) Cfa
,
0 ) =
( cap ) C- W
W , is a
subspace
(b) Wa={ ( Gb ) / 2at3b=0 ,
a. BEIR }
Clearly 10,0 ) C- Won
 suppose Cap ),
and faa.ba) are in Wa

241-34=0 and 2921-362=0

(b) ( aµbdt(aa.ba ) = ( aitaa bitba )

,

2%+9211-3 ( bitty ) =
29,1-36,1-2921-362
let CEIR
=
01-0=0

(a) Clank ) =
( ca Cbd
,
,

21cal +3 (Cbi ) =
c[ 24,1-34]
=
Cfo )=0

Bette W
,
=
{G. b) I 2at3b= 1,9bar }
(
0,0 ) c- Ws since 2811-3601=0-1-1

Therefore W , and wa
,
are subspaces , Ws is not
a subspace of / R2