Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transition
Gupta Vacuum
Age
Rajput Kingdoms
Rise of
Feudalism Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Foreign Invasions-
Arabs & Huns
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Foreign Invasion-
Central Asia→ Huns
Foreign Invasion-
West Asia- Arabs-
Mohammed bin
Qasim
Gurjar-Pratihara
Rashtrakuta-
Deccan
Pala- Bengal
Rise of Imperialism
in S. India- Chola
dynasty
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Imperial Chola
Dravida Architecture
Spreading of Indian
Culture in SE Asia
Naval Supremacy
Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Dahir Kannauj
Gurjarpratihara Pala
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Gurjara Pratihara ?
Rajaputs- Origin ?
Rajaputs- Origin ?
Agnikula→
Chauhans of Ajmer
Chauhans ?
Prithviraja-I Sucedded by
-Prithviraja
-Somesvara
Books→
Prithviraja Raso- Chand Bardai
Prithviraja Vijaya- Jayanaka
Chandella of Bundelkhand
Became independent
Inscriptions→ no pratihara overlord mentioned
Issued the Khajuraho inscription
Euology in the writing
wives of the kings of Andhra, Anga,
Kanchi, and Radha resided in his prisons
Constructed temple-
Vishvanatha Temple at Khajuraho
Chandela
Why ?
Ghazni invaded Kannauj
Rajyapala fled the scene
Hence vidhadhara decided to take on Rajyapala
Paramara of Malwa
Paramaras of Malwa
Shaivite kings
Ruled from Dhar and later on from Mandu
How ?
By 1018→ defeated the Chalukyas of Kalyani
Alliance with Rajendra Chola & Kalchuris to defeat the Parmara
Kalyani Chalukyas Chandela
Tilaka-Manjari,
composed by Dhanapala
During the last part of his tenure, his son Jayasmiha-I took power
Joint attack by the Solanki and Kalachuris
Jayasmiha-I→ took help from Kalyani chalukyas
Solanki Dynasty
Also called as Chaulukya
1. Central India
2. Lata- South Gujarat- founded by Barappa
Capital at Brighakaccha
3. North Gujarat- Patan- founded by Mularaja-I Parmara
Follower of Shaivism
Patronised Jainism
Mulavasatika (Mula’s residence) temple for the
Digambaras and the Mulanatha-jinadeva (the Jina who is
Mula’s lord) temple for the Shvetambaras.
Solanki Dynasty
Bhima I (c. 1022 – 1064 CE) Ghazni
Grandson of Mularaja
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Solanki Dynasty
Siddharaj Jayasimha (1092-1142 CE)
Most famous ruler
Conquered
Kutch
Malwa
Saurashtra- Ranakdevi temple
Rudramahal @ Siddhpur
Solanki
After his death, the feudalism created crisis for the solankis
The feudal lords, Vaghela Dynasty came to power Solanki
Famous king→ Virdhaval
Gahdavalas of Kannauj
Tomars of Delhi
The Tomaras
Part of the 36 Rajput clans
ruled the Hariyana (Haryana)
Capital at Dhillika (Delhi)
Earlier feudatory of Gurjar-Pratihara
Dynasty also known as Tuar
Name→ Dhillika
Mentioned in Prithviraja Raso
Story of Brahman and Vasuki (king of serpents )
The Tomaras
Part of the 36 Rajput clans
Contribution ?
King Anandpal-II
Established the citadel of Lal Kot
Built a tank- Anang Tal
King Surajmal
Established the Surajkund reservoir at Haryana
Kashmir
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Book I
Imaginary tales of Kashmir kings
Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary of Lord Krishna
Asoka and Kanishka
Book II
new line of kings- not mentioned in any sources
Pratapaditya to Aryaraja
Book III
Reign of Matrigupta- contemporary of malwa vikramaditya
Talks @ establishment of Karkota dynasty
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Book VII
death of King Harsha (1101)
Book VIII
Rule of Jayasimha (reigned 1128–49)
Kalahana belonged to this period
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Lalitaditya/Muktapida(c.697−733 CE)
Most famous king
Expansion of empire
Defeated the Arab-s Junaid
Fought against the Tibeteans
Defeated & killed the Momin Sultan of Uzbekistan
Fought against the Kannauj (Yashovarman)
Established the sun temple @ Martanda
Ruled from Parihaspura & Srinagar
Diplomatic relations with China- Tang dynasty
Features of administration→
tantrins (a body of foot soldiers),
ekangas (a body of
royal body guards) and
the damaras (landed chiefs),
Ghazni
Jayapala (c.964–1001 CE)
Fought against the Turkish kings of Kabul
Hindushahi
Laghman-Multan-Sindh-Kashmir
Battle of Peshawar
Vs. Sultan Sabukitgin
Sena
Titles→
Ariraja-Madana- Sankara
Gaureswara
Paramvaishnava
Minister→Halayudha
Wrote Adbhutsagara
Capital at Kalinganagara
Modern day → Srikakulam (AP)
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Kalyani- Chalukyas
Yadavas- Deogir
Kalyani Chalukyas
Satyasraya (c.997−1008CE)
Victory against the Rajaraja (Chola)
Died on an elephant
KALYANI Chalukyas
Shaiva by faith
Temple building
Mallikarjuna temple, the Mahadeva temple, the
Kaitabheshvara temple, and the Kalleshvara temple
Yadavas of Devagiri
Founder→ Dridhaprahara
Son Seunachandra I→ became feudatory of Rashtrakutas
Territory called as→ Seunadesa.
Jaitugi Parmara
Fought against the kakatiyas Solanki
King Rudra was killed
Invaded Gujarat, Malwa etc.
Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Simhana
Fought against the hoysala
Defeated the paramara and solankis
Patronised art & literature
Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, an important work on music, was
written in his court
Later kings→
Krishna
Mahadeva- got defeated at the hands of Hoysala
Yadavas of Devagiri
Ramachandra
Yadavas of Devagiri
Economic Conditions ?
Aruvan- tax on agriculture
Income from market tax- Santhey aya
House Tax- Man dere
Taxes on profession→ Bannige
Merchant Guilds→
Settis,
Nakharas,
Yadavas of Devagiri
Religious Conditions ?
Buddhism in decline
Jainism- Royal Patronage
Establishment of Vir Shaiva sect
New sect emerged
Mahanubhavas→ worshippers of Krishna
Traditionall→ Dattatreya considered to be founder
1273→ Chakradhara also related to it
Literature ?
Sanskrit literature
Bhaskaracharya belonged to this period
father, Mahesvara (known as
Kavisvara), wrote two works on astrology, Sekhara and Laghutika
Bhaskarcharya→
Siddhanta Siromani (composed in 1150) and Karanakutuhala
-Lilavati
-Bijaganita
-Grahagaita
-Goladhyaya
grandson Changadeva
grand-nephew Anantadeva
Sarangdeva→ Sangitratnakara
Marathi literature
Jnanesvari
Kakatiyas- Warangal
Hoysala- Dwarsamudra
Beta I
a feudatory of the Kalyani Chalukyas
Prola II
Became independent from the Kalyani Chalukyas
Rudradeva
Anumakonda inscription
Expansion of empire
Got defeated at the hands of the Yadava
Temple Building-
Dedicated to Shiva
Thousand-Pillar temple at Anumakonda
Kakatiyas of Warangal
Ganapatideva
long reign of 63 years
Most important ruler
measures for improving trade and agriculture
Motupalli→ important sea port
completed the city of Warangal→ capital shifted
No sons, hence gave power to daughters
two daughters, Rudramba and Ganapamba
Rudramba married to Eastern Chalukyas
Rudramadevi
rush the rebellion of the recalcitrant nobles
Suppressed the feudal lords→ Ambadeva
Grandson→ Kumara Rudradeva or Prataparudra
Decline of the Kakatiya
Angarakshas→ bodyguards
Lenkas→ fought with the king in army
Local Administartion
Nadu- District
Sthala- Group of villages
Village
Revenue →
merchant-guilds wielded unlimited
powers and enjoyed full autonomy
Source of Revenue-
Land
Trade & commerce
Lands were surveyed and classified
Sunkamu
taxes on garden lands, duties on
exports and imports, customs duties
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Hoyasalas (1026-1343)
feudatories of the Chalukyas
Bittiga or Vishnuvardhana
Bother of Ballala-I
Real founder of the kingdom
Expansion of empire- upto chola territories
Follower of Jainism
Influenced by Vaishnavism (Ramanujam)
Last king-
Ballala III
By 1310→ over-powered by Malik kafur
Dynasty came to end with the death of Ballala III
Significance of Hoysala ?
Temple building- part of Sculpture art
Hoyasalesvara temple at Halebid
Kesava at Somnathpur
Chenna Kesava at Belur and
Hoyasalesvara at Halebid
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About Me
Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
750 1000
1200
Provincial
Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Foreign Invasion-
Central Asia→ Huns
Foreign Invasion-
West Asia- Arabs-
Mohammed bin
Qasim
Gurjar-Pratihara
Rashtrakuta-
Deccan
Pala- Bengal
Rise of Imperialism
in S. India- Chola
dynasty
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Medieval History Theme https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
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Understanding History
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Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Dahir Kannauj
Gurjarpratihara Pala
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Meaning→ ‘submission’
Location- Mecca
intersection of busy commercial routes
Divided in 2 groups-
1. muhajirs and ansars of Medina→ not appointed anyone as
successor- Hence they elected Abu Bakr as the leader
starting of Sunni Sect
Conquered Byzantine
Umar al-Khattab (634–44) territories of Syria, Palestine
Got assassinated and Egypt and the Sasanid
countries of Iran and Iraq
Rashidun Usman (644–56)
Initially peaceful, but later on
Civil war broke out
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
Foreign Invasions ??
Dahir Kannauj
Gurjarpratihara Pala
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Spread of Islam
Religious zeal
Territorial expansion
Khalifa- religious and political head
immediate cause
Arab ships captured by the sea-pirates of Sind-Debal
It had muslim women as well
2. Kafirs
conversion or death
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
Foreign Invasions ??
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Overthrown by the-
Abbasids (749–1258)
They conquered large regions
Made them converted to Islam
One of them were the turks
Taking away- gold, sliver, precious stones, horses, men , women, slaves etc.
2. 1004–06 CE
Subjugation of Bhatiya- mass slaughtering
Attacked Multan- Abdul Fathe Daud
3.1008 CE
2nd Battle of Waihind
Hindu Shahi ruler- Anandpala
Entered till Nagarkot (Kangra), looted temples- 7 lakh gold coins, 7
maunds of gold
4. 1014 CE,
Attacked thanesar & Mathura
Looting and destroying of temples
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The Ghaznavids and Mahmud of Ghazni
Q. Mohammed of Ghazni ? (998-1030 CE)
5. 1018 CE,
Attacked over Kannauj- defeated Rajyapal
Destroyed the Chandella dynasty –
Also killed the remaining Hindushahi rulers
Trilochanapala & Bhimpala
6. 1025 CE
Attack over Somnath
Went back after a week because of imminent conflict with
Bhimdev-I
7. 1026 CE
Punished the Jats in North India
1030→ Death
Al Biruni→ Kitab- ul- Hind
Firdausi- Shahnama
Somnath Attack-
Came with 30000 soldiers
Via Multan-Ajmer- Desert region
Avoided the Rajput kingdoms
Reached Somnath in January 1026
3 days the town offered resistance
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
Foreign Invasions ??
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Foreign Invasion
Mohd Ghori
Turkish rule
Established
Hindu
shahi
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Let’s proceed
towards kannauj
गद्दार
2. Bakhtiyar Khilji
1197- conquest of Bihar
1205- Conquest of Bengal
destroyed the universities of
Nalanda and Vikramshila
Aibak was made the vicerory, but Ghori maintained control over
India
What next ?
Ghori had no sons
But had large number of slaves Tera mera
Rishta purana
Taj-ud-din Yilduz was recognised as the ruler of Ghazni
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
We fought bravely,
Q. Why the Rajputs lost against the Foreign Invasions ? we didn’t lost…
We did our duty
1. Political Reasons
- Tripartite struggle→ over Kannauj
- Exhausted the capacities
Hindu
- Political Fragmentation shahi
- Lack of centralised authrority
- There was no dominant power Chauhan
- The Rajput lacked unity among themselves Gahdavala
- Eg. Hindushahi’s were fighting on their own – got half hearted Solanki-
Vaghela
support
- Prithviraj Chauhan alienated his allies because of expansionist
policies
- No foreign help was there- because of inward looking attitude,
diplomatic constraints
- Feudalism- had inward approach, discouraged foreign travel
- The local rulers were not updated with the scenario- political
developments of the west & central asia
- Couldn’t learn from the past mistakes
- Ghazni to Ghori- 150 years of Gap
- Could have consolidated
3. Economic Reasons
- Feaudalism- economic issues
- No major source of income for the state
- Land lords- feudal chiefs dominated the scene
Political- Administration
-establishment of Centralised
authority
- Expansion of empire
- Use of Iqta system- land
grants
- Administration- portfolio
system
- Diwan- Wazir,
- Arz, Insha etc.
- Focus on urban
settlements
Military
- Standing army
- Directly under the Sultan
- Weakening of feudal lords
- Elephant discarded
- Use of horse
- Method of warfare- surrounding
attacks
- Roll call and inspection within
army
Socio-Cultural
- Theocratic state
- Islamic culture
- Conversion started
- Jaziya system started
- Egalitarian
- Histriography
- Tawariksh
- New festivals
- Languages- Persian, Urdu
- Dressing
- Sufi saints
- Bhakti movement
Economic
-Political stability
Development of economy
Economic
- Military- Reorganised
- Development of specialised crafts- eg. Horseshoe
makers etc.
- Establishment of state factories→ Karkhana System
THANKS!
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Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
750 1000
1200
Provincial
Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Dahir Kannauj
Gurjarpratihara Pala
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Delhi Sultanate
September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Dynasty Movement
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Khiljis (1290-1320) Vijayanagar Empire,
Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Kingdom, Deccan
Sultanate
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Let’s proceed
towards kannauj
गद्दार
2. Bakhtiyar Khilji
1197- conquest of Bihar
1205- Conquest of Bengal
destroyed the universities of
Nalanda and Vikramshila
Aibak was made the vicerory, but Ghori maintained control over
India
What next ?
Ghori had no sons
But had large number of slaves Tera mera
Rishta purana
Taj-ud-din Yilduz was recognised as the ruler of Ghazni
Turkish origin
Aibek- lord of the moon
Sold off to a Qazi in Persia- learnt theology and
horse riding
Later on again sold off to Mohammed Ghori
Q. Aibak as ruler ?
Shifting of Capital-
Lahore to Delhi
Signficance ?
Political- Administration
Accepted the chatri of
Yalduz initially in Delhi
By 1225-1226
Once, Consolidated power Controlled East India
1215- defeated Yalduz brought Bengal
Battle of Tarain and Bihar
- Iqta System
- divided his empire into
Iqtas
- Iqtadar→ law and order
and collect revenue
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Passed away in 1236
His Sons & Daughters→
3. Razia (1236-1240)
Half brother of Ruknuddin
Highly educated
Brought up Iltutmish like a son- horsetraining, shooting,
swords
Attending court activities
End of Raziya
7. Balban (1266-1287)
7. Balban (1266-1287)
Separation of Departments-
Diwan-i-arz→ Military
Diwan-i-unzarat →Finance Department
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Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty मारूंगा
7. Balban (1266-1287)
By 1290 CE,
Firoz, the Ariz-i-Mumalik→ the Minister of War
murdering Kaimurs and seized the throne
Khilji Dynasty
-Decline
- Kingship knows no
Kinship
- Refuted the suzerainty
of the Caliph
Their property was also confiscated, hence, they were left over with
limited money- just like ordinary peasants
Military Reforms
first Sultan to have a large
permanent standing army and paid them in cash
4,75,000 cavalrymen according to Ferishta
Chehra & Dagh system
Alauddin Khilji –
permanent standing army- 2 objectives
1. Stopping the invasion of Mongols
2. Imperialistic expansion
1299→ Gujarat
1301→ Ranthambhor
1302-03→
1303→ Chittor
1305→ Mandu
1303→ Chittor
Ruled by Rawal Ratan Singh
Queen Padmavati
4.1311- Hoysala
Ballala-3 defeated
price regulations
Department→ Diwani Riyasat
Shahna-i- Mandi- superintendant
merchant was registered under
Barids (intelligence officer) and munhiyans (secret spies)
Official→ Naib-i-Riyasat.
What if violation takes place ?
Harsh punishment, including expulsion from the capital, imposition of fine,
imprisonment, and mutilation
Sources of income-
Land revenue- 1/5th of the produce
Property tax- Gharai
Pastural Land tax- Charai
Patronised scholars
Architecture
Alai Darwaza,
Hauz Khas,
Mahal Hazaar Satoon,
Jamait Khana Mosque,
Alai Minar,
new capital at Siri
Mubarak (1216–20)
debauched lifestyle
Homosexual
Baradus (Hindu) brothers, Hasan & Hasum
THANKS!
The Tughlaqs-Sayyids-Lodhis
About Me
Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
750 1000
1200
Provincial
Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Delhi Sultanate
September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Dynasty Movement
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Khiljis (1290-1320) Vijayanagar Empire,
Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Kingdom, Deccan
Sultanate
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Khiljis (1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khilji
Alauddin Khilji
Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion
Economic Decline??
Q. Foreign Invasions→
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)
Mubarak (1216–20)
debauched lifestyle
Homosexual
Baradus (Hindu) brothers, Hasan & Hasum
Ferishta→
Ghazi Malik
Father of Ghiasuddin Bin Tughlaq→ slave of Balban
Personal name Qutulugh→ transformed into Tughlaq
By 1321→
Pratap Rudra Deva-II- Kaktiya
Tried to defy the authority
Jauna khan sent to control
Humiliated due to guerila warfare of the kakatiyas
Jauna Khan
Follower of Nizamuddin Auliya
5 Great Experiments
Q. Transfer of Capital ??
Delhi to Daultabad (Deogir)
1327→ royal household and the ulema and Sufis from
Delhi to Devagiri
wanted to make the centrally located Devagiri his second
capital
Q. Token Currency ??
Shortage of silver at that time- hence no coins
Decided to experiment like other kings
China → Qublai Khan
Mongol- Ghazan Khan
Q. Khurasan Expedition ??
Initial years→ faced invasion from the Mongols
Outbreak of Rebellions
Due to these experiments- new states were carved out in the deccan
governors of Oudh,
Multan, and Sindh also tried to get free
Nobles→ discussion
Who should be the sultan ??
Other reforms ?
first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax).
built number of canals
department of public works
Canals connecting → ?
Sirsa to Hansi
Sutlej to Hansi: Longest canal (about 200 kilometres)
Yamuna to Hissar
Economy→ new coins: Adha (50% Jital) and Bitch (23% Jital)
Socio-Cultural-Architecture
Wrote→ Futuhat-e-Ferozshahi
Military Campaigns
Later Tughlaqs
सबको
Later Tughlaqs
Timur’s invasion ?
Sayyid Dynasty
The Sayyids
The Sayyids
Lodhi Dynasty
Gaz i sikandari
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Locational Aspect
Q. Foreign Invasions→
Babur
Bahlul (1451–89)
Bahlul (1451–89)
-development of agriculture
-gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard)
-32 digits for measuring cultivated fields
-confined to the khalisa lands
- examined the price schedules for the markets
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Delhi Sultanate-
Administration , Economy & Socio-Cultural Life
About Me
Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
750 1000
1200
Provincial
Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Delhi Sultanate
September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Dynasty Movement
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Khiljis (1290-1320) Vijayanagar Empire,
Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Kingdom, Deccan
Sultanate
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Khiljis (1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khilji
Alauddin Khilji
Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion
Economic Decline??
Q. Foreign Invasions→
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Locational Aspect
Q. Foreign Invasions→
Babur
Delhi Sultanate
Administration ???
- Muslim theological basis
- Legality- law system
- Role of caliphate
- Theory of kingship
Allah-Prophet Relationship
real master and sovereign of the whole
universe is Allah
Allah has sent Prophet
The ruler should follow directions of the
Allah
Theological Basis
sharia (Islamic Law)” मज़हबी कानन
ू
Theological Basis –
Based on the following:
Islamic society and government should be Significance ?
organised on the basis of divine injunctions
of the Quran Replaced the Duty based
ethics→ Righteousness
sayings and doings of
Prophet Muhammad, collectively known as
Dharmashastras
hadis
My name is
Balban
Theory of Kingship
doctrine of farr or Farrah
Supernatural effulgence or radiance
-Balban
-Kaiqabad
Sultan’s role ?
Exceptions-
Raziya
Qutubuddin Aibak
Alauddin Khilji
Kaiqabad
Central Administration
Central Administration
Ariz-i-mumalik
Sultan head of the military department
legal head Diwan – I –ariz
Chief executive not the commander-in-chief
Highest court of appeal recruit, equip and pay the army
Chief of the armed forces
Boss of bureaucracy Sadr-us-sudur
head of the public charities and ecclesiastical
Naib Sultan department known as diwan-i-risalat
only when a ruler was weak or a minor
Or a special appointment for favour
practically all the powers of the Sultan on his behalf
Wazir
head of the finance department
mushrif-i-mumalik-record of the
Accounts
mustauf-i-mumalik-audited this account
Barid-i-mumalik
information and intelligence department
Appointed other Barids in the provinces and
local administration
Provincial Government
2. tributary States
Local Government
Village→ basic unit of administration control of the Khut & Muqaddam – Chaudhari
village accountant was called patwari.
Various Departments
Various Departments
Official Role
Chief Minister; in charge Officers in charge of
Wazir
of revenue & finances. Sadr-i-jahan religious matters and
Head of military endowments
Ariz-i-Mumalik
department Amir-i-dad Public prosecutor
Legal Officer; dispensing Naib wazir Deputy Minister
Qazi
Sharia law Mushrif-i-mumalik Accountant general
Controller of Royal Officer in charge of the
Wakil-i-dar Amir-i-hazib
household Royal court
Head of state news Qazi-i-mumalik Chief Justice
Barid-i-Mumalik
agency
Head of chief judicial
Officer in charge of Qazi-ul-kazat
Amir-i-majlis department
Royal feasts & festivals
Officer commanding
Council of friends and Amir-i-Akhur
Royal Horses
officers consulted on
Majlis-i-am Superintendent of Royal
important affairs of the Shahna-i-pil
state Elephants
Head of Royal Officer in charge of police
Dahir-i-mumalik Amir-i-bahr
correspondence & transport naval port
Dealt with religious
Sadr-us-sudur matters and
endowments
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Various Departments
Agriculture- Revenue
Economy
Trade & Commerce
Land classification→
land into three categories
khalisa land or crown land, i.e. land which was under the direct
control of the Sultan and whose revenues were meant for the
maintenance of the court and the royal household
Taxation System
1. Religious taxes
2. Secular taxes
1. Religious taxes→
Taxation System
Agriculture ?
Expansion of Agriculture
Land grants→ inam, iqta
takkavi loans
cultivate cash crops
(wheat) in place of inferior ones (barley
Indo-Persian Culture→
Society
Architecture
Music
Literature
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
Society ?
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
1. Architecture
Monuments built by different kings
Cities & forts established
Arch & dome method
Usage of mortar
Archuate designs
Kufi→ Quarnic verses in the form of Arabesque
-Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque,
-Qutub Minar
dedicated to the Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakthiyar Kaki
Khilji Dynasty
-Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort, Jamat-e-khana mosque
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
2. Music
Amir Khusrau→ classical music– khayal
musical instruments, such as the rabab and sarangi tabla
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
Persian Literature
Kalhana→ Rajatarangini
Minhaj-us-Siraj-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri,
Wrote @ Iltutmish Arabic Alberuni’s
Kitab-ul-Hind
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
AMIR KHUSRAU
Birth @ 1253 CEin Patiala
Father→ central Asia, Hazara- served during Iltutmish
period
Mother→ Hindustani- came to know about local
languages & Culture
started sabq-i-hind
Khazain-ul-Futuh
Related to Ala-ud-din Khalji
Hindi (Hindavi)- Hindustani
Wrote @ agriculture
“a vast country, abounding in rice and nowhere in the
world have I seen any land where prices are lower than
there.”
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