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"EXCELLENCE IS OUR BUSINESS AND OUR COMMITMENT"

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING

Week: 2

Topic: Uses of Language

Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:

1. Differentiate the uses of Language 2. Compare and contrast the uses of language

I. LESSON DISCUSSION

Music may be the language of the soul, but the stuff with which we live out our daily existence is words.
Our response to others--our loves and hates, indifferences, frustrations, joys and delights-is mainly
verbal. Much of contemporary history is witness to the efficacy of dialogue and the conference table in
solving problems of modern man.

THREE FUNDAMENTAL USES OF LANGUAGE

Irving M.Copi lists three basic functions of language. These are: informative, expressive, and directive.

1. Informative: This is the most common function, attested to by textbooks and all other books on
history,

literature, philosophy, science, etc. Frederick Copleston's series on A History of Philosophy are excellent
examples. So are Encyclopedia Britannica and Webster's Dictionary. In Logic we see this function at work
in propositions and arguments, where something is either affirmed or denied, and this, in turn, is either
true or false, correct or incorrect. When we say: "The word dasein is Heidegger's term for being there,"
and "Lea Salonga is the 1992 first runner-up in the Miss Universe contest," we are giving two pieces of
information, but the first is true and the second is false. 2. Expressive: This function is best illustrated in
poetry where emotions and attitudes are expressed beautifully. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings outspoken
love lines, as "I love thee to the level of each days

most quiet need, by sun and candlelight," or T.S. Eliot's superbly contained interpretationof Christmas in

common: expression of thoughts and feelings.

But it is not only in poetry that this function is seen. Common exclamations like "Oh, no!" "Right!"

"Look out!" "Boy!" and "Ah, ha!" are expressions of different moods and they are far from poetic.

Whether poetry or everyday talk, however, we can hardly ask if it is true or false.

According to Copi, expressive discourse.. is used either to express the speaker's feelings or to evoke
certain feelings on the part of the author. Of course it may do both."I An Edna St. Vincent Millay and a
Percy Bysshe Shelly may pour their hearts out in unforgettable lines for themselves and for their readers;
but there are also the pep talks, political and oratorical speeches, Sunday sermons, homilies, and
cheering of basketball fans that may be cited as examples of the evocative component of expressive
language.

3. Directive: This function of language is most easily seen in commands and requests. It is that which
prods or prevents an action to be done. Examples are:

a. Write me a line when you reach California. b. Emy, please sing Nasaankalrog?

c. Don't use the car unnecessarily. is obeyed or

One cannot speak of each of these as either true or false. Whether the command or request not is
irrelevant to its truth value, which ig non-existent in the first place.
II. A. REFERENCE

Introduction to Logic. Institutional Module in Logic. C/ACT College. B. SUGGESTED READINGS

Cruz, C. Introduction to Logic

III. REQUIREMENTS

Activity 1: Identify, what language functions are applied in the following passages.

1. Lourdes R. Montinola, chairman of FEU's Board of Trustees, won the National Book Award for Art for

her book entitled Piña. 2. Why falls so rich a spray of fragrance from the bowers of the balmy flowers
upon this festive day?

The reason, dear mother, is they celebrate your birthday: the rose with its bouquet, the bird with its

harmonies. "My First Inspiration" by Jose Rizal Trans. Nick Joaquin

3. Write a review of Orosman at Zafirani Balagtas by B.S. Medina, Jr.

4. "Make me the liquid by your vasecontained.

Make me the clay that you would shape and mould".

Sonnet 1, Heart of Clay by Nina Estrada

5. America is in the Hean and The Laughter of My Father are two of the books of Carlos Bulosan.
6 . Count your blessings more often. 7. Gilda Cordero Fernando

is a short story writer and publisher of beautiful coffee books.

8. Do not read the good book; read the best books" was the advice of Sister Ignatia.

9. For UP Los Baños Fulbright exchange scholar Richard Shafer, "Tabloid Journalism in the Philippines

encourages improved literacy and promotes the habit of reading newspapers, particularly among those

poor who migrate to urban areas."

10. "Hail, Immaculate Rose, Queen of the Seas!Hail to Thee, White star, True Rainbow of Peace!"

Beside the Pasig (a Zarzuela in One

Act) by Jose Rizal Trans. Nick Joaquin

Activity 2:B

Source from books, newspapers, or magazines for examples of each use of language. Cut out (photocopy
if books) the articles and mount in clean short bond paper. Write below each article the language
function applied. Gather 5 examples of each.