Gravity Powered Clockwork Linear Generator

PRINZ JAKOB C. LIM

NATHANEAL F. BATUCAN

MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-BAZ O. DIEL

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Faculty of the

Philippine Science High School Southern Mindanao Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research 1

JUNE 2023
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Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Clockwork, from the words “clock” and “work” is a term used to describe mechanisms

that run a clock. These mechanisms, famed for their precision in timekeeping, are run by the

beating heart of a clockwork: the escapement. Escapements are mechanisms that are found in

clocks that alternately check and release the gear train by a fixed amount in order to transmit

periodic impulse from a weight to the pendulum. Gravity is evidently a very abundant resource.

In the global scale, about 26.8% is attributed to coal, 30.9% to oil, 23.2% to natural gasses, 5%

to nuclear, 2.5% to hydropower, 9.4% to biofuels, and 2.2% to other sources of energy such as

solar (Birol, 2021). In the Philippines, approximately 24% of energy comes from renewables,

while 76% comes from fossil fuels in 2021 (Alves, 2022). Davao Light Power Company, which

is the most prominent energy source in Davao City, utilizes hydropower for 46% of its electricity,

while 53% is sourced from coal-fired power plants (Daugdaug, 2022).

Gravity driven generators are not entirely new. Portable gravity driven devices such as

Gravity Light by Riddiford and Reeves are in fact in the market. (Deciwatt, n.d.) The

researchers aim to formulate a prototype that would last longer.

The aim of this research is to formulate an alternative source of renewable energy, that

being the Gravity Powered Clockwork Linear Generator and assess if the aforesaid invention

produces efficient renewable energy in terms of energy efficiency, voltage and electrical current

output; in addition, a qualitative comparison with other renewable energy sources in terms of

cost. In addition to this aim, the prospect of exploring the feasibility of an escapement as a

source of electricity is a novel idea worthy of exploration. This device is designed to be portable

and can be used at any time in any place. Possible applications of the energy harvested from the

device include but not limited to: lights, charging electronics such as phones, etc.
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Statement of the Problem

The Philippines gets a huge portion of its electricity from coal. In 2021, fossil fuels like

coal accounted for 47 percent of total electric generation (Alves, 2022). The subsequent reliance

on fossil fuels raises concerns on energy sustainability. Coal combustion releases carbon dioxide

(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), nitrogen dioxide

(NO2) and nitric oxide (NO). Studies have shown that these gases correlate with many health

problems (Munawer, 2017). Non-renewables, as the name suggests, are finite and cannot be

renewed. As a result, there is a push for renewable energy. In light of this, it is worth noting that

gravity is an abundant resource. Attempts at harnessing gravity as a means of harvesting

renewable energy have been made. Examples would be hydropower. However, an obvious

limitation of hydropower would be that it necessitates a water source which impedes portability

as well as usefulness in some applications. Another way past researchers had formulated is by

using the energy from a falling mass. As an example, Gravity Light by Riddiford and Reeves is

an existing product in the market. It is a portable lamp powered by gravity. However, Gravity

Light is capable of generating electricity for 20 minutes before rewind. (Deciwatt, n.d.) The

device also had an escapement as a means of control. The device, however, lacks energy

harvesting that could be done using the escapement. Such deficiency overlooks the possibility of

increased efficiency by adding additional electrical input from the oscillating pulses of a

pendulum (Gautam et al., 2016). Some attempts have also been made in developing similar

systems such as in the study “Design, Fabrication and Testing of Gravity-Powered Light” by

Sushant et.al (2018). It is worth noting that the said device lacked the control of an escapement,

which impeded its run-time and efficiency.

Objectives of the study

The project's main objective is to create and determine the usability of an escapement

mechanism driven by gravity in terms of energy efficiency, voltage, and amperes as an

alternative and efficient way to convert mechanical energy to electricity.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Design prototypes of an escapement mechanism capable of generating renewable

electrical energy powered by gravity that has a longer running time.

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2. Analyze and measure the voltage, current, power, and energy efficiency of the

device and to address the viability of the device as a source of renewable energy.

3. To compare the cost-effectiveness of the device to other gravity powered

renewable energy generators.

4. To help advance renewable energy technology and to promote the use of

eco-friendly energy sources.

Significance of the study

The project’s significance lies in the potential of the proposed invention as an alternative

source of renewable energy. The success of this project will provide a solution to

overdependence on fossil fuels and the limitations of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the

portability of the device makes it a versatile energy source that can be used in a variety of

applications. The exploration of the feasibility of the device in and of itself can contribute to the

body of knowledge in designing gravity generators or batteries, as well as other renewables in

the future. Overall, the study’s significance lies on the prospect of providing a cost-effective and

ecological solution to energy needs in various communities.

Scope and Limitations

The study aims to develop the Gravity Powered Clockwork Linear Generator, specifically

concerned with its design, energy efficiency, voltage, electrical current output, cost, run-time,

and power. The device is aimed to be portable and can be used for lighting and charging devices.

The study will focus on the development of prototypes and evaluation of the effectiveness of

these. The study, however, will not cover mass production or commercial viability of the Gravity

Powered Clockwork Linear Generator. The research will focus mainly on design and laboratory

testing. The device's ability to power high-energy-consuming appliances such as

air-conditioning, refrigerators, and television will not be evaluated. Long-term field testing is not

within the scope of this research. The study doesn’t seek to find a replacement for other

renewables. Rather, the study could in fact be used in conjunction with these. The study will be
 5

limited to the evaluation of the device’s effectiveness as a source of renewable energy and it will

not cover potential applications of the device.

Definition of Terms:

Escapement - A mechanical device found utilized in timekeeping devices and watches

with the purpose of controlling the release of gravitational potential energy.

Gear train - A series of gears used for power transmission from a power source (ie,

weight) to the escapement.

Renewable energy - Energy that is generated from natural sources such as solar,

hydropower, and, in the study, gravity.

Fossil fuels - Non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, that are derived

from old organic matter and are finite in supply.

Energy efficiency - Measure of how much energy is used to do a certain task or yield an

amount of output.

Voltage - Electrical quantity used to measure the potential difference between two points

in a circuit which is measured in volts.

Current - Flow of charge through a conductor which is measured in amperes.

Power - Quantity to measure the rate of electrical transfer per unit time which is

measured in watts. The mathematical product of voltage and current.

Cost - The amount of money used to produce, obtain, or manufacture something.

Hydropower - A form of renewable energy from water using a moving turbine.

Solar - A form of renewable energy from sunlight.

Gravity Light - A device invented by Jim Reeves and Matt Riddiford that uses the energy

from a falling weight to power a light bulb as an alternative to kerosene lamps. This could also

refer to the similar device created by Sushant et.al (2018).

Stator - A coil of magnetic copper wire.

Efficiency - Quantity used to describe the efficiency of a system in percentage.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon that happens when the magnetic flux

through a conducting coil is changed. This causes a current to be induced in the coil. Michael

Faraday was the first person to experiment on the phenomenon. Electromagnetic induction is

described by a mathematical model relating the “electro-motive force” or EMF (V) around a

closed circuit to the changes in magnetic flux (Φ) (Kinsler, 2020). Traditionally, experimental

setups for the demonstration of electromagnetic induction consists of a permanent magnet in

relative motion through a coil. When a permanent magnet is moved relatively through a coil, an

electric current or voltage is induced (Härtel, 2018). This concept is used in applications such

as linear generators. An example of a device with this concept is ElectroJuice power bank by

Santoro (2018), which uses a permanent magnet going through a coil to generate electricity by

shaking the device.

Gravity Power

There have been examples of gravity generators or gravity batteries in past literature.

Gravity Light by Riddiford and Reeves, for example, is able to generate 25 minutes of power

from 3 seconds charging time (TEDx Talks, 2014). The machine’s target cost when mass

produced is less than 5$ (Mackintosh, 2017). The design of Riddiford and Reeves uses a gear

train that uses internal gearing for a lighter torque, allowing the motor to rotate at 1600 rpm. In

addition, this design uses an escapement to regulate the falling of the weight in order that it

doesn’t release all energy at once (SmarterEveryDay, 2015). Another example is the paper

Design, Fabrication and Testing of Gravity-Powered Light (Sushant et al., 2018). This device

was able to produce 0.0252 watts of electrical power from 1.8 kg of load at a 0.6 meters angle,

and has an input of 10.6 Joules of mechanical energy and 0.3 Joules of dynamo output. Its

run-time at that altitude is 12 seconds, and its energy efficiency is 2.85% given

(0.3024J/10.596J)*100%. Theoretically, the machine could run for 2 minutes from a height of 6
 7

meters. Sushant et.al’s experimental data compared the run-time and power output of the device

given the weight and height. Such method of experimentation will be utilized in this study.

Escapements

An escapement is a device that permits controlled motion, usually in steps. In clocks, this

is the mechanism that controls the transfer of energy from the power source to a mechanism

(Betts, 2015). The first mechanical escapement that was ever recorded was created by Richard of

Wallingford in a 1327 manuscript for the clock in St. Alban’s abbey (Flett, 2021). An example of

an escapement mechanism is Galileo’s escapement, formulated by Galileo Galilei and Vincenzo

Gamba. The Galileo escapement utilizes 1 driving gear, which rotates because of a weight pulled

down by gravity, the stopper pallet, which releases the gear once the pendulum touches the

stopper, and the pendulum, which releases the gear once the pendulum oscillates away from the

stopper, forcing the stopper to stop the gear after it escapes for one count (Kuo, 2013). Another

mechanism is the Graham’s escapement. Some escapements can have other mechanisms

integrated with them such as a flywheel (Myrchak, 2019).

Pendulum Based Electricity

In a simple pendulum with no friction, mechanical energy is conserved. Total mechanical

energy is a combination of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy (Energy in a

Pendulum | Gary Garber’s Blog, n.d.-b). The mechanical energy in the pendulum can be

converted into electrical energy via some converter. An example of a pendulum generated

electricity is a paper made by the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

called Electrical Energy Harvesting By Using Pendulum Power Generator where the pendulum is

fastened to a horizontal body frame and is connected at the point where it can freely move across

the surface between two magnets with similar polarity (Gajbhiye et al., 2016).
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Escapement Mechanisms in Renewable Energy

Examples of previous research and development using escapement mechanisms for

generating electricity include "Combining gravitational and wind energy for power generation"

by J. Ruano, M. Ramos, and J. López. This study presents the use of wind turbines controlled by

an escapement mechanism enhancing the power generation and efficiency of the system. "Design

and optimization of a gravity-assisted wind energy system with pendulum mechanism" by D.

Garg and J. Cutler. This study presents a design in which a pendulum escapement mechanism

improves the stability and efficiency of a wind turbine in a wind energy system. "A

gravity-powered generator with an escapement mechanism for micro-hydropower applications"

by Y. Wu and Q. Liu. This article presents a design of a gravity-powered generator, which uses

an escapement mechanism that converts falling water into electricity. "Design of a combined

wind and water energy system using an escapement mechanism" by Y. Zhang, X. Chen, and C.

Li. This article presents a tidal energy generator that uses a pendulum to drive a hydraulic pump

that converts movements from tidal waves into electrical energy. Another example would be

“Escapement Controlled Gravity Generating Set” (刘俊峰, 2009). This design uses an

escapement for controlling the movement of water which generates electricity. Another example

would be British Inventor Trevor Baylis’s Windup Radio. This invention uses a wind-up spring

clockwork mechanism which moves a generator inside the radio, powering it. In a video titled

“Inventing the Clockwork Radio w/ Trevor Baylis”, he shows that this would not potentially only

be used for spring powered mechanisms but also for gravity as well. He states concerning an

iteration of the wind-up radio that uses gravity that on a very tall tree, the radio could run for 2

hours (BBC Earth Lab, 2015).

In 2023, the proponents of this study coordinated with Dr. Robert Murray-Smith PhD

through email, a researcher on energy storage and renewable energy. In response, Dr. Smith

designed a 3d model that the proponents of this study would build upon for the development of

this device. In addition to this, he also made a video response (Robert Murray-Smith, 2023).

All these studies suggest that compared to conventional renewable energy generators,

efficiency, power output, and overall performance are improved by using the combination of

gravity-powered generators with escapement mechanisms in these systems.

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Limitations of developing escapement mechanism-based generators

Of course, like all other research studies, there are proven limitations and challenges in

developing escapement mechanism-based generators. One of these includes efficiency. Williams

and Pellegrino state, "The energy conversion efficiency of these mechanisms is typically low,

which can limit their practicality in some applications.” This is due to the energy losses that

occur from the friction of the mechanism, and the energy required to overcome air resistance as

the pendulum undergoes its cyclic motion. Reliability is also a challenge as the moving parts of

the escapement mechanisms are subject to wear and tear (Y. Yu, Z. Wang, and X. Liu, 2018).

This phenomenon usually results in mechanical problems and frequent maintenance, which

makes these generators less suitable for remote use. The technical challenges of manufacturing

are issues limiting the development of these generators. Factors like the natural frequency of the

pendulum and the damping due to the load and air resistance could pose problems to the design

of the escapement mechanism used to power the generator.

Renewable Energy Sources in the Philippines

According to Alves (2022), in the Philippines, approximately 24% of energy comes

from renewables. In an article in PhilStar Global, Morato (2023) stated that the Philippines

aims to increase the renewables in the power generation mix to 35% by 2030. The largest

renewable energy consumed in the Philippines is geothermal energy at 85%, followed by solar

at 15%. This was back in 2019. However, the Philippines’s renewable energy capacity in 2021

is represented by the pie chart below:

Figure 1: Philippine Renewable Capacity in 2021 according to Energy Profile Philippines

(2022)
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In addition to this, it is stated in Republic Act No. 9513, also known as Renewable

Energy Act of 2008, in Chapter 1 Section 2 (a), it is stated that, to quote:

“It is hereby declared the policy of the State to:

(a) Accelerate the exploration and development of renewable energy resources such as, but not

limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and ocean energy sources, including hybrid

systems, to achieve energy self-reliance, through the adoption of sustainable energy

development strategies to reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels and thereby

minimize the country’s exposure to price fluctuations in the international markets, the effects of

which spiral down to almost all sectors of the economy (Republic Act No. 9513 | GOVPH,

2008).”

Fossil Fuels

According to the Energy Profile Philippines by Irena.org (2022), fossil fuels account for

68% of the total energy supply in 2019. The 68% is 29% coal, 33% oil, and 6% gas. It is to no

surprise, therefore, as according to Richie et.al (2020), the Philippines emitted 72.89 million

tons of carbon dioxide for the electricity and heat sector alone. In total, the Philippines emitted

145.23 million tons of carbon dioxide. Electricity is one of the biggest contributors to CO2

emissions as shown by the graph below:

Figure 2: Energy-related CO2 emissions by sector according to Energy Profile Philippines

(2022)
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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Gathering of Materials

Twelve (12) Neodymium-Iron-Boron magnets (NdFeB) with a diameter of 16 mm each

were bought and shipped from an online shop named Philippine Magnetics and Industrial

Supplies Company, based in Caloocan City, Metro Manila. Assorted parts of LEGO bricks for

the first prototype were sourced locally from unused bricks at one of the researcher’s homes. One

(1) copper stators which were withdrawn from 2.5 rpm synchronous motors purchased from an

online shop named Electrical_Supply, based in Metro Manila. Light-emitting diodes for testing,

wires, jumper wires, magnetic copper wires, and a multimeter were purchased at Davao Times

Trading Electrical Supply, Palma Gil, Davao City. Bridge rectifiers and a DC boost converter

rated 0.9V-5V with 5V output were bought from an online shop named Yunnuo.ph and shipped

from China. The 3d printed iterations were designed using Tinkercad and printed at the

Fabrication Laboratory of the Philippine Science High School - Southern Mindanao Campus

using PLA plastic.

Construction of the Proof of Concept

The device’s structure for the first prototype or the proof of concept is made of readily

available materials such as used LEGO bricks. This is because these readily available materials

are more cost-effective for design planning and experimentation. For the final prototype,

however, PLA plastic will be used via a 3d printer. The structure comprises 2 contents, namely:

the escapement and the frame. The frame’s dimensions are 6.4 cm x 6.3 cm x 19.6 cm. The

frame’s main purpose is to hold the entire structure together. The escapement consists of the

escapement pallets and pendulum, the driving gear, and additional reduction gear train. The

escapement pendulum’s center of gravity from the pivot point of the pallets is 6 cm. The

escapement has 2 pallets, the lower pallet being 3.5 cm long with reference to the pivot point’s

vertical line, and the upper pallet being 4 cm long.

 12

The driving gear has 4 teeth made up of a 4x4 stud LEGO plate. The radius of the gear

with reference to the teeth is 2.3 cm. Behind the two plates, a LEGO wheel with a tire about 2

cm in diameter is glued with its linker facing opposite the plates. These two parts are then

assembled together in a frame wherein the distance between the pallet’s pivot point and the

driving gear’s center is 4.5 cm. The material used for building the frame is also LEGO.

Figure 3: Sketch of the device

The dimensions were determined by the proponents through experimentation and

fabrication of different designs from the gathered materials and assessing which has performed

with the most efficiency.

The stator is a copper coil from a synchronous motor. The system also uses a bridge

rectifier which converts the alternating current to direct current. The output of the rectifier is then

inputted to the boost converter in order to increase the voltage to a usable amount.

Figure 4: Illustration of proposed circuitry of device

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Construction of the 3d Printed Prototype

After the completion of the proof of concept, design of a 3d printed prototype based on

the gathered information from the construction of the first prototype as well as other literature

was done. The software used for 3d modeling is TinkerCad due to its simple interface and wide

variety of built-in shapes. As mentioned, the researchers coordinated with Dr. Robert

Murray-Smith concerning the design of the device. A 3d model was designed by Dr. Smith

which largely contributed to the design of the prototype.

Figure 5: 3D model designed in TinkerCad by Dr. Robert Murray-Smith

Testing of the Stators

The system utilizes a system similar to a linear generator. A linear generator is a

generator that converts linear motion to generate electricity. Contrary to a rotary generator, a

linear generator doesn’t rotate and instead, moves front and back to generate electricity (Arof et

al., 2003). This then induces a current through the stators, and it is imperative that the proponents

test whether the magnets and the stators are compatible and working enough to generate

electricity. To test, the magnets were made to pass in and out through the stators with at least 1

cycle per second. If a reading of more than 1 volt is read, then the stators and the magnets are

compatible and working. Otherwise, the magnets and the stators must be replaced or the

attachments to the multimeter assessed.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 6: Conceptual framework showing the Independent and Dependent Variables of the study

Gathering of Data

For the duration of this project, 2 types of iterations of the generator were made, the

LEGO based prototype and the 3d printed prototype. Each setup was tested at a height of 0.6

meters from the ground. The device was rewound until the weight can no longer be pulled in by

the driving gear. The driving gear was then released until the weight reached the ground. The

time it took for the weight to reach the ground (run-time) was recorded in seconds, as well as the

voltage, the current, the power, and the energy efficiency. Each test was repeated 15 times for

each setup. This data was then organized into tables as shown below. The data will be compared

to the data gathered in the study “Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Gravity-Powered Light” by

Sushant et.al (2018).

Power is calculated using the formula:

W=VxI

W = Power (W)

V = Voltage (V)

I = Current (A)
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Efficiency is calculated using the formula:

Efficiency = (W / (mgh/t)) x 100%

W = Power (W)

m = Weight that pulls the driving gear (g)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) = 9.8 m/s2

h = Height of weight from ground (m)

t = time (s)

Statistical Tests

The Wilk-Shapiro test was used in the study to test for the normalcy of data. This is

important in order to determine whether or not there are drastic differences between each test

attempt which are grounds for retesting. Researches related to renewable energy or energy

efficiency such as Improving Energy Efficiency of The Battery Of The Cellular Phones Through

The Thermoelectric Effect of Peltier Tiles by Cruzado et al (2016) utilized this test in

determining the normality of their data for each setup of the device. In addition, a five number

summary would be done for each set-up to determine the mean voltage, current, efficiency,

run-time, and power.

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Appendix

Designation of the Prototype | Weight (g) | Height (h)

Test Voltage Current Power (W) Energy Runtime

Number (V) (A) Efficiency (seconds)

(%)

10

11

12

13

14

15

Figure 7: Template for recording data

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Figure 8: Gantt chart for the development of the Gravity Clockwork Linear Generator

Manpower Assignments

Activity Person responsible

Design of LEGO based prototypes Diel

Fabrication of LEGO based prototypes Diel

Gathering of materials Diel

Testing of LEGO based prototypes Lim, Batucan, Diel

Design of 3d printed prototypes Lim, Batucan, Diel

3d printing of 3d printed prototypes Lim, Batucan

Testing of 3d printed prototypes Lim, Batucan, Diel

Present results to the panel Lim, Batucan, Diel

Figure 9: Manpower Assignments

Resource Plan
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Materials Source of material Required Budget Person responsible

Personnel Services

N/A

Consumable Materials

N/A

Non-consumable materials

Neodymium Magnets Philippine Magnetics P559 Diel

(20 pcs) (Shop in Shopee.com)

Voltage Multiplier Electronicworld.ph P142 Diel

(Shop in Shopee.com)

2.5 rpm Synchronous Your_BEST_FAST_S P514 Diel

Motors (4 pcs) AFE_SHIPPER

(Shop in Shopee.com)

Bridge Rectifier (10 Lixin.ph (Shop in P119 Diel

pcs) Shopee.com)

DC-DC Boost Module Lixin.ph (Shop in P92 Diel

Converter Shopee.com)

5 meters wire (2 pcs)* Davao Times Trading P30 Diel

Used LEGO bricks Sourced at home - Diel

PLA plastic Philippine Science -

High School

Equipment
 19

3d Printer Philippine Science -

High School

Multimeter* Davao Times P1350

Trading

Facilities

Total Budget P3000

*Materials with asterisk (*) have an approximated price based on memories of procurement.

Figure 10: Resource Plan and Proposed Budget

Risk Management Plan

Areas of Concern Risk and Safety Measures

The components to be handled, poses health

risks when in contact with different parts of

the body:
Risk: High voltages generated by a voltage
Voltage Multiplier
multiplier may cause severe shocks, severe

burns, and may cause serious injury or

death.

Safety: Wearing safety gloves is encouraged

when handling electronics. If current from a

 20

source passes through voltage multipliers,

do not touch the ends. Insulate the ends of a

voltage multiplier to prevent arcing. If a

voltage multiplier creates an arc, turn the

source off if possible.

Risks: Boost converters can increase

voltage while keeping the current the same.

DC Boost Converter
10 mA of current can cause severe shocks.

100 mA of current is fatal. (Peshin, 2021)

Safety: Wear personal protective

equipment. Insulate exposed wires using

electrical tape. If current is passing through,

touching any of the electronics of the device

is discouraged.

Figure 11: Risk Management Plan

 21

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