Whenbot hpar t

iestoat ransacti
onar emut ual
lynegli
gentin Held:No, becauseajudgmentagai nstamuni ci
palof
ficeri
nhi s
theperformanceoft heirobli
gati
ons,t hef aul
tofonecancel s offi
cialcapacit
ybindst hecity.Thecitywasunderobligati
onto
thenegli
genceoft heotherandasi nt hiscase,theirr
ight
sand make t he pay ment.Itcannot ,theref
ore,be saidt hatthe
obli
gati
ons may be det ermined equi tably under the l
aw paymentwasmadebyr easonofmi stake.(Ci
tyofCebuv s.
proscr
ibingunjustenri
chment .(RodzssenSuppl y
,Inc.vs.Far Picci
oandCabal l
ero,110Phi l
.870[ 1969].
)
EastBank&Tr ustCo.,357SCRA618[ 2001] .)
*Ar
t.2163.Iti
spr esumedthattherewasami stakeint hepaymentif
Ki
ndsofquasi
-cont
ract
s. somethi
ng whi
ch had neverbeen due orhad al readybeen paid was
del
iv
ered;buthefrom whom t hereturnisclai
medmaypr ovethatthe
del
iv
erywasmadeoutofliber
ali
tyorforanyot
herjustcause.(1901)
Theprincipalkindsofquasi
-cont
ract
sar
enegot
ior
um gest
io
andsol
utioindebiti
. (3)Ot hercases.— Otherexampl
esofquasi
-contr
actsar
e
prov
idedinArti
cle2164t
oArti
cl
e2175oft
heCi
vi
l Code.12
(1)Negot i
orum gesti
oi st hev olunt
arymanagementoft he
propert
yoraf f
air
sofanotherwithouttheknowl edgeorconsent Thecasest hathav ebeencl assifiedasquasi -
contractsareof
oft helatt
er.(Ar
t.2144.)Thus,i fthr
ought heef for
tsofX,a i
nfinitevariety ,andwhenf orsomer easonr ecoverycannotbe
neighbor,t
hehouseofYwassav edfrom beingbur ned,Yhas hadonat ruecont ract
,recoverymaybeal l
owedont hebasisof
the obli
gati
on toreimburse X f orthe expenses X i ncur
red a quasi-cont racti nv i
ew oft he pecul i
arci r
cumst ances or
alt
houghYdi dnotactual
lygivehi sconsenttot heactofXi n factualenv ironmentt ot heendt hatar eci
pientofbenef it
sor
savinghishouseonthepr i
ncipl
eofquasi-contract. favorsr esultingf r
om lawf ul,voluntar
yanduni lateralactsof
anothermaynotbeunj ustl
yenr ichedatt heexpenseoft he
Thi
sj uri
dicalr
elat
ion does notar
ise i
n ei
therof t
hese l
atter.13( Phil.NationalBankv s.Cour tofAppeal s,217SCRA
i
nst
ances: 347[ 1993].)
(a) When the proper
ty or busi
ness is not negl
ected or ART.1161.Ci vi
lobl i
gati
onsar i
sing f
rom cr i
minaloff
enses
abandoned,in whi
ch casethepr ov
isi
onsoft heCi vi
lCode shal
lbe gov er
ned by t he penallaws,14 subject t
ot he
regar
dingunauthor
izedcont
racts(Art
s.1317,1403[1]
,1404.) prov
isionsofArti
cle2177, 15andoftheper t
inentprov
isi
onsof
shall
govern;
or Chapter2,Prel
iminaryTit
leonHumanRel ati
ons,16andofTitl
e
XVII
Ioft hi
sBook,regulat
ingdamages.(1092a)
(b)I
f,infact
,themanagerhasbeent
aci
tl
yauthor
izedbythe
owner,inwhichcasetherul
esonagencyshal
lgov er
n.(
Art
. Ci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ityar
isi
ngf
rom cr
imesordel
i
cts.
2144.
)
Thisart
icl
edeal
swi
th ci
vi
lli
abi
l
ityar
isi
ng f
rom cr
imesor
(2)Solut i
oindebitiist hejuri
dicalrelati
onwhi chiscr eat
edwhen del
i
cts.
somet hingisr eceivedwhent herei snor ighttodemandi tandi t
was undul y del i
ver ed through mi st ake.( Ar
t.2154. ) The (1)Thecommi ssi
onofanof fensehasat wo-pr
ongedeffect:
obligati
on t o pay money mi stakenly pai d arises from t he one,onthepublicasitbr
eachest hesoci
alorderandtheother,
momentsai dpay mentwasmade,andnotf rom thet imet he uponthepr i
vatev i
cti
m asi tcausesper sonalsuff
eri
ngsor
pay eeadmi tst heobl i
gationtor eimbur se.(Comm.ofI nternal i
njur
y,each of whi ch is addressed,respecti
vel
y,by t he
Rev enuev s.EssoSt andardEast ern,Inc., 172SCRA364[ 1989].) i
mpositi
onofheav i
erpunishmentont heaccusedandbyan
Undert hepr i
nciple,t hegov ernmenthast or estore(creditor awardofaddit
ionaldamagestot hevict
im.(Peopl
evs.Catubig,
refund)t ot het axpay ert heamount sr epresentingerroneous 363SCRA621[ 2001].)
pay ment softaxes.( Phil.Geothermal ,Inc.v s.Comm.ofI nternal
Rev enue,465SCRA308[ 2005].
)Thequasi -
contractofsol uti
o *Art.2143.Theprovi
sionsforquasi
-cont
ractsinthi
sChapterdonotexcl
ude
i
ndebi tiisbasedont heanci entpr inci pl
et hatno oneshal l otherquasi-cont
ract
swhi chmaycomewi thi
nt hepur
viewoftheprecedi
ng
enrichhi mselfunjust l
yatt heexpenseofanot her. arti
cle.(
n)

Sol
uti
oindebi
tiappl
i
eswher
e: *Quant um mer uitallowsr ecoveryofthereasonablevaluer egardl
essofany
agreementast ov alue.Itentitl
est hepartyto“asmuchasher easonabl y
deser ves,
’’asdistinguishedf r
om quant um val
ebantorto“ asmuchaswhat
(a)paymentismadewhent her
eexist
snobi ndi
ngrelat
ion i
sr easonabl y wor t
h.’
’Recov er
y based on quant um mer uitpr esentsa
betweent
hepayor
,whohasnodutyt
opay,andt
hepersonwho j
ust i
ciable question because i ts sett
lementr equi
res the appl i
cation of
recei
vedt
hepayment
;and j
udgmentanddi scret
ionandcannotbeadj ustedbysi mpl ear ithmetical
processes.( F.F.MañacopConst ructi
onCo. ,I
nc.vs.Cour tofAppeal s,266
SCRA 235 [ 1997].)The doct ri
ne ofquant um mer ui
tpr events undue
(b)thepaymenti smadet hroughmi stakeand nott hrough enrichmentbasedont heequitablepostul
atethatiti
sunjustf oraper sonto
l
iber
ali
ty or some ot her cause.( Power Commer ci
aland retainbenef itwi thoutpay ingforit.(Phil
i
ppineNat i
onalBankv s.Shel li
nk
I
ndustri
alCorp.v s.CourtofAppeal s,274SCRA 597[ 1997]; Planner s,
Inc.,473SCRA552[ 2006].)
Nati
onalCommer cialBankofSaudi Ar abiavs.CourtofAppeals,
396SCRA541[ 2003];Moreño-Leniferv s.Wolf,144SCRA584 *
Theper
ti
nentpr
ovi
sionsar
eAr
ti
cles100t
o113oft
heRev
isedPenal
Code.
[
2004];Bankoft hePhil.I
slandsv s.Sar miento,484SCRA261
[
2006].
) *Art.2177.Responsibi
li
tyforfaul
tornegl
i
genceundertheprecedingar t
icl
e
[
Ar t
.2176,Not e19.]isentirel
ysepar
ateanddist
inctf
rom t
heci vi
lli
abil
it
y
ari
sing fr
om negligenceundert hePenalCode.Butt hepl ainti
ffcannot
I
LLUSTRATI
VE CASES:1.Recov
ery oft
axes pai
d undera recoverdamagest wiceforthesameactoromissi
onofthedef endant.(
n)
mist
ake.
*
Amongt
heper
ti
nentpr
ovi
sionsar
eAr
ti
cles29t
o35oft
heCi
vi
lCode.
Fact
s:X,atax-exemptcooper
ativestor
e,pai
dtaxest
otheCi
ty
ofManil
a,bel
ievi
ngthati
twasliable. (2)Of tentimes,t hecommi ssionofacr imecausesnotonl y
mor alev ilbutalsomat er i
aldamage.Fr om t hispri
nciple,the
I
ssue:
MayXr
ecov
ert
hepay
ment
? rulehasbeenest abli
shedt hateveryper soncr i
mi nal
l
yl i
ablefor
af elony17i salsoci vi
ll
yl iable.(
Art.100,Rev isedPenalCode;
Hel
d:Yes,asitwasmadeunderamist
ake.(USTCooper
ati
ve see Al bert,the Rev i
sed PenalCode Annot ated,p.276. )I n
St
orevs.Ci
tyofMani
l
a,15SCRA656[
1965].
) crimes,howev er,whi ch cause no mat er
ialdamage ( l
ike
cont empt ,i
nsultstoper soni nauthorit
y,gambl ing,vi
olati
onsof
—-
——-
——-
— traff
icr egulati
ons, et
c.),thereisnoci vi
lli
abil
itytobeenf orced.
Butaper sonnotcr iminall
yr esponsiblemayst illbeli
ablecivi
lly
.
(Art.29;RulesofCour t,
Rul e111, Sec.2[c].
)
2.Recov
eryofbackwagespai
dwhi
char
elegal
l
ydue.
Reser
vat
ionofr
ightt
orecov
erci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ity
.
Facts:X,anempl oyeeofCebuCi
ty,
suedcer
tai
nof
fici
alsoft
he
Cit
yf orcl
aim ofbackwages. Underthepresentrul
e,onlyt hecivi
lliabil
it
yar i
singf r
om the
off
ensechargedisdeemedi nsti
tut
edwi tht hecri
mi nalacti
on
Issue:MaytheCi
tyofCebusuccessful
l
yrecov
erthepay
ment unlesst
heoffendedpar t
ywai vestheci v
ilacti
on,r eserv
eshis
l
atermadebyitt
oXont hegr
oundt hati
twasnotmadeapar
ty ri
ghttoi
nst
it
uteitseparatel
y,orinst
it
utest heciv
ilactionpri
or
t
ot hecase?
tothecri
minalact
ion.Therei
snomor eneedforareser
vationof Aquasi-del
ictisanactoromi ssionbyaperson( t
ortfeasor)
theri
ghttofiletheindependentci
vi
lact
ionsunderArti
cles32, whichcausesdamaget oanot heri
nhisperson,property,or
33,34and2176oft heCivi
lCode. ri
ghtsgi
vingrisetoanobli
gationtopayfort
hedamagedone,
ther
ebeingf aultornegli
gencebutt her
eisnopr e-exi
sting
Ther eservationand wai verr ef
erred tor eferonl yt ot hecivil contr
act
ualrelat
ionbet
weent heparti
es.
21(Art.2176.
)
action f ort he r ecoveryoft he ci vi
lliabi
li
tyar ising fr
om t he
offensechar ged.Thi sdoesnoti ncluder ecov er
yofci villi
abil
it
y Requi
sit
esofquasi
-del
i
ct.
underAr ti
cles32,33,34 and 2176 oft heCi v
ilCodeoft he
Philippinesar i
singf r
om thesameactoromi ssionwhi chmaybe Befor
e a per
son can be heldliabl
eforquasi
-del
i
ct,t
he
prosecut ed separ at
ely even wi thout a r eservati
on. (DMPI f
oll
owingr
equi
sit
esmustbepr esent:
Empl oyees Cr edi
tCooper ativ
e,I nc.v s.Vel ez,371 SCRA 72
[2001] ;Hambonv s.CourtofAppeal s,399SCRA255[ 2003];see (
1)Ther
emustbeanactoromi
ssi
onbyt
hedef
endant
;
Secs.1,2,3,Rul e111,RevisedRul esofCr iminalPr ocedure;see
Not es19, 25.)
(
2)Ther
emustbef
aul
tornegl
i
genceoft
hedef
endant
;
Scopeofci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ity
.
(
3)Ther
emustbedamagecausedt
othepl
aint
if
f;
Theextentoft
heciv
ill
i
abi
l
ityar
isi
ngfrom cr
imesi
sgov
ernedby
theRev
isedPenal
CodeandtheCivi
lCode.
18 (4)Theremustbeadirectr
elat
ionorconnect
ionofcause
andef
fectbet
weent
heactoromissi
onandthedamage;and
Thi
sci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ityi
ncl
udes:
(5)Ther
eisnopr
e-exi
sti
ngcont
ract
ualr
elat
ionbet
weent
he
par
ti
es.
(
1)Rest
it
uti
on;
*Itist heequi valentoft ortinAngl o-Amer icanl aw.But“ t
or t
’’undert hat
(
2)Repar
ati
onf
ort
hedamagecaused;
and system i s much br oader than t he Spani sh-Phil
ippine concept of
obligations ar ising from non- contract ualnegl i
gence.“ Tor t’
’i n Angl o-
(3)
Indemnif
icat
ionf
orconsequent
ialdamages.(
Art
.104,
Rev
ised Amer icanj urispr udenceincludesnotonl ynegl igence,butal soi ntentional
criminalact s,suchasassaul tandbat tery,falseimpr isonmentanddecei t.
PenalCode. Inthegener al planoft hePhili
ppinelegal system, i
ntentionalandmal i
cious
actsar egov ernedbyt heRev i
sedPenalCode, alt
houghcer tainexcept i
ons
*Afel
onyisanactoromi ssi
onpunishabl
ebyl aw.Iti
scommi t
ted wi
th aremade.( Repor toft heCodeCommi ssion,pp.161- 162.)Howev er,t he
cr
imi
nali
ntentorbymeansofnegl
i
gence.(Ar
ts.3,
365,
Revi
sedPenal
Code.) new Ci v i
lCodeasenact edaswel lasr ulingsoft heSupr emeCour ti na
numberofcases( supra)
,revealani nt entt oadoptabr oadi nterpretation
ofthepr ovi
si ononquasi -
deli
ctsinAr ticle2176t oincludei ntent i
onal act s.
*Ar
ti
cles2202,2204-
2206,2208,
2211,2219-
2220,
2222,and2230oftheCi
vi
l
Codegoverntheamountofdamagesrecover
abl
ebyreasonofcr
ime.
Art.2180.Theobli
gati
oni
mposedbyArticl
e2176isdemandabl
enotonl
y
forone’sownact soromi
ssi
ons,butal
soforthoseofper
sonsforwhom
EXAMPLE:Xst ol
ethecarofY.IfXisconv i
cted,t
hecourtwil
l oneisresponsi
ble.
orderX:(1)toret
urnthecar(
ortopayit
sv al
uei fi
twaslostor
destr
oyed);(
2)topayforanydamagecausedtot hecar
;and(3) The fatherand,in case ofhi
s deat
h ori
ncapaci
ty,the mot
her,are
topaysuchot herdamagessuff
eredbyYasaconsequenceof responsibl
efort
hedamagescausedbythemi
norchil
drenwholi
veinthei
r
thecri
me. company .

Wher ethet r
ialcourtconvict
sanaccusedofacr i
me,wi thout
, Guardi
ansar
eli
ablefordamagescausedbyt
hemi nor
sorincapaci
tat
ed
per
sonswhoareunderthei
raut
hor
it
yandli
vei
nthei
rcompany.
howev er
,orderi
ngpay mentofanyi ndemnit
y,ithasbeenhel d
thattheSupremeCour t,onappeal,maymodi f
ythedeci si
onby
orderi
ng indemnifi
cati
on oft he of
fended part
y pursuantt o Theowner sandmanagersofanest
ablishmentorenter
pri
searelikewise
responsi
blef
ordamagescausedbytheiremployeesintheser
viceoft he
Arti
cles100,104(3)
,and107oft heRevisedPenalCode.(People branchesinwhicht
hel at
terar
eempl oyedoront heoccasi
onoft hei
r
vs.Peña,80SCRA589[ 1977];
seeNote2.) functi
ons.

ART.1162.Obl i
gat
ions der
ived f
rom quasi-
del
ict
s shal
lbe Employersshallbeli
abl
eforthedamagescausedbyt
heirempl
oyeesand
gover
nedbytheprov
isionsofChapter2,Ti
tl
eXVIIofthi
sBook, householdhelpersacti
ngwithi
nthescopeofthei
rassi
gnedtasks,ev
en
andbyspeci
all
aws.(
1093a) thoughthefor
merar enotengagedi
nanybusi
nessori
ndustr
y.

TheSt ateisresponsibl
einlikemannerwhenitact
st hroughaspeci
al
Obl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom quasi
-del
i
cts. agent;butnotwhent hedamagehasbeencausedbytheof f
ici
alt
owhom
thetaskdonepr operl
ypert
ains,i
nwhichcasewhati
spr ovi
dedinAr
ti
cle
Theaboveprovi
siont
reat
sofobl i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom quasi
- 2176shallbeappli
cable.
del
i
ctsort
ort
s.(
seeArt
s.217619t
o2194.)
Last
ly,teacher
sorheadsofest abl
ishmentsofartsandtr
adesshallbe
l
iabl
ef ordamagescausedbytheirpupi
lsandstudent
sorappr
ent
ices,so
*Art
.2176.Whoev erbyactoromi ssi
oncausesdamaget oanother
,there l
ongast heyremai
ninthei
rcust
ody .
bei
ngf aul
tornegli
gence,i
sobli
gedt opayforthedamagedone.Suchfaultor
negl
igence,ift
hereisnopreexi
sti
ngcont r
actualrel
ati
onbetweent
heparti
es,
i
scal l
edaquasi -
deli
ctandisgovernedbyt heprovi
sionsofthi
sChapt
er.[on Theresponsi
bil
it
ytr
eatedofi nthi
sarti
cleshal
lceasewhentheper
sons
Quasi-
deli
cts] herei
nment i
onedprovet hattheyobservedal
lthedil
i
genceofagood
fat
herofafamil
ytopreventdamage.(1903a)
Theconceptofquasi -deli
ctasenunci atedi nAr t
icle2176,i ncl udesnotonl y
i
njuri
est oper sonsbutal sodamaget opr oper t
y.(Cincov s.Canonoy ,90SCRA Cr
imedi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom quasi
-del
i
ct.
369[ 1979] .
)TheSupr emeCour thashel dt hat“ faultornegl igence”i nArt i
cle
2176cov ersnotonl yact s“ notpuni shabl ebyl aw”butal soact scr iminali n
character ,whet heri nt entionaland v olunt aryornegl igent.Consequent ly,a Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethedi
sti
nct
ions:
separateci vi
lactionl iesagai nstt heof fenderi nacr iminalact ,whet herornot
heisf oundgui l
tyoracqui tt
ed, provided, t
hatt heof fendedpar tyisnotal lowed, (1)Incrimeordeli
ct,t
her
eiscri
minalormali
ciousi
ntentor
i
ftheof fenderisact ual l
ychar gedal socr imi nal l
y,tor ecoverdamagesonbot h cri
minalnegli
gence,whil
ei n quasi
-del
i
ct,thereis only
scores,andwoul dbeent i
tledi nsuchev ent ual i
tyonl yt othebi ggerawar dof
thetwo, assumi ngt heawar dsmadei nthet wocasesv ary.(
El canov s.Hil
l, 77 negli
gence;
SCRA98[ 1977];Vi r
atav s.Ochoa,81SCRA472[ 1978].)InasmuchasAr ticles
2176and2177( seeNot e2. )cr eat eaci villiabili
tydi sti
nctanddi f
ferentf rom (2)Cr
imeaf f
ectspubl
i
cint
erest
,whi
l
equasi
-del
i
ctconcer
ns
thecivilact i
onar isingf rom t heof fenseofnegl i
genceundert heRev i
sedPenal
Code,nor eservationoft her ightt of ileani ndependentci vi
lact i
onbasedon pri
vat
eint
erest;
quasi-delictneedbemadei nt hecr iminalcase.Sect i
on2,Rul e111oft he
RulesofCour tisi noper ati
vebecauseofi tsi nconsistencywi thAr ti
cle2177. (3)Incr
ime,t
herearegener
all
ytwoli
abi
li
ti
es:cri
minaland
Therefor e,suchr ighti snotbar r
edbyt hef ai luret oreser v
et hesame.Butt he civ
il
,whi
l
einquasi
-del
i
ct,
ther
eisonl
yci
vi
ll
iabi
li
ty;
acti
onf orenf orcementofci villiabil
it
ybasedoncul pacr i
minalunderSect ion
1,Rule111oft heRul esofCour tisdeemedsi multaneousl yinstitutedwi tht he
cri
mi nalact ion,unl essexpr essl ywai vedorr eservedf orsepar ateappl i
cat ion (4)Incri
meordel i
ct,t
hepurposeispuni
shment,whi
l
ein
bytheof fendedpar ty.(Mendozav s.Arrieta, 91SCRA113[ 1979] .
) quasidel
i
ct,
indemni
fi
cat
ionoft
heoff
endedpar
ty;

(
5)Cr
imi
nal
li
abi
l
itycannotbecompr
omi
sedorset
tl
edby
thepart
iesthemsel
ves,whi
letheli
abil
it
yforquasi
-del
i
ctcanbe Chapt
er2
compromisedasanyotherci
vi
l l
i
abil
it
y;
NATUREANDEFFECTOFOBLI
GATI
ONS
(6)I ncri
me,t hegui
l
toftheaccusedmustbepr ovedbeyond
reasonabl
edoubt ,
whil
einquasi
-deli
ct,
thef
aultornegli
genceof ART.1163.Ev er
yper sonobligedtogi vesomethingi
sal
so
the defendantneed only be proved by preponder
ance of obl
igedtotakecareofi twit
ht heproperdil
i
genceofagood
evidence;and fat
herofaf amil
y,unl essthel aw orthestipul
ati
onoft
he
part
iesr
equir
esanotherstandardofcare.(
1094a)
(7)Incri
me,theli
abi
l
ityoft
hepersonr
esponsi
blef
ortheaut
hor
ofthenegli
gentactoromi ssi
onissubsi
diar
y,whi
leinquasi
- Meani
ngofspeci
fi
cordet
ermi
nat
ethi
ng.
del
ict
,iti
sdi
rectandprimar
y.
Theabovepr
ovisionr
efer
stoanobl
i
gat
iont
ogi
veaspeci
fic
*Acont r
act ualobli
gationcanbebr eachedbyt ort,andwhent hesameactor ordet
ermi
nat
ething.
omi ssi
oncausest heinjur
y ,
oner esul
t ingincul pacont ract
ualandt heotherin
culpaaqui l
iana,Arti
cle2194whi chimposessol i
daryresponsibil
i
tyont woor
mor eper sonswhoar eli
abl eforaquasi -del
ict,canwel lapply.Infine,a At hi
ng i
ssaidto bespecif
icordet er
mi nat
ewhenitis
l
iabili
tyfort ortmayar i
seev enunderacont ract,wher etortisthatwhi ch parti
cul
arl
y desi
gnat
ed orphy si
cal
ly segregat
ed f
rom al
l
breachest hecont ract.Stateddi f
ferent l
y,whenanactwhi chconst it
utesa othersoft
hesameclass.(
Art
.1459.)
breachofcont r
actwoul d hav ei t
sel fconst ituted t
hesour ceofaquasi -
deli
ctualliabil
it
yhadnocont ractexi stedbet weent hepar t
ies,thecont r
act
canbesai dtohav ebeenbr eachedbyt ort,therebyal l
owingt herulesontort EXAMPLES:
toapply.(LightRailTransitAuthori
tyv s.Nav i
dad, 397SCRA75[ 2003].)
(
1)Thewat
chIam wear
ing.
*Deli
ctsarenotasbr oadasquasi -del
ictsbecauset heformerar epuni shed
onlyifther
eisapenall aw cl
earlycoveringthem,whi lethelatt
erincludeall
actsinwhichanykindoffaultornegl i
gencei nt
ervenes.Butnotallvi
olat i
ons (
2)Thecarsol
dbyX.
ofthepenallawsproduceci v
ilresponsibil
it
y,suchasbeggi nginv i
olati
onof
ordi
nances,vi
olat
ionofgambl inglaws,andi nfr
acti
onoft raf
ficruleswhen
noinjur
yordamagei scaused.(Barredov s.Garci
a,73Phil.607[1941]. (
3)Mydognamed“
Ter
ror
.”

*TheCiv
ilCodeprovisi
onsondamagesespeci
all
yappl
i
cabl
etoobl
i
gat
ions (
4)Thehouseatt
hecor
nerofRi
zal
andDel
Pil
arSt
reet
s.
deri
vedf
rom quasi
-deli
cts
(
5)TheToy
otacarwi
thPl
ateNo.AAV344.
Recoveryofdamages t
wice f
ort
he same actoromi
ssi
on
prohi
bit
ed. (
6)Thi
scav
anofr
ice.
The same negl igentactoromi ssi
on causing damage may (
7)ThemoneyIgav
eyou.
producecivi
lli
abili
tyari
singfrom acr imeunderAr t
icl
e100of
theRev i
sedPenalCode( supra.
)orcr eateanacti
onf orquasi- Meani
ngofgener
icori
ndet
ermi
nat
ethi
ng.
deli
ctunderAr t
icle2176.(seeBarredov s.Garci
aandAl mario,
73Phi l
.607[1942];seeElcanovs.Hill
, 77SCRA98[ 1977]
.)The
RevisedPenalCodei nArt
icle365punishesnotonlyreckl
essbut At hi
ngisgenericori
ndeter
minat
ewheni tref
ersonl
ytoa
alsosimplenegli
gence. cl
assorgenustowhichitper
tai
nsandcannotbepoint
edout
wi
thpart
icul
ari
ty
Under Ar ti
cle 1157,quasi-deli
ct and an act or omi ssion
punishable byl aw aret wo diff
erentsources ofobligat i
ons. EXAMPLES:
Inasmuchasci vi
lli
abi
li
tyco-exist
swi t
hcri
mi nalr
esponsibili
tyin
negligencecases, t
heoffendedpar t
yhastheopt i
onbetweenan (
1)aBul
ovacal
endarwat
ch.
actionf orenfor
cementofci villi
abi
li
tybasedoncul pacr iminal
underAr t
icl
e100oft heRev isedPenalCodeandanact ionf or (
2)a2006model
Japanesecar
.
recov er
yofdamagesbasedoncul paaqui li
anaunderAr ti
cle
2177. 25(seeArt.1161.
) (
3)apol
i
cedog.
Theset wocausesofact i
on( exdeli
ctoorexquasidel i
cto)may (
4)acav
anofr
ice.
beav ail
ed ofsubjecttot hecav eatt hattheof f
ended par t
y
cannotrecoverdamagest wiceforthesameactoromi ssi
onor (
5)t
hesum ofP10,
000.
00.
underbot h causes.Since these two ( 2)civi
lli
abil
iti
es are
dist
inctandindependentofeachot her,thefai
luretorecoverin
one wi l
lnot necessar i
ly precl
ude r ecover
yi nt he ot her. Speci
fi
cthi
ngandgener
ict
hingdi
sti
ngui
shed.
(Equit
able Leasi
ng Corporati
on vs.Suy om,388 SCRA 445
[2002].
) (1)Adet er
minatethi
ngisi dent
if
iedbyi tsindi
vi
duali
ty.The
debtorcannotsubstit
uteitwithanotheral
thoughthelatteris
*The2000Rul esofCr iminalProceduredeletedther equi
rementofr eserv
ing oft he same kind and quali
tywithoutthe consentoft he
i
ndependentci vi
lact i
onsand al lowed theset o proceed separatelyfr
om credit
or.(
Art.1244.
)
cri
minalones.Thus,t heci vi
lacti
onsr efer
redtoi nAr ti
cles32,33,34,and
2176oft heCiv i
lCodeshal lremain“ separ
ate,dist
inctandi ndependent’
’of
anycriminalprosecuti
onbasedont hesameactoromi ssion.(Neplum,I
nc. (2)Agener
icthingi
sident
if
iedonl
ybyi
tsspeci
e.Thedebt
or
vs.Orbeso,384SCRA466[ 2002]
;seeCasupananv s.Lar oya,388SCRA28 cangi
veanythingofthesameclassaslongasitisofthe
[2002]
;Cancio,Jr.vs.I
sip,391SCRA393[ 2002].
) sameki
nd.

EXAMPLES:

(
1)IfD’
sobli
gat
ioni
stodel
ivert
oCaBulovacal
endarwatch,
Dcandel
iv
eranywat
chaslongasiti
sBul
ovawit
hcalendar
.

ButifD’
sobligati
onistodeliv
ert oCapar ti
cul
arwatch,the
oneDi swearing,Dcannotsubst i
tut
ei twi
thanot
herwat ch
wit
houtC’sconsentnorcanC r equir
eD todeli
veranother
watchwit
houtD’ sconsentalt
houghi tmaybeoft hesame
ki
ndandvalue.(seeAr
ts.1244,1246.)

(2)IfD’
sobli
gati
onistodeli
vertoConeofhi scars,theobj
ect
refer
sto a class which i
ni t
selfis determinate.
Here,the
parti
cul
arthi
ngt obedel i
veredisdetermi nablewi t
houtthe
needofanewcont r
actbet
weent heparti
es( seeAr t
.1349.
);i
t
becomesdeterminateuponit
sdeliv
ery.
Dut
iesofdebt
ori
nobl
i
gat
iont
ogi
veadet
ermi
nat
ethi
ng. ART.1164.Thecreditorhasari
ghttothefr
uit
softhething
fr
om theti
met heobl i
gati
ont
odeli
veri
tari
ses.However,he
Theyar
e: shal
lacqui
renor ealri
ghtov
eritunti
lthesamehasbeen
del
iv
eredtohim.(1095)
(
1)Topr
eser
veort
akecar
eoft
het
hingdue;
Di
ff
erentki
ndsoff
rui
ts.
(
2)Todel
i
vert
hef
rui
tsoft
het
hing(
seeAr
t.1164.
);
Thefr
uit
smentionedbyt
hel
aw r
efert
onat
ural
,indust
ri
al,
(
3)Todel
i
veri
tsaccessi
onsandaccessor
ies(
seeAr
t.1166.
); andci
vi
lfr
uit
s.

(4)Todeliv
erthethingitsel
f(seeAr
ts.1163,1233,1244;ast
o (1)Natur
alfrui
tsar
et hespontaneousproductsofthesoil
,
kindsofdel
iver
y,Ar
ts.1497to1501.
);and andtheyoungandotherproductsofanimals,e.
g.,gr
ass;al
l
tr
eesandplantsonlandsproducedwithouttheinter
vent
ion
ofhumanlabor.
(
5)Toanswerfordamagesi
ncaseofnon-
ful
fil
l
mentorbr
each.
(
seeAr
t.1170.
)
(2)Industr
ialfr
uit
saret hosepr oducedbylandsofanykind
thr
oughcultivat
ionorlabor,e.g.
,sugarcane;veget
abl
es;
rice;
Obl
i
gat
iont
otakecar
eoft
het
hingdue. andallproductsoflandsbr oughtaboutbyreasonofhuman
l
abor.
(1)Di li
genceofagoodf at
herofaf amil
y.— I nobli
gat i
onsto
give(r
ealobligati
ons),theobligorhastheincidentaldutytotake (3)Civilfruits arethose deri
ved byvir
tue ofa jur
idi
cal
careoft hethingduewi t
ht hedili
genceofagoodf atherofa rel
ati
on,e.g.,rentsofbuildi
ngs,pri
ceofl
easesoflandsand
fami l
y pending deli
very.The phr ase has been equat ed wit
h otherpropertyandt heamountofper pet
ualorli
feannuit
ies
ordinarycareort hatdi l
i
gencewhi chanav erage(ar easonabl
y orothersimilarincome.(Art
.442.)
prudent)personexercisesoverhisownpr operty.
Ri
ghtofcr
edi
tort
othef
rui
ts.
(2)Anot herst andard ofcar
e.— Howev er,ift
he law orthe
sti
pulati
onoft hepar ti
esprovi
desforanotherst
andardofcare
(sl
ightorext r
aordinar
ydi l
i
gence)
,sai
dl aw orsti
pul
ati
onmust Thi sar ti
clei sal ogi
calapplicati
onoft hebasi cpri
nciple
prevai
l.(
Art.1163.) statedi nAr ti
cle712,paragrapht wooft heCi vilCodet hat
“Owner shipandot herrealri
ght soverpropertyar eacquired
andt ransmi t
tedbyl aw,bydonat i
on,byt
est at
eandi ntestate
(a)Undert hel aw,forinst ance,acommoncar ri
er( personor successi on,and in consequence ofcer tain contr
acts,by
company engaged i nt he t ransportati
on of persons and/ or tr
adi t
ion.”(seeArts.734,774,777;Fidel
i
ty&Deposi tCo.v s.
cargoes)i s“ bound to carryt hepassenger ssafelyasf aras Wi l
son, 8Phil.51[
1907] .
)
human car e and f oresight can pr ov
ide, using ut most
(extraor
dinary)dili
genceofv er ycautiouspersons,wi t
hadue
regardf orallt
hecircumst ances. ”(
Art.1755.)I
ncaseofacci dent
, Byl aw,t hecredi
tori
senti
tl
edt othefr
uitsoft hethingt obe
therefore,thecommoncar rierwi l
lbel i
abl
eifitexercisedonl y deli
veredf rom t
hetimetheobli
gati
ontomakedel iveryoft he
ordinarydil
igenceorthedi li
genceofagoodf at
herofaf ami l
y. thi
ngar ises.Theint
enti
onofthelawistopr otecttheinterest
oftheobl i
geeshouldtheobl
igorcommi tdelay,purposelyor
otherwise,intheful
fl
mentofhisobli
gat
ion.
(b)Banksaredut yboundt otreatthedeposi
taccountsoft heir
deposit
orswit
ht hehighestdegr eeofcarewherethefiduci ar
y
natur
eofthei
rr el
ati
onshi
pwi ththei
rdeposi
tor
sisconcerned.But Incaseofr esci
ssion,thepart
iesareunder“
obli
gationto
suchdegreeofdil
igenceisnotexpectedtobeexer
tedbybanksi n retur
nt he t
hings which wer
et he obj
ectofthe contr
act
,
commer ci
altransacti
ons thatdo noti nvol
vetheirfiduci ar
y togetherwi
ththei
rfruit
sandthepr i
cewithi
tsi
nter
est.
’’(
Art
.
rel
ati
onshipwiththeirdeposit
ors.(Reyesvs.CourtofAppeal s, 1385.)
363SCRA51[ 2001].)
Whenobl
i
gat
iont
odel
i
verar
ises.
(c)Whil
eparti
esmayagr eeupondi l
igencewhichismor eorless
thant
hatofagoodf at
herofaf amily
, i
tiscont
rar
yt opubl
icpoli
cy (1)Generall
y,theobligati
ont o deliv
ert het hi
ng dueand,
(seeArt
.1306.)t
ost i
pul
atef orabsolut
eexempt i
onf r
om li
abil
i
ty consequentl
y,thefrui
tsthereof,ifany,arisesf r
om theti
me
foranyf aul
tornegl i
gence.( see Art
s.1173,1174. )Thus,a oftheper fect
ion ofthecont ract.Per f
ection inthiscase
sti
pul
ati
onexempt i
ngacar r
ierfrom li
abil
i
tyforgrossnegli
gence ref
erstot hebirthofthecont ractort othemeet i
ngoft he
i
sagainstpubl
icpol
icy. mindsbetweent hepart
ies.(
Ar t
s.1305, 1315, 1319.
)

(3)Factorstobeconsi dered.— Thedi l

i
gencer equi
reddepends (2)Iftheobligati
oni ssubj
ecttoasuspensi veconditi
onor
upon the nature ofthe obligation and corr
esponds withthe peri
od( Art
s.1179,1189,1193.),itari
sesuponfulf
ill
mentof
cir
cumst ancesoftheper son,oft hetime,andoft heplace.(
Ar t
. theconditionorar ri
valoftheper i
od.Howev er
,thepar t
ies
1173.)Itisnotnecessari
lythest andardofcareoneal waysuses maymakeast i
pulat
iontothecont r
aryasregar
dstherightof
i
nt heprotecti
onofhisownpr operty
.Asagener alrul
e,thedebtor thecredit
ortothef r
uit
softhething.
i
snotl i
ableifhisfai
l
uret opr eservethethingisnotduet ohi s
faultornegli
gencebuttof or
tuitouseventsorforcemajeure.(
Ar t
. (3)In a cont
ractofsale,the obl
igat
ion ari
ses fr
om the
1174.) perf
ecti
onofthecontr
acteveni
ftheobli
gationissubj
ectt
oa
suspensi
vecondit
ionorasuspensiv
eper i
odwher ethepr
ice
(4)Reasonf ordebt or
’sobli
gati
on.— Thedebt ormustexer cise hasbeenpaid.
dil
igencet oinsurethatthethi
ngt obedel i
veredwoul dsubsistin
thesamecondi ti
onasi twaswhent heobl i
gationwascont r
acted. (4)Inobli
gat
ionstogiveari
singf r
om l
aw,quasi
-contr
act
s,
Withoutt heaccessor ydutytotakecar eoft het hi
ng,thedebtor deli
cts,and quasi
-del
i
cts,the t i
me of per
for
mance i s
woul dbeablet oaffordbeingnegl
igentandhewoul dnotbel i
able deter
minedbythespeci
fi
cprovisi
onsofl
awappli
cable
eveni fthepr opert
yi slostordestroyed,thusr enderi
ngil
lusory
theobligati
ont ogive.(8Manresa35-37.) EXAMPLE:Ssoldhishorset oBforP15,000.00.Nodateor
condi
ti
onwasst i
pul
atedforthedeli
ver
yoft hehorse.Whi
le
Dut
iesofdebt
ori
nobl
i
gat
iont
odel
i
veragener
ict
hing. sti
l
lint
hepossessi
onofS, t
hehorsegavebir
thtoacolt.

Theyar
e: Whohast
her
ightt
othecol
t?

(1)Todel i
verat hi
ngwhichi soft hequali
tyi
ntendedbythe Inacont r
actofsale“ al
lthef r
uitsshal
lpert
aintothev endee
par
ti
est aki
ngintoconsi
derat
iont hepurposeoftheobli
gat
ion fr
om t hedayonwhi cht hecont r
actwasper fected.”(Art
.
andotherci
rcumst
ances(seeArt.1246.
);and 1537,2ndpar .
)Hence, Bi
sent it
ledtothecolt
.Thisholdstrue
evenifthedeliver
yissubj ecttoasuspensivecondi t
ionora
(2)Tobel i
ablefordamagesincaseoffr
aud,negl
i
gence,or suspensiv
eper i
od( seeAr t.1193;e.g.
,nextmonth)i fBhas
delay,
intheperf
ormanceofhi
sobl
i
gati
on,
orcont
rav
enti
onofthe paidthepurchaseprice.
tenorther
eof
.(seeArt
.1170.
)
ButShasar i
ghttothecol ti
fitwasbornbeforetheobligat
iont o Lat
er,W si
gnedadocumentt r
ansfer
ri
ngt oTal lhi
sr i
ghtsto
deli
verthehor sehasar i
sen(Art
.1164.
)andBhasnoty etpaidt he sai
d$785.00forprof
essi
onalservi
cesrenderedbyt helatt
er
purchasepr i
ce.Inthi
scase,upont heful
fill
mentoft heconditi
on asatt
orney’
sfee.Bwasdulynoti
fi
edofthetransfer
.
orthear ri
valoftheperiod,Sdoesnothav etogivethecoltandB
i
snotobl i
gedt opaylegali
nter
estsonthepricesincethecoltand Xfil
edanactionagai
nstW tor
ecovert
hesum of$785.
00in
theinterestsar edeemedt ohavebeenmut ual
l
ycompensat ed. par
tialpay
mentoftheamountpai
dbyXt otheGovernment
.
(seeArt.1187.) Tfi
ledacompl ai
nti
nint
erv
enti
onandclai
medthemoneyas
hi
s.
Meani
ngofper
sonal
rightandr
eal
right
.
I
ssue:Ont
hebasi
soft
hesef
act
s,wi
l
lthecompl
aintofT
(1)Personalr
ightistherightorpowerofaper son(cr
edit
or)to pr
osper
?
demandf r
om another(debtor),asadef
ini
tepassiv
esubject
,the
ful
fil
l
mentofthelatter
’sobligati
ontogi
ve,
todo,ornott
odo. Held:No.( 1)Owner shi
p was notacqui r
ed byT.— The
deliv
eryofat hi
ngconst i
tutesanecessar yandi ndispensable
(2)Realrighi
st her i
ghtori
nter
estofaper sonoveraspecif
ic requisi
tef orthepur poseofacqui r
ingt heowner shipoft he
thi
ng ( l
i
ke owner shi
p,possession,mor t
gage,lease r
ecord) samebyv i
rtueofacont ract.Thet ransf erbyi tself
,and
withoutadefi
nit
epassi v
esubj
ectagainstwhom t
her i
ghtmaybe afterwardsthenot if
icati
ont oB, didnotpr oducet heeffectof
personal
lyenf
orced. deliv
eryt oToft hefundssot ransferred.( seeAr ts.1497,
1498,1501. )To hav et his ef fect,itwoul d hav e been
Per
sonal
rightandr
eal
rightdi
sti
ngui
shed. necessar ythatt hedel i
veryoft hef undshad been made
dir
ect l
ytoT.Ther efor
e,byr easonoft henon- delivery
,Tdi d
Whileinpersonalr
ightthereisadef initeact
ivesubj
ectanda notacqui r
et heowner shipoft hepr opertytransferr
edt ohim
defi
nit
epassi
vesubject
,inreal
right
,ther
ei sonl
yadefini
teact
ive byW.
subj
ectwit
houtanydefinit
epassivesubject.
( 2)Mer epersonalri
ghtwasacquiredbyT.—I ti
sonlythejus
Apersonalri
ghtis,t
her
efor
e,bi
ndingorenfor
ceabl
eonl
yagai
nst adr em, andnotthejusinre,thatwasacquiredbyTbyv ir
tue
apart
icul
arpersonwhil
earealr
ighti
sdirect
edagai
nstt
hewhole oft hetransf
ermadebyt heconsentofthetransferorandthe
wor
ld. transfereebutnotconsummat edbythedeli
v erywhichnever
camet opassandwhi chdel i
ver
ywast heobj ectofsuch
*
Alsocal
l
edj
usi
nper
sonam orj
usadr
em.
transfer.(Fi
delit
y & DepositCo.v s.Wi l
son,8 Phi l
.51
[1907];seeal
soCr uzadovs.Bustos,34Phi
l.17[ 1915].
)
*
Alsocal
l
edj
usi
nre.
ART.1165.Whenwhatist obedeli
ver
edisadet erminat
e
EXAMPLE:Xi stheownerofapar
celoflandunderator
rensti
tl
e thi
ng,thecr
edi
tor
,inaddit
iontotheri
ghtgrant
edhi m by
regi
steredinhisnameintheRegi
str
yofPr oper
ty.Hi
sownershi
p Art
icl
e1170,
maycompelthedebt
ortomakethedel
ivery
.
i
sar ealri
ghtdirect
edagai
nstever
ybody.Thereisnodefinit
e
passi
v esubject
. Ift
hethi
ngisindet
ermi
nateorgener
ic,hemayaskt
hatthe
obl
i
gat
ionbecompli
edwithatt
heexpenseoft
hedebt
or.
I
ft he land i
s cl
aimed byY who t akes possession,X has a
personalri
ghttor
ecoverfr
om Y,
asadef i
nitepassivesubj
ect,t
he I
ft heobligordelay
s,orhaspr omisedtodeli
vert
hesame
propert
y.Ift
hesamelandismortgagedbyXt oZ,themor t
gage, thi
ngt otwoormor epersonswhodonothav et
hesame
i
nterest
,heshallber esponsi
bleforanyf
ort
uit
ouseventunt
il
I
fdulyregi
ster
ed,i
sbindi
ngagai
nstt
hir
dpersons.Apur chaser hehasef f
ectedthedeliver
y.(
1096)
buy
sthelandsubj
ectt
othemort
gagewhi
chi
sar ealr
ight
.
Remedi
esofcr
edi
tori
nreal
obl
i
gat
ion.
Owner
shi
pacqui
redbydel
i
ver
y.
(1)In a speci
ficr ealobli
gati
on (obl
igat
ion t
o del
ivera
Owner shi
pandot herrealrightsov erpr opert
yar eacquiredand deter
mi nat
ethi
ng),t
hecr edi
tormayexer ciset
hef ol
l
owing
transmitt
ed by law,by donat ion,by t estate and intest
ate remediesorri
ght
sincaset hedebtorfai
l
st ocomplywit
hhis
succession,andi
nconsequenceofcer taincont r
actsbyt r
adit
ion obli
gati
on:
(Art.712.)ordeliv
ery.Deliver
yi nsal emaybeact ualorr eal
,
constructi
ve orlegal,ori n any ot hermannersi gnif
ying an (a)demandspeci
ficperf
ormanceorf
ulfil
l
ment(ifi
tisst
il
l
agreementt hatt
hepossessi onoft het hingsol distransfer
red possi
ble)ofthe obl
igat
ion wi
tharighttoindemnit
yfor
from thevendort
ot hevendee.3(seeAr ts.1496-1501.
) damages;or

Themeani ngoft hephr ase“ heshallacquirenorealrightoverit (b)demandr esci

ssi
onorcancel
l
ati
on( i
ncertai
ncases)of
unt
ilthesamehasbeendel iveredtohim,”isthatt
hecr edit
ordoes theobli
gati
onal so wi
thari
ghttor ecoverdamages(Art
.
notbecomet heownerunt i
lthespecificthinghasbeendel i
vered 1170.
);or
tohim.Hence,whent her
ehasbeennodel iv
eryyet,thepr oper
act
ionoft hecreditorisnotonef orr ecoveryofpossessi onand (
c)demandthepaymentofdamagesonl
y(seeAr
t.1170.
)
ownershipbutonef orspecifi
cperformanceorr esci
ssi onoft he wher
eiti
stheonl
yfeasi
bler
emedy
.
obl
igati
on.(seeArt.1165.)
I
nanobl igati
ont odeliveradet erminatething,t
hev er
ything
I
LLUSTRATI
VECASE: i
tselfmustbedel i
vered.( Art
.1244.)Consequent l
y,onlythe
debtorcancompl ywitht heobligat
ion.Thisisthereasonwhy
Adocumenttransf
erst
oapersoncert
ainfundsi
nthepossessi
on thecreditorisgrantedther i
ghttocompelt hedebtortomake
ofanot
herbutther
eisnoact
ualdel
i
veryofsaidf
unds. thedel i
very.(Ar t
.1165,par .1.)Itshoul d bemadecl ear
,
howev er,thatthel aw doesnotmeant hatthecredit
orcan
Fact s:Fort he securi
tyoft he Gover
nment,X Company( and usef orceorv iol
enceupont hedebt or.Thecr edi
tormust
anothercompany )becameasur etyontheoff
ici
albondofW,an bri
ngt hemat tertocour tandt hecour twi l
lbetheonet o
empl oyee oft he Governmentf orthe sum of$15,000.
00.W orderthedel i
very
defaultedint heamountof$8, 900.00andXCompanypai dthe
Gov ernmentt hesum of$14,462.00.WhenW wasappr ehended, (2)Agener i
cr ealobligati
on( obl
i
gat i
ont odeli
veragener ic
hehadonhi sperson$750.00whi chamountwastur
nedov ert
oB, thing),
ont heot herhand, canbeper f
ormedbyat hir
dperson
theInsularTreasurer
. sincetheobj ecti sexpressedonlyaccor di
ngt oitsfamil
yor
genus.Itisthusnotnecessar yforthecreditortocompelthe
*Contr
actsonlyconstit
utetit
lesorr ightstot hetransferoracquisi
ti
onof debt orto make t he del i
ver
y although he may ask f or
ownershi
p,whil
edeliv
eryort r
adit
ionist hemodeofaccompl i
shi
ngthesame. per f
ormanceoft heobligati
on.Inanycase, thecredi
torhasa
Thus,sal
ebyitsel
fdoesnott r
ansferoref f
ectownership.Themostthatasal
e ri
ghtt or ecoverdamages underAr ti
cle 1170 in case of
doesist ocreatetheobl i
gati
ont ot r
ansferowner ship.I
tisdeli
very,asa breachoft heobl i
gati
on.
consequenceofsal
e,thatact
uall
yt r
ansfersownershi
p
Q
Themannerofcompl
i
ancewi
thanobl
i
gat
iont
odel
i
veragener
ic ART.1167.I
fapersonobli
gedt
odosomet
hingf
ail
stodoi
t,
thi
ng isgov er
ned byAr t
icl
e1246.Undert heConst i
tuti
on,no thesameshal
lbeexecut
edathi
scost
.
personshallbeimpr i
sonedfornon-pay
mentofdebt .(Art.I
II,Sec.
20 thereof.
)Howev er,aper son maybesubj ectto subsidiary This same r ul
e shal
l be observ
ed if he does i
tin
i
mpr isonmentf ornon-paymentofci villi
abil
it
yadjudged i na contrav
ent
ionofthetenoroftheobli
gat
ion.Fur
ther
mor
e,it
cri
minalcase.( see Ar
t.1161.)The const i
tuti
onalprohibiti
on maybedecr eedthatwhathasbeenpoor
lydonebeundone.
ref
erst o pur
ely civ
ildebtorone ar i
sing fr
om cont ractual (1098)
obli
gationsonl
y.
Si
tuat
ionscont
empl
atedi
nAr
ti
cle1167.
Wher
e debt
ordel
ays orhas pr
omi
sed del
i
ver
yto separ
ate
cr
edi
tor
s. Art
icl
e1167r efer
st oanobli
gat
iontodo,i
.e.
,toperfor
m an
actorrenderaser
vice.I
tcont
emplat
est
hreesi
tuat
ions:
Paragraph3gi vest woi nstanceswhenaf ort
uitouseventdoesnot
exemptt he debtorf r
om r esponsi
bil
it
y.Itlikewise r
efer
st oa (
1)Thedebt
orf
ail
stoper
for
m anobl
i
gat
iont
odo;
or
determinatething.Ani ndet er
minatethi
ngcannotbet heobjectof
destruct
ionbyaf ort
uitousev entbecausegenusnunquam per i
t
(genusnev erperishes).(seeAr t
s.1174,1263.
) (2)Thedebtorperf
ormsanobl
i
gat
iont
odobutcont
rar
yto
t
hetermsthereof
;or
Delayi
sdi
scussedi
nAr
ti
cle1169,
andf
ort
uit
ousev
ent
s,i
nAr
ti
cle
1174. (3)Thedebt
orper
for
msanobl
i
gat
iont
odobuti
napoor
manner
.
ART.1166.Theobl i
gat
iontogiveadet er
minat
et hi
ngi ncl
udes
thatofdel
i
ver
ingalli
tsaccessi
onsandaccessor
ies,eventhough Remedi
esofcr
edi
tori
nposi
ti
veper
sonal
obl
i
gat
ion.
theymaynothavebeenment i
oned.(
1097a)
(1)Ifthedebtorf
ail
stocompl
ywi
thhi
sobl
i
gat
iont
odo,t
he
Meani
ngofaccessi
onsandaccessor
ies. credi
torhastheri
ght:

(1)Accessionsar ethefrui
tsof,
oraddit
ionsto,orimprovements (a)tohavetheobli
gati
onperf
ormedbyhi
mself,
orbyanother
upon,athing(theprinci
pal)
,e.
g.,
houseortreesonal and;
rent
sof unlesspersonalconsi
der
ati
onsarei
nvol
ved,atthedebt
or’s
abuil
ding;aircondit
ionerinacar;prof
itsordi vi
dendsaccruing expense;and
fr
om sharesofst ocks;et
c.
(
b)t
orecov
erdamages.(
Art
.1170.
)
Theconcepti ncl
udesaccessi onini tsthreefor
msofbui l
ding,
planti
ng,andsowi ng( seeArt.445.
),andaccessionnatural,such (2)Incasetheobl
igat
ioni
sdoneincont
raventi
onoft
heter
ms
asal l
uvion(seeAr t
.457.),avulsi
on( seeAr t
.459.)
,changeof ofthesameori spoorl
ydone,
itmaybeordered(byt
hecourt
)
courseofr iv
er s(seeAr t
s.461-462.),andf or
mationofi sl
ands. thatitbeundonei
fiti
ssti
ll
possi
blet
oundowhatwasdone.
(seeArts.464-465.)“Frui
tsofthething”arespeci
fical
lyprovided
forinArti
cle1164. Per
for
mancebyat
hir
dper
son.
(2)Accessor ies arethi
ngs joi
ned t
o,ori ncl
uded wit
h,the Aper sonalobligationtodo,l i
kear ealobli
gat
iontodel
ivera
pri
ncipalt hi
ng f orthe l
att
er’
s embell
ishment,bet t
eruse,or genericthing,canbeper formedbyat hi
rdperson.Whi
lethe
compl eti
on,e.g.,keyofahouse;fr
ameofapi cture;br
acel
etofa debtorcanbecompel l
edt omaket hedel i
ver
yofaspeci f
ic
watch; machineryinafact
ory
;bowofav i
olin. thi
ng( Art
.1165. ),aspeci f
icper f
ormancecannotbeor dered
i
naper sonalobl igati
ont odobecauset hismayamountt o
Notethatwhileaccessi
onsarenotnecessar
ytothepr i
nci
pal i
nvoluntaryservit
udewhi ch,asar ule,isprohi
bit
edunderour
thi
ng,t
heaccessoryandthepri
nci
palt
hingmustgotogetherbut Constit
ution.(Art
.III,
Sec.18[2]thereof.)
bothaccessi
onsandaccessor
iescanexi
stonl
yinr
elati
ont othe
pri
nci
pal. Wher e,howev er,theper sonalqualif
icationsoft hedebt orare
thedet er
miningmot i
vef ortheobl i
gati
oncont racted(e. g.
,to
Ri
ghtofcr
edi
tort
oaccessi
onsandaccessor
ies. singinani ghtcl ub),theper formanceoft hesamebyanot her
woul dbeimpossi bleorwoul dresulttobesodi ffer
entthatt he
The generalr uleist hatallaccessions and accessori
es are obligat
ioncoul dnotbeconsi deredper f
ormed.Hence, t
heonl y
consi
deredi ncludedi ntheobligati
ont o del
i
veradet er
minate feasibl
er emedy of t he creditor isi ndemnificat i
on f or
thi
ngalthought heymaynothav ebeenment ioned.Thisrul
ei s damages.Butwher et heobl igati
oncanst i
llbeper f
ormedat
based ont hepr i
ncipl
eofl aw thattheaccessoryf ol
lowst he the expense oft he debt ornot withstanding hisfailure or
pri
nci
pal.Inor dert hattheywil
lbeexcl uded,theremustbea refusaltodoso,t hecour tisnotaut horizedtomer el
ygr ant
sti
pul
ationtothatef f
ect. damagest ot hecr editor.

Unless ot herwise stipulated, an obl i

gation t o del iver the I
LLUSTRATIVECASE:Li
abi
l
ityofdebt
orwhof
ail
stocompl
y
accessionsoraccessor i
esofat hingdoesnoti ncludet hel att
er. wi
thanobli
gati
ont
odo.
Thus,asal eoft heimpr ovement s( e.g.,house)uponat hing( e.
g.,
l
and)isnotsuf f
icienttoconv eyt i
tleoranyr ighttot hething.(see Fact s:A del i
vered t o B,a t y pewri
terr epairer,a por table
Pornell
osav s.LandTenur eAdmi nistr
at i
on,1SCRA375[ 1961].) typewrit
erforrout i
necl eaningandser vi
cing.Bwasnotabl et o
Butthel easeofabui l
dingorhousenat urall
yi ncl
udest heleaseof finishthej obaf tersomet imedespi t
er epeatedr eminder s
thelot,andt herental
si ncludethoseoft hel otfortheoccupancy madebyA.Fi nally, Breturnedthet ypewriterunrepaired,some
ofabui ldi
ngorhousenotonl ysuggest sbutal soi mpl iesthe oft he part
s mi ssing.A had t he typewr it
err epai
r ed byF
tenancy orpossessi on inf actoft he land on whi ch i tis BusinessMachi nes,andt herepairjobcosthi m P58.75f or
constructed.(Caleonvs.AgusDev elopmentCor p.
,207SCRA748 l
abororser viceandP31. 10f orthemi ssi
ngpar tsorat otalof
[1992].
) P89.85.Thel owercour trender edjudgmentor deringBt opay
onlyP31.10.
Accessi
onasar
ight
.
Issue:I
sB li
abl
ealso f
orP58.
75,t
hecostoft
heser
vice
Accessionisalsousedinthesenseofar i
ght.Int
hatsense,it expendedi
nther
epai
r
maybedef inedast her
ightpertaini
ngtotheownerofat hi
ng
overits product
s and whateveri sincor
porated oratt
ached Hel d:Yes.Bcont r
av enedthetenorofhisobl i
gati
on(seeAr t
.
ther
eto,ei
thernatur
all
yorarti
fi
ciall
y.(3SanchezRoman89;Ar t. 1170. )becausehenotonl ydi
dnotr epairthetypewr
iterbut
440.) returnedit“inshambl es.”Forsuchcontravent
ion,heisli
able
underAr ti
cle1167fort hecostofexecutingtheobli
gati
onina
Accessi
onincludes,ther
efor
e,ther i
ghttothefrui
tsandt heri
ght propermanner ,whichi nthecaseshoul dbet hecostoft he
totheaccessory.Itisoneoft herightswhichgot omakeup l
abororser vi
ceexpendedi ni
tsrepai
r,becausetheobli
gation
domini
onorowner ship.(3Manresa166. )Butitisnot,underthe orcont r
actwast orepai ri
t.
l
aw, amodeofacqui r
ingownership.(seeAr
t.712.)