BACTERIAL DISEASES (RESPIRATORY TRACT)
➢ Penicillin or amoxicillin DOC to treat
Bacterial Disease – Infections caused by
bacteria.
➢ Most bacteria are mundane or even
beneficial to your health.
➢ Disease-causing bacteria can cause a
wide range of health issues. However,
they are often treated with antibiotics.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
➢ Nose or Nostrils
➢ Nasal Cavity
➢ Larynx
➢ Pharynx
➢ Mouth
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
➢ Trachea
➢ Bronchial Tubes
➢ Lungs
➢ Alveoli
FUNCTIONS
➢ Respiration
➢ Regulation of Blood pH
➢ Voice Production
➢ Olfaction
➢ Innate Immunity
BACTERIAL DISEASE (UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT)
PHARYNGITIS – A sore throat. Most common
manifestation of infection with Streptococcus
pyogenes.
➢ Strep Throat is caused by bacterial
infection, and they are contagious.
➢ They can spread through droplets when
someone with the infection coughs or
sneezes, or through shared food.
Streptococcus pyogenes – Called Group A.
Streptococcus (Group A strep) – Can cause
acute pharyngitis known as STREP THROAT.
TREATMENT
Group A strep pharyngitis.
Acute Sinusitis – Can cause the spaces inside
your nose (sinuses) to become inflamed and
swollen.
➢ Can cause mucus to build up.
➢ Difficult to breathe through your nose.
➢ The area around your eyes and face
might feel swollen and might have
throbbing facial pain or headache.
➢ Most common bacterial isolates from
children and adult patients with acute
bacterial sinusitis are streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,
Moraxella catarrhalis, and
Streptococcus pyogenes.
TREATMENT
➢ Recommends amoxicillin with
clavulanate in adults.
➢ As first line therapy for 10 – 14 days in
children and 5 to 7 days in adults.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Clean your hands.
➢ Receive recommended vaccines, such as the flu
vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine.
➢ Avoid close contact with people who have colds or
other upper respiratory infections.
➢ Don’t smoke and avoid secondhand smoke.
➢ Use a clean humidifier to moisten the air at home.
EPIGLOTTITIS - An inflammatory disorder known
as epiglottitis affects the epiglottis and/or
adjacent structures such as the arytenoids,
aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.
➢ Potential infection called epiglottitis
causes a severe swelling of upper
airways, which can cause suffocation
and respiratory arrest.
➢ The bacterium Haemophilus influenzae
(H influenzae) type B frequently causes
epiglottitis in children.
➢ Adults are frequently affected by other
bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae
or viruses like Varicella-zoster and the
herpes simplex virus.
TREATMENT
 ➢ Antibiotics are administered to treat the
bacterial infection that caused
epiglottitis.
➢ a third-generation cephalosporin (e.g.,
ceftriaxone) or a penicillin/beta-
lactamase inhibitor combination (e.g.,
amoxicillin clavulanate) is used.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Vaccination
➢ Good hygiene
➢ Avoiding tobacco smokes
LARYNGITIS - Laryngitis is a condition
characterized by inflammation or irritation of
the larynx, which is the voice box located in the
throat. The inflammation can cause hoarseness,
a sore throat, and difficulty speaking or
swallowing.
➢ Most cases of laryngitis are mild and
resolve on their own within a week or
two, but some cases may require
medical treatment.
➢ When bacterial laryngitis does occur,
the most common bacteria that can
cause it include Streptococcus
pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae,
Moraxella catarrhali.
TREATMENT
➢ There is no specific drug of choice for
treating laryngitis, as the treatment
approach will depend on the underlying
cause and severity of the condition.
Therefore, the best approach is to focus
on relieving symptoms and allowing the
body to heal naturally.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Stay hydrated.
➢ Practice good vocal hygiene.
➢ Rest the voice.
➢ Practice good hand hygiene.
SCARLET FEVER - Scarlet fever is a bacterial
illness that develops in some people who have
strep throat.
➢ It is also known as scarlatina.
➢ Signs and symptoms: red rashes and
lines, flushed face, enlarged strawberry
tongue, high fever, and sore throat.
➢ Most common in children 5 to 15 years
of age.
➢ Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes producing Streptococcal
pyogenic exotoxins or formerly known
as erythrogenic toxin.
TREATMENT
➢ Antibiotics: Penicillin (DOC: Penicillin
VK) or amoxicillin is the first-line
treatment.
➢ If the affected person has an allergy to
penicillin, a first-generation
cephalosporin, clindamycin, or
erythromycin can be used.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Practice good hand hygiene and respiratory
etiquette. Hand hygiene is especially
important after coughing and sneezing and
before preparing food or eating. Good
respiratory etiquette involves covering your
cough or sneeze.
➢ Wash thoroughly the glasses, utensils, and
plates after someone who is sick uses them.
➢ Avoid crowded places.
➢ Wear personal protective equipment like
facemasks in crowded places.
DIPHTHERIA - It is a serious bacterial infection
that usually affects the mucous membranes of
the nose and throat.
➢ The disease is caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
➢ It produces toxin (exotoxin) only when
the bacillus is itself infected
(lysogenized) by a specific virus
(bacteriophage) carrying the genetic
information for the toxin (tox gene).
TREATMENT
➢ DTaP vaccine (Diphtheria, Tetanus,
and Pertussis)
➢ Antibiotics: Penicillin G or
Erythromycin.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Keeping up to date with recommended
vaccines in the best protection against
diphtheria.
➢ Maintain a high level of active
immunization.
➢ Maintain good personal hygiene and clean
surroundings to avoid contamination.
OTITIS MEDIA - It can cause pain, fever, hearing
loss, and sometimes even pus discharge from
the ear.
➢ Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella
catarrhalis are the most common
bacteria that cause Otitis media.
TREATMENT
➢ Antibiotics are the primary treatment
for bacterial Otitis media.
➢ Painkillers like acetaminophen or
ibuprofen may also be prescribed to
relieve pain and fever.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and
reducing daycare attendance are other
preventive measures that may help reduce
the risk of Otitis media.
➢ Breastfeeding for at least six months can
also reduce the incidence of Otitis media in
infants.
BACTERIAL DISEASES (LOWER RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM)
BRONCHITIS - Bronchitis occurs when the
bronchial tubes, which deliver air to your lungs,
become inflamed and enlarged. You get a
persistent cough and mucous.
➢ the bronchi and lungs can develop,
particularly in children, owing to
bacteria such as Clamydia pneumonia,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, and Bordetella
pertussis (whooping cough).
TREATMENT
➢ Antibiotics used to treat bronchitis
include doxycycline and amoxicillin. For
less common occurrences of bronchitis
caused by pertussis (whooping cough),
macrolide medicines such as
azithromycin are administered.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Quit smoking; ask your doctor about
therapies that might help.
➢ Avoid things that can irritate your lungs,
such as secondhand smoke, air pollution,
and dust.
➢ Wash your hands a lot to lower the odds of
infection.
TUBERCULOSIS - The disease known as
tuberculosis (TB) is brought on by microbes that
travel from person to person through the air.
Although TB often affects the lungs, it can also
harm other organs like the brain, kidneys, or
spine. If a person with TB does not receive
treatment, they risk dying.
➢ Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the
bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB).
Although the TB germs typically target
the lungs, they can also affect the
kidney, spine, and brain.
TREATMENT
➢ Isoniazid Rifampin (Rimactane)
➢ Rifabutin (Mycobutin)
➢ Rifapentine (Priftin)
➢ Pyrazinamide Ethambutol (Myambutol)
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
➢ Vaccination in Children and Adults
➢ Daily dose of Vitamin C
➢ Make a habit of spray alcohol.
➢ Avoid crowded places.
➢ Use hankerchief when coughing or
sneezing.
➢ Hygiene.
PNEUMONIA - An infection that inflames the air
sacs in one or both lungs.
➢ It causes a cough with phlegm or pus,
fever.
➢ The typical bacteria which cause
pneumonia are Streptococcus
pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
➢ Streptococcus pneumoniae germ that
normally lives in the upper respiratory
tract.
TREATMENT

➢ Amoxicillin given antibiotics (amoxicillin

dispersible tablets) to treat pneumonia.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

➢ Good hygiene (Washing your hands often),

quitting smoking, and keeping your
immune system strong by getting regular
physical activity and eating healthy foods.
PULMONARY FIBROSIS - It is a type of infection
that occurs in the blood, the lungs, and other
regions of the body, often after surgery for the
patient.

➢ These serious respiratory conditions

include meningitis, septicemia,
endocarditis, endophthalmitis, and
malignant external otitis.
➢ Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a lung
pathogen that predominates in the
lower respiratory tract. It is an infection
of the LRT (Lower Respiratory Tract),
which is one of the leading causes of
death in persons with cystic fibrosis.

TREATMENT

➢ The patient must be administered a

combination of aminoglycosides and
antibiotics (antipseudomonal beta-
lactams), such as penicillin or
cephalosporin.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

➢ To avoid having sick and spreading bacteria

that might transmit diseases, they should
always wash their hands.
➢ Before and after contacting a medical
device or responding to a wound, patients
are required to wash their hands with soap
or sanitize them using alcohol.
 MICROBIAL DISEASE OF THE LOWER
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
➢ Diseases of the lower respiratory system
include bronchitis and pneumonia.
BRONCHITIS
➢ An inflammatory condition that affects the
bronchial tubes, which are the air passages
that carry air to and from the lungs. It can
be classified into two main types: acute
bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.
PNEUMONIA
➢ An infection that affects the lungs, causing
inflammation in the air sacs known as
alveoli. It can be caused by various
microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRONCHITIS AND
PNEUMONIA
➢ Bronchitis is inflammation of the
bronchial tubes in the lungs, while
pneumonia causes inflammation in the
air sacs of the lungs, which doctors call
the alveoli. Both infections affect
breathing and can cause intense pain
and coughing, but there are some
important differences between them.
BRONCHITIS
➢ Acute bronchitis, the infectious form of
which affects most people with the
disease, is only very rarely fatal.
➢ Chronic bronchitis, however, can slowly
destroy lung function and may become
life threatening.
CAUSES - Bronchitis is the inflammation of the
bronchial tubes, which carry air from the
trachea, or windpipe, into and through the
lungs.
- Acute bronchitis has distinct forms that
vary, depending on the causes:
➢ Viral bronchitis: Viral infections
cause most cases of bronchitis.
A person may develop a cough
or trouble breathing after a
virus, such as the common cold
or flu.
➢ Bacterial bronchitis: Bacterial
infections can also cause
bronchitis. A person may
suddenly develop breathing
difficulties or notice breathing
problems following another
illness.
➢ Fungal infections occasionally
cause bronchitis.
➢ Other causes: Besides infection,
exposure to substances that
irritate the lungs, such as
tobacco smoke, dust, fumes,
vapors, and air pollution can
also cause bronchitis.
- Chronic bronchitis causes ongoing
inflammation of the airways. It is a type
of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).
SYMPTOMS
➢ Severe coughing that often produces
mucus.
➢ Mucus that can be clear, green, or
yellow.
➢ Presence of fever or chills.
➢ Wheezing or difficulty in breathing,
particularly when lying down.
➢ Sensation of fullness or tightness in the
chest.
➢ Sore throat.
TREATMENT – Most cases of acute bronchitis
are viral; they will not respond to antibiotics.
➢ Rest.
➢ Drinking plenty of fluids.
➢ Over-the-counter pain relievers.
➢ Cough medication.
➢ Chronic bronchitis, unlike its acute
counterpart, cannot be cured. However,
various interventions exist to improve
breathing in individuals with the
condition.
➢ Doctors may suggest inhalers, oxygen
therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, or
other medications to alleviate airway
inflammation.
➢ Both acute and chronic bronchitis are
more prevalent among smokers.
Quitting smoking can lower the risk of
developing bronchitis.
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRONCHITIS
➢ Chronic bronchitis can have severe
complications, such as heart or lung
damage, which can be fatal.
 ➢ Can result in inadequate oxygen supply RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PNEUMONIA
to organs, leading to organ damage.
➢ Pneumonia ranges in severity from
➢ Chronic bronchitis increases the
relatively mild to life threatening when
likelihood of pneumonia.
breathing becomes very difficult. It is
➢ Acute bronchitis typically does not
more dangerous in babies, young
cause major complications, but
children, seniors, and people with other
individuals with a weakened immune
illnesses.
system may be at risk of developing
other infections like pneumonia and
sepsis.
VIRAL DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY
PNEUMONIA - Pneumonia is a very serious SYSTEM
health condition and can be bacterial, viral, or
fungal. COMMON COLD

CAUSES ➢ Any one of approximately 200 different

➢ Chronic medical conditions increase the
likelihood of recurring pneumonia.
➢ Pneumonia often follows a viral
infection and can occur after bronchitis
as well.
➢ Vaccinations, such as the pneumococcal
vaccination, can lower the risk of
pneumonia. This vaccine is particularly
beneficial for older individuals and
those with weakened immune systems.
SYMPTOMS – They symptoms of pneumonia are
very similar to those of bronchitis.
➢ severe coughing, producing mucus.
➢ Yellow, green, or blood-tinged mucus.
➢ Fever.
➢ Shortness of breath.
➢ Chest pain that may feel sharp or
stabbing.
➢ Fatigue and low energy.
➢ Sore throat
viruses, including rhinoviruses,
coronaviruses, and EV-D68, can cause
the common cold.
➢ We tend to accumulate immunities
against these viruses during our
lifetime.
SYMPTOMS
➢ The symptoms include sneezing,
excessive nasal secretion, and
congestion.
➢ The incidence of colds increases during
cold weather, possibly because of
increased interpersonal indoor contact
or physiological changes.

TREATMENT

➢ taking pain relievers to reduce pain and

control a person’s fever.
➢ Drinking plenty of fluids.
➢ Getting lots of rest.
➢ Using a humidifier or steam to help
loosen mucus.
➢ Avoiding smoking.
➢ For some people with pneumonia may
need supportive care in the hospital.
Intravenous fluids and medication for
other symptoms, such as high fever,
may help a person to recover faster.
 FUNGAL DISEASE IN LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
➢ Fungal spores are easily inhaled; they
may germinate in the lower respiratory
tract.
➢ Major pulmonary fungal pathogens
include histoplasmosis,
coccidioidomycosis, and many more
endemic fungi can cause invasive illness
that can be fatal.
FUNGAL DISEASE IN LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
➢ Histoplasmosis
➢ Coccidioidomycosis
➢ Pneumocystis pneumonia
➢ Blastomycosis
HISTOPLASMOSIS
➢ A preclinical disease called histoplasma
capsulatum occasionally occurring
respiratory infection develops into a
serious, widespread illness.
➢ A long-term inflammatory condition. By
breathing in airborne conidia, the illness
is contracted.
COCCICIOIDOMYCOSIS
➢ Result from inhaling the airborne
arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis.
➢ Most cases are clinically occult or mild
infections.
➢ Some patients have progressive
pulmonary infection and may suffer
dissemination to the brain, bone, and
other sites.
PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA
➢ Pneumocystis jirovecii is found in
healthy human lungs.
➢ It causes disease in AIDS patients and
other immunosuppressed patients.
BLASTOMYCOSIS
➢ Also known as north American
blastomycosis.
➢ Blastomyces dermatitidis is the
causative agent of blastomycosis.
➢ It begins in the lungs and can spread to
cause extensive abscesses.
OTHER FUNGI INVOLVED IN RESPIRATORY
DISEASE
➢ Opportunistic fungi can cause
respiratory disease in
immunosuppressed hosts, especially
when large numbers of spore are
inhaled. Among these fungi are
Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor.
COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2 INFECTION)
➢ Formerly known as 2019-nCoV.
➢ Coronavirus disease is the illness
brought on by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in
2019.
➢ First identified amid an outbreak of
illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei
Province, China (DEC. 31, 2019).
COMORIDITIES
➢ Cardiac arrest
➢ Cerebrovascular disease
➢ Chronic kidney disease
➢ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
➢ Diabetes Mellitus
➢ Heart conditions
➢ Immunocompromised state from solid
organ transplant
SIGNS AND SYMPTOPMS – May develop 2 days
– 2 weeks after exposure.
➢ Fever or Chills
➢ Cough
➢ Shortness of breath or Difficulty
breathing
➢ Fatigue
➢ Muscle or Body aches
➢ Headache
➢ New loss of taste or smell
➢ Sore throat
➢ Congestion or Runny rose
DIAGNOSIS
➢ A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
variant is called real time PCR.
➢ Two methods follow the same
procedure, but RT-PCR adds a step
called reverse transcription.
VACCINATION – Monoclonal – Directed
antibodies.
➢ Convalescent plasmaaa remdesivir –
viral RNA
➢ Baricitinib – a janus kinase inhibitor
➢ Tocilizumab – an interleukin-6 inhibitor
ANATOMY AND NORMAL MICROBIOTA OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
➢ Infections and intoxications of the
gastrointestinal tract can cause general
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and fever.
➢ Localized inflammation of the GI tract
can result in gastritis, enteritis,
gastroenteritis, hepatitis, or colitis, and
damage to epithelial cells of the colon
can lead to dysentery.
➢ The digestive tract, consisting of the oral
cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine, has
a normal microbiota that is important
for health.
➢ The constant movement of materials
through the gastrointestinal canal, the
protective layer of mucus, the normal
microbiota, and the harsh chemical
environment in the stomach and small
intestine help to prevent colonization by
pathogens.
INFECTIONS OR MICROBIAL TOXINS
➢ the oral cavity can cause tooth decay,
periodontal disease, and various types
of ulcers.
FOODBORNE ILLNESS
➢ It refers to infections or intoxications
that originate with pathogens or toxins
ingested in contaminated food or water.
DENTAL CARIES
➢ Dental caries, tartar, and gingivitis are
caused by overgrowth of oral bacteria,
usually Streptococcus and Actinomyces
species, because of insufficient dental
hygiene.
GINGIVITIS
➢ Gingivitis can worsen, allowing
Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and
Actinomyces species to spread and
cause periodontitis.
➢ Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium
species, and Treponema vicentii are
involved, it can lead to acute necrotizing
ulcerative gingivitis.
HERPETIC GINGGIVOSTOMATITIS
➢ The herpes simplex virus type 1 can
cause lesions of the mouth and throat
called herpetic gingivostomatitis.
ORALL THRUSH
➢ Other infections of the mouth include
oral thrush, a fungal infection caused by
overgrowth of Candida yeast, and
mumps, a viral infection of the salivary
glands caused by the mumps virus, a
paramyxovirus.
GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS
➢ Major causes of gastrointestinal illness
include Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus
spp., Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium
perfringens, Clostridium difficile,
Bacillus cereus, and Yersinia bacteria.
CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTIONS
➢ C. difficile is an important cause of
hospital acquired infection.
➢ Careful antibiotic use is required to
reduce the risk of causing C. difficile
infections and when treating antibiotic-
resistant infections.
CHOLERA
➢ Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, which
can be a severe diarrheal illness.
➢ About 5 0 % of infections with classic V.
cholerae are asymptomatic, as are
about 75% of infections with the El Tor
biotype.
➢ There is a sudden onset of nausea and
vomiting and profuse diarrhea with
abdominal cramps. Stools, which
resemble “rice water,” contain mucus,
epithelial cells, and large numbers of
vibrios.
➢ rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes,
which leads to profound dehydration,
circulatory collapse, and anuria.
E. COLI ASSOCIATED DIARRHEAL DISEASES
➢ EPEC EIEC ➢ Infant and
Children diarrhea,
Dysentery
➢ ETEC ➢ Traveler’s
Diarrhea
➢ EHEC EAEC ➢ Blood
Diarrhea, Hemolytic
Uremic Syndrome
PEPTIC ULCER
➢ H. pylori causes an inflammatory
response with neutrophils,
lymphocytes, plasma cells, and
macrophages within the mucosal layer
and causes epithelial cell degeneration
and injury.
COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE:
➢ unabated symptoms, bleeding,
perforation, penetration, gastric outlet
obstruction, and gastric malignancy
(adenocarcinom and MALT lymphoma).
TYPHOID FEVER
➢ Causative agent Salmonella enterica
serotype typhi
➢ Contracted by ingestion of
contaminated food or water that must
survive the gastric pH barrier in the
stomach prior to adherence in the small
intestine.
➢ Once within the submucosa, the
bacterium causes hypertrophy of the
Peyer’s patches.
➢ Abdominal symptoms, pain, nausea,
vomiting, constipation/diarrhea,
intermittent confusion, apathetic affect.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
➢ Hepatitis may be caused by several
unrelated viruses: hepatitis viruses A, B,
C, D, and E.
➢ The hepatitis viruses differin their
modes of transmission, treatment, and
potential for chronic infection.
PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS
➢ Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis,
amoebiasis, and cyclosporiasis are
intestinal infections caused by
protozoans.
➢ Protozoan intestinal infections are
commonly transmitted through
contaminated food and water.
➢ Treatment varies depending on the
causative agent, so proper diagnosis is
important.
➢ Microscopic examination of stool or
biopsy specimens is often used in
diagnosis, in combination with other
approaches.
HELMNTHIC INFECTIONS
➢ Helminths often cause intestinal
infections after transmission to humans
through exposure to contaminated soil,
water, or food. Signs and symptoms are
often mild, but severe complications
may develop in some cases.
➢ Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are
transmitted through contaminated food
or water and hatch in the intestine.
➢ Juvenile larvae travel to the lungs and
then to the pharynx, where they are
swallowed and returned to the
intestines to mature.
➢ These nematode roundworms cause
ascariasis.
NECATOR AMERICANUS AND ANCYLOSTOMA
DOUDENALE
➢ cause hookworm infection when larvae
penetrate the skin from soil
contaminated by dog or cat feces.
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
➢ transmitted from soil through the skin
to the lungs and then to the intestine
where they cause strongyloidiasis.
➢ DOC ivermectin.
ENTEROBOIUS VERMICULARIS
➢ nematode pinworms transmitted by the
fecal-oral route. After ingestion, they
travel to the colon where they cause
enterobiasis.
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
➢ can be transmitted through soil or fecal
contamination and cause trichuriasis.
After ingestion, the eggs travel to the
intestine where the larvae emerge and
mature, attaching to the walls of the
colon and cecum.
➢ Trichinella spp. is transmitted through
undercooked meat.
➢ Larvae in the meat emerge from cysts
and mature in the large intestine.
➢ They can migrate to the muscles and
form new cyst causing trichinosis.
TAENIA SPP. AND DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
➢ tapeworms transmitted through
undercooked food or the fecal- oral
route.
➢ Taenia infections cause taeniasis.
➢ Tapeworms use their scolex to attach to
the intestinal wall.
➢ Larvae may also move to muscle or
brain tissue.
➢ DOC Mebendazole
TAENIA SOLIUM
➢ More danger than T. saginata because
of ROSTELLUM.
LIVER FLUKE: FASCIOLA HEPATICA
INTESTINAL FLUKE: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI
 MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
STRUCTIRE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
➢ The heart, blood, and blood vessels
make up the cardiovascular system.
STRUCTIRE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
➢ Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes,
and lymphoid organs constitute the
lymphatic system.
➢ Responsible for immune response.
FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC AND
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
➢ Plasma transports dissolved substances.
➢ Red blood cells carry oxygen.
➢ White blood cells are involved in the
body’ s defense against infection.
➢ Fluid that filters out of capillaries into
spaces between tissue cells is called
interstitial fluid.
➢ Interstitial fluid enters lymph capillaries
and is called lymph; vessels called
lymphatic return lymph to the blood.
➢ Lymph nodes contain fixed
macrophages, B cells, and T cells.
SEPSIS ANAD SEPTIC SHOCK
➢ Sepsis is an inflammatory response
caused by the spread of bacteria or
their toxin from a focus of infection.
- Septicemia is sepsis that involves
proliferation of pathogens in the blood.
➢ Gram-negative sepsis can lead to septic
shock, characterized by decreased
blood pressure. Endotoxin causes the
symptoms.
- Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia
and impending septic shock requires
rapid institution of antimicrobial
therapy, restoration of fluid and
electrolyte balance, and treatment of
disseminated intravascular coagulation.
ANTIBIOTIC
➢ resistant enterococci and group B
streptococci cause gram-positive sepsis.
STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
➢ The most frequent cause of puerperal
sepsi.
➢ Puerperal sepsis begins as an infection
of the uterus following childbirth or
abortion; it can progress to peritonitis
or septicemia.
➢ Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz
Semmelweis demonstrated that
puerperal sepsis was transmitted by the
hands and instruments of midwives and
physicians.
➢ DOC for septic shock: levophed or
norepinephrine.
RHEUMATIC FEVER
➢ Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune
complication of streptococcal infections
/streptococcus pyogenes
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
➢ : fever, malaise, a migratory
nonsuppurative polyarthritis, and
evidence of inflammation of all parts of
the heart.
➢ Antibodies against group A beta-
hemolytic streptococci react with
streptococcal antigens deposited in
joints or heart valves or cross-react with
the heart muscle.
➢ The onset is often preceded by S
pyogenes pharyngitis 1-4 weeks earlier,
although the infection may be mild and
may not be detected.
TULAREMIA
➢ Tularemia is caused by Francisella
tularensis. The reservoir is small wild
animals, especially rabbits.
➢ -Regional lymph nodes enlarge and may
become necrotic, sometimes draining
for weeks (ulceroglandular tularemia).
BRUCELLOSIS
➢ Also known as undulant fever
➢ -Brucellosis can ba caused by Brucella
abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis.
➢ The common routes of infection in
humans are the intestinal tract
(ingestion of infected milk), mucous
membranes (droplets), and skin
(contact with infected tissues of
animals).
ANTHRAX
➢ -Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. In
soil, endospores can survive for up to 60
years.
➢ Grazing animals acquire an infection
after ingesting the endospores.
➢ Humans contract anthrax by handling
hides from infected animals. The
endospores enter through cuts in the
skin, respiratory tract, or mouth.
 ➢ -Diagnosis is based on isolating and
identifying the bacteria.
GANGRENE
➢ AKA Clostridial myonecrosis
➢ caused by Clostridium perfringens
(anaerobic).
➢ Soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of
blood supply) is called gangrene.
➢ -Foul-smelling discharge, rapidly
progressing necrosis, fever, hemolysis,
toxemia, shock, and death
➢ Treatment is with early surgery
(amputation) and antibiotic
administration.
SYSTEMIC DISEASES CAUSED BY BITES AND
SCRATCHES
➢ The disease is transmitted by the
ingestion of saliva from infected
individuals.
OTHER DISEASES AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
➢ EB virus is associated with certain
cancers and autoimmune diseases.
➢ Cytomegalovirus Infections:
- CMV (HHV-5) causes intranuclear
inclusion bodies and cytomegaly of host
cells.
- CMV is transmitted by saliva and other
body fluids.
CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER
➢ The chickungunya virus, which causes
fever and severe joint pain, is
transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

➢ Pasteurella multocida, introduced by

the bite of a dog or cat, can cause
septicemia.
➢ Anaerobic bacteria infect deep animal
bites.
➢ Cat-scratch disease is caused by
Bartonella henselae.
➢ Rat-bite fever is caused by
Streptobacillus moniliformis and
Spirillum minus.

VECTOR-TRANSMITTED DISEASES
➢ Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The
vector is usually the rat flea (Xenopsylla
cheopis).
➢ Relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia
spp. and transmitted by soft ticks.
➢ Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia
burgdorferi and is transmitted by a tick
(Ixodes).

BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA
➢ Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus, HHV-4)
causes Burkitt’ s lymphoma.
➢ Burkitt’ s lymphoma tends to occur in
patients whose immune system has
been weakened, for example, by
malaria or AIDS.
➢ Can also cause cancer.

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
➢ Infectious mononucleosis is caused by
EB virus.
➢ The virus multiplies in the parotid
glands and is present in saliva. It causes
the proliferation of atypical
lymphocytes.
 MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS ➢ It produces the neurotoxin
SYSTEM tetanospasmin, which causes the
symptoms of tetanus.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
➢ The Central Nervous System (CNS)
consist of the brain, which is protected
by the skull bones, and the spinal cord
which is protected by the backbone.
➢ The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
consists of the nerves that branch from
the CNS.
➢ The CNS is covered by three layers of
membranes called meninges.
- The Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

➢ circulates between the arachnoid mater
and the pia mater in the subarachnoid
space.

THE THREE MAJOR CAUSES OF BACTERIAL

MENINGITIS
➢ Haemophilus influenzae
➢ Streptococcus pneumoniae
➢ Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus influenzae
NORMAL FLORA: Throat
VACCINE: HIB conjugated vaccine

Neisseria meningitidis
NORMAL FLORA: Throat
VACCINE: Purified capsular polysaccharide
vaccine

Streptococcus pneumoniae
NORMAL FLORA: Nasopharynx
VACCINE: Conjugated vaccine
- PCV13
- PPSV23

Listeria monocytogenes
➢ causes meningitis in newborns, the
immunosuppressed, pregnant women,
and cancer patients.
➢ acquired by ingestion of contaminated
food, listeriosis may be asymptomatic in
healthy adults.
➢ it can cross the placenta and cause
spontaneous abortion and still birth.

Clostridium tetani
TETANUS - caused by an exotoxin produced by
C. tetani.