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 Another random document
un-related content on Scribd:
Making Baskets for Transportation of Rubber (Kassai) 272
Collecting Rubber in Forest of Lusambo (Lualaba-Kassai) 280
Church and Rectory, Matadi 286
Native Carpenters at Work, Mission of New Antwerp, 1897 294
Orphans Praying at St. Truden (Kassai) 302
Children of the Settlement School at Boma Praying 308
Mission of the White Fathers, Tanganyika 314
The Mission, Moanda 320
Missionary Necropolis, Luluabourg 328
Franciscan Sisters at the Mission of St. Gabriel of the Falls
(Oriental Province) 336
Native Christians of the Village of Our Lady of Lourdes, near
the Mission of Luluabourg, 1897 344
Drying Rubber in the Forest (Kassai) 348
Mission Children at New Antwerp 358
A Beautiful Spot in Mayumbe 366
Interior of Cathedral, Baudouinville (Tanganyika) 374
Sisters of New Antwerp Teaching Natives to Weave 374
Building a Bridge for the Cataracts Railroad, 1897 382
Christian Child, New Antwerp (Bangala) 390
Fetich-Idol, Lower Congo 390
Coffee-Drying Grounds, Coquilhatville (Equateur) 398
Bakusu Woman (Lualaba-Kassai) 398
Village near Coquilhatville. A Native Attempt to Copy the
European Style 406
Melting Latex of Rubber in Forest of Lusambo (Lusambo-
Kassai) 412
Soldiers’ Mess at Coquilhatville (Equateur) 420
Public Library, Matadi 420
The Station at Bumba 426
Convent of Franciscans of St. Gabriel of the Falls (Oriental
Province) 434
Prison, with Carpenter’s Shop, at New Antwerp (Bangala) 446
Native Planter’s House, near Stanley Falls 446
Mission of New Antwerp (Bangala) 460
The Sultan Djabbir 482
Father Kisouru of the New Antwerp Mission (Bangala) 482
 MAPS.

Outline Map of Africa 1

Map of Central Africa At end
Outline Map of Africa
 THE STORY OF
THE CONGO FREE STATE
 CHAPTER I
GENESIS OF MID-AFRICAN CIVILISATION

T he decline and fall of great empires has ever been a

fascinating subject of study, congenial alike to students of An Empire in
Embryo.
widely diverse opinions and pursuits; yet it must be clear to all
that in human interest the breaking up of an empire is as nothing when
compared with its founding. The reason is, probably, that so little is known
of the origin of great national communities. The United States is almost
alone among nations in respect that its growth, from its inception to its
mature ultimate triumph, has been watched by keenly observant eyes, and
every particular of its perilous progress carefully recorded. But when the
future historian, with comprehensive appreciation impossible in a
contemporary, reviews the events of the last quarter of the nineteenth
century, one fact will stand well out before him, a unique and very potent
fact, fraught with vast possibilities for the future—none other than the
founding, by the wisdom of a kingly philanthropist, of a humanitarian,
civilising, free political state in the very heart of savage and cannibalistic
Africa.
Consider for a moment how the great Congo Free State has been evolved
out of a group of warring tribes (in part cannibal), and inquire what manner
of man is Leopold II., King of the Belgians, alone responsible for this
wondrous transformation; and who even now, when weight of years and
record of achievement might well entitle him to repose, works on bravely,
through good and through ill report, for the prosperity and happiness of the
twenty-odd million Africans who acknowledge him for their Sovereign.
Thirty-six years ago, when the present Sovereign of the Congo Free State
succeeded his father as King of the Belgians, and became known to the
world as Leopold II., Africa was generally referred to as the “Dark
Continent.” At that period, and for long after, even the most optimistic of
statesmen failed to perceive in those vast regions any promising outlet for
the congested populations of the Old World, or possible markets for their
manufactures. Diamonds, small in quantity and of indifferent quality, had, it
is true, been discovered in the southernmost part of that continent, in a
region already appropriated by the British. Gold, also, was thought to exist
there, but not in paying quantities; while the deadliness of the African
climate to Europeans, in all save a few favoured sections, was an
universally accepted article of faith.
Foremost among the small band of thinkers who totally dissented from
this view was Leopold II., King of the Belgians. A young man of
extraordinarily fine physique, an accomplished linguist, widely read and
travelled, and holding advanced liberal views in all matters pertaining to
statecraft and social science, King Leopold had early the prescience to
perceive in Africa the means to uplift some twenty or more millions of the
Negro race from debased savagery to peaceful civilisation, and at the same
time and by the same means—the latter a necessarily accompanying
incident of the former—found a colony for the surplus population of the
small State of which he is King; Belgium being then, as now, the most
densely populated of European countries, its people almost entirely
dependent on the sale abroad of the products of their industry.
Bold and original ideas rarely find much favour when first presented to
the world. The bulk of mankind is conservative; it thinks of yesterday, is
oppressed by the troubles of to-day, and lets to-morrow take care of itself.
At first, where King Leopold’s ideas for the regeneration of Africa attracted
any attention at all, they were regarded with bland smiles as utopian
visions, more creditable to the heart than to the head of the princely
visionary. But true genius, though it may be hampered and delayed in its
onward march, is not to be extinguished either by active opposition or cold
indifference. Of such calibre is King Leopold, or there would to-day be no
Congo Free State, nor what some past-masters in the obscuration of the
obvious are sometimes pleased to call “the Congo Question.”
So long ago as 1860, King Leopold, then Duke of Brabant,
A Prophetic
Sentence. in a speech delivered before the Belgian Senate, said: “I claim
for Belgium her share of the sea,”—apparently a plain and
Gladstone’s colourless utterance, but really the expression of a vital
Choice. interest for his country, for which no market spells extinction,
and no political power but on Belgian soil means no market for Belgian
goods. In 1860 the attention of mankind was just beginning to turn to
Africa. Two years before, Sir Richard Burton and Captain Speke had
startled geographers by discovering Lake Tanganyika, a revelation to be
soon afterwards eclipsed by the further discovery of the sources of the Nile
and Lake Victoria, by Speke and Grant. About the same time Sir Samuel
Baker, then in the service of the Khedive of Egypt, discovered Lake Albert.
The travellers whose fortune it was to make these important discoveries had
been preceded by the intrepid Dr. Livingstone, whose marvellous energies
on behalf of civilisation and Christianity were, however, chiefly confined to
the Zambesi Valley until the year 1866, when he first entered the Congo
region and further enhanced his already great reputation by discovering the
lakes Moero and Bangweolo. Then came the discovery of Livingstone—
himself so long lost to his anxious countrymen—by Henry M. Stanley. That
was in 1871, when the armed hosts of France and Germany were engaged
in a death struggle, and led Mr. Gladstone to remark:
The eyes of all the world are bent toward the bloody battle-fields of France; but I
prefer to regard those almost impenetrable African wilds where a small band of men,
whose numbers may be counted on the fingers of one hand, add year by year to our
knowledge of those little-known regions, carrying with them the blessings of
civilisation and of truth, heralding the extinction of what for so many ages has been
the world’s curse—slavery.

Native Huts Built of Leaves (Aruwimi).

 Gladstone was right. To all civilised peoples, but specially to men of
Anglo-Saxon speech—Englishmen, who had given lavishly of their
millions to free the slaves held in their colonies; Americans, who had
poured out their blood like water in a similar cause—the accounts given by
explorers and missionaries of the horrors of the slave trade, rampant in
Central Africa, were as the smell of powder to the war-horse. Only a few
people are interested in geography as a science. A vastly greater number are
affected by a widening of the area for trade. But the effectual suppression of
slavery is a question that comes home to everybody. No one can stand
aside, indifferent to it. The ghastly horrors of the murderous raids made by
the remorseless Arab slave-traders upon defenceless Central African
villages, so graphically described by travellers, thrilled the civilised world.
No effort was needed now to direct public attention to Africa. Africa
loomed large in men’s minds; and the question of slavery, fondly thought to
be for ever laid at rest by the tremendous conflict in America in the early
sixties, again became a vital problem.
Of the numerous activities which distinguish the character
King
Leopold’s
of Leopold II., philanthropy has the greater force. Much that is
Main Object. quite incontrovertible might be urged in support of this
statement; but this is neither the place nor time to argue that
matter. Suffice it to say here that upon no one did the revelations as to the
methods of capture and subsequent treatment of Central African slaves
make a deeper impression than upon King Leopold. As a lifelong student of
Africa, and a geographer of rare attainments, in personal touch with all the
authorities on the subject, his information was as accurate and complete as
it was possible for it to be. Though the great European governments had
compelled the Khedive of Egypt to exert himself to the utmost to repress
slave-trading on the Upper Nile, and the complaisant Egyptian ruler had
appointed first one Englishman and then another (Sir Samuel Baker and
Charles Gordon, the latter being the ill-fated General of that name) to
administer the government of the Soudan, and some good resulted, it was
well known to King Leopold that south of the Equator to the Zambesi the
slave trade continued to be prosecuted as vigorously as it had ever been in
the remote past. How might the evil be stamped out? Or, if such a
consummation were too much to hope for within the immediate future, how
best might the evil be checked? In considering these questions, King
Leopold very rightly concluded that the more thorough the knowledge of
Central Africa possessed by Europeans the greater the possibility of success
in their efforts to ameliorate the awful misery of its people.
Imbued with these views, King Leopold in 1876 called the attention of
the principal geographical societies throughout the world to the conditions
then prevailing in Central Africa, and invited all expert geographers of
international reputation to confer in Brussels. The circular letter of King
Leopold convening this Conference, though perfectly explicit in its terms,
has, in light of subsequent events, been so distorted to serve personal
interests, that no excuse is necessary for reproducing its exact words:
In almost every country [wrote King Leopold], a lively interest is taken in the
geographical discoveries recently made in Central Africa. The English, the
Americans, the Germans, the Italians, and the French have taken part in their different
degrees in this generous movement. These expeditions are the response to an idea
eminently civilising and Christian: to abolish slavery in Africa, to pierce the darkness
that still envelops that part of the world, while recognising the resources which appear
immense—in a word, to pour into it the treasures of civilisation: such is the object of
this modern crusade. Hitherto the efforts made have been without accord, and this has
given rise to the opinion, held especially in England, that those who pursue a common
object should confer together to regulate their march, to establish some landmarks, to
delimit the regions to be explored, so that no enterprise may be done twice over. I
have recently ascertained in England that the principal members of the Geographical
Society of London are very willing to meet at Brussels the Presidents of the
Geographical Societies of the Continent, and those other persons who, by their
travels, studies, philanthropic tastes, and charitable instincts, are the most closely
identified with the efforts to introduce civilisation into Africa. This reunion will give
rise to a sort of conference, the object of which would be to discuss in common the
actual situation in Africa, to establish the results attained, to define those which have
to be attained.

In cordially accepting King Leopold’s invitation, the six

An Historic
Conference. great nations of Europe selected their most distinguished
geographers and travellers to represent them. Great Britain
sent five delegates, all men of distinction in African affairs, Germany sent
four, France three, Austria two, Russia one, and Italy one. Belgium had
eleven representatives, among them the accomplished Baton Lambermont.
The Conference, which lasted three days, was convened in the royal palace
at Brussels on September 12, 1876. It was opened by King Leopold in
person. The speech made by his Majesty on that occasion follows so
naturally his invitation to the assembled gentlemen that it might almost be
mistaken for a continuation of that document. The reason for quoting the
former now applies to the following exact translation of the King’s speech:
 “Gentlemen,” said his Majesty, “permit me to thank you warmly for the
amiable promptness with which you have been kind enough to come here at
my invitation. Besides the satisfaction that I shall have in hearing you
discuss here the problems in the solution of which we are interested, I
experience the liveliest sense of pleasure in meeting the distinguished men
whose works and valorous efforts on behalf of civilisation I have followed
for many years.

Elephant Farm on the Bomokandi.

“The subject which brings us together to-day is one that deserves in the
highest degree to engage the attention of the friends of humanity. To open to
civilisation the only part of the globe where it has not yet penetrated, to
pierce the darkness enshrouding entire populations, that is, if I may venture
to say so, a crusade worthy of this century of progress; and I am happy to
discover how much public sentiment is in favour of its accomplishment.
The current is with us.
“Gentlemen, among those who have most closely studied Africa, a good
many have been led to think that there would be advantage to the common
object they pursue if they could be brought together for the purpose of
conference with the object of regulating the march, combining the efforts,
deriving some profit from all circumstances, and from all resources, and
finally, in order to avoid doing the same work twice over.
“It has appeared to me that Belgium, a central and a neutral state, would
be a spot well chosen for such a reunion, and it is this view which has
emboldened me to call you all here, to my home, for the little Conference
that I have the great satisfaction of opening to-day. Is it necessary for me to
say to you that in inviting you I have not been guided by egotistic views?
No, gentlemen; if Belgium is small, she is happy and satisfied with her lot. I
have no other ambition but to serve her well. But I will not go so far as to
declare that I should be insensible to the honour which would result for my
country if an important forward movement in a question which will mark
our epoch should be dated from Brussels. I should be happy that Brussels
should become in some way the headquarters of this civilising movement.
“I have, then, allowed myself to believe that it would be convenient to
you to come together to discuss and to specify, with the authority belonging
to you, the means to be employed in order to plant definitely the standard of
civilisation on the soil of Central Africa, to agree as to what should be done
to interest the public in your noble enterprise, and to induce it to support
you with its money. For, gentlemen, in works of this kind it is the
concurrence of the greater number that makes success; it is the sympathy of
the masses which it is necessary to solicit, and to know how to obtain.
“With what resources should we not, in fact, be endowed if every one for
whom a franc is little or nothing consented to throw it into the coffers
destined for the suppression of the slave trade in the interior of Africa!
“Great progress has been already accomplished; the unknown has been
attacked from many sides; and if those here present, who have enriched
science with such important discoveries, would describe for us the principal
points, their exposition would afford us all a powerful encouragement.
“Among the questions which have still to be examined have been cited:
“1. The precise designation of the basis of operation to be acquired on the
coast of Zanzibar, and near the mouth of the Congo, either by conventions
with the chiefs, or by purchase or leases from private persons.
“2. Designation of the routes to be opened in their order towards the
interior, and of the stations—hospitable, scientific, and pacifying—to be
organised, as the means of abolishing slavery, of establishing concord
among the chiefs, of procuring for them just and distinguished judges, etc.
“3. The creation—the work being well defined—of an International and
Central Committee, and of National Committees to prosecute the execution,
each in what will directly concern it, by placing the object before the public
of all countries, and by making an appeal to the charitable that no good
cause has ever addressed in vain.
“Such are, gentlemen, the different points which seem to merit your
attention. If there are others, they will appear in the course of your
discussions, and you will not fail to throw light on them.
“My desire is to serve, as you shall point out to me, the great cause for
which you have already done so much. I place myself at your disposal for
this purpose, and offer you a cordial welcome.”
The object of the Conference, thus clearly outlined by the King, was
loyally adhered to by the delegates, their discussions being strictly confined
to geography and philanthropy, nothing political or personal obtruding itself
upon their deliberations. At the close of its three days’ session the
Conference submitted to King Leopold the following declaration upon its
labours:
In order to attain the object of the International Conference of Brussels—that is to
say, to explore scientifically the unknown parts of Africa, to facilitate the opening of
the routes which shall enable civilisation to penetrate into the interior of the African
Continent, to discover the means for the suppression of the slave trade among the
Negro race in Africa—it is necessary:
(1) To organise on a common international plan the exploration of the unknown
parts of Africa, by limiting the regions to be explored—on the east and on the west by
the two oceans, the Indian and the Atlantic, on the south by the basin of the Zambesi,
on the north by the frontiers of the new Egyptian territory and the independent
Soudan. The most appropriate mode of effecting this exploration will be the
employment of a sufficient number of detached travellers, starting from different
bases of operation.
(2) To establish, as bases for these operations, a certain number of scientific and
hospitable stations both on the coasts and in the interior of Africa—for example, at
Bagamoyo and Loanda, as well as at Ujiji, Nyangwe, and other points already known,
which it would be necessary to connect by intermediate stations.

In accordance with the recommendation contained in this

The Outcome
of the declaration of the Brussels Geographical Conference, “The
Conference. International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation
of Central Africa” was formed, consisting of an International Commission
sitting in Brussels, assisted by dependent National Committees in each
country. The executive power of the International Association was vested in
an Executive Committee, of which King Leopold was appointed President.
When the British Government selected Sir Bartle Frere for the
Governorship of the Cape, it became necessary for him to resign his
position as a member of the Executive Committee, the vacancy thus created
being filled by an American, General Sanford, for many years United States
Minister at Brussels.

Basongolo Chiefs, (Lokandu).

The idea of an International Association for the Exploration and

Civilisation of Central Africa, to which the Brussels Geographical
Conference had given birth, at once began to grow, and flourished
amazingly. Not only were influential committees formed in those countries
which had sent delegates to the Conference, but in other countries as well,
the United States among them.
To show how keen general interest in the civilisation of Central Africa
had now become, it is only necessary to cite a few instances of the powerful
support given to the National Committees. In Spain, the King; in Austria,
the Archduke Rudolph, heir to the Austrian throne; in Holland, Prince
Henry of the Netherlands; in Belgium, the Count of Flanders, brother of the
King; all became Presidents of their respective National Committees.
Philanthropists, men of science, all who were in any way interested in the
world’s progress towards better things, accorded ungrudging support to the
work set in motion by King Leopold.
The civilisation of Central Africa had now begun in earnest.
 CHAPTER II
STANLEY, AND KING LEOPOLD II.’S CONCEPTION OF THE
CONGO FREE STATE

Belgian
Enterprise.
I n every case the National Committees of the International
Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central
Africa displayed extraordinary activity; but, as was to be
expected, their rate of progress was measured by the Belgian Committee,
which met, for the first time, on the 6th of November, 1876, in Brussels,
just six weeks after the close of the Brussels Geographical Conference
which had decreed its existence. As was fitting in the circumstances, King
Leopold was present at the meeting, and delivered upon that occasion a
speech which may be regarded as an amplification of his Majesty’s previous
pronouncements on the situation, now in some measure become political, in
Central Africa.
“Gentlemen,” said King Leopold, “the slave trade, which still exists over
a large part of the African Continent, is a plague-spot that every friend of
civilisation would desire to see disappear.”
 House of Governor-General, Boma.

“The horrors of that traffic, the thousands of victims massacred each year
through the slave trade, the still greater number of perfectly innocent beings
who, brutally reduced to captivity, are condemned en masse to forced
labour in perpetuity, have deeply moved all those who have even partially
studied this deplorable situation, and concerting, in a word, for the founding
of an International Association to put an end to an odious traffic which
makes our epoch blush, and to tear aside the veil of darkness which still
enshrouds Central Africa. The discoveries due to daring explorers permit us
to say from this day that it is one of the most beautiful and the richest
countries created by God.
“The Conference of Brussels has nominated an Executive Committee to
carry into execution its declaration and resolutions.
“The Conference has wished, in order to place itself in closer relationship
with the public, whose sympathy will constitute our force, to found, in each
State, National Committees. These Committees, after delegating two
members from each of them to form part of the International Committee,
will popularise in their respective countries the adopted programme.
 “The work has already obtained in France and Belgium important
subscriptions, which make us indebted to the donors. These acts of charity,
so honourable to those who have rendered them, stimulate our zeal in the
mission we have undertaken. Our first task should be to touch the hearts of
the masses, and, while increasing our numbers, to gather in a fraternal
union, little onerous for each member but powerful and fruitful by the
accumulation of individual efforts and their results.
“The International Association does not pretend to reserve for itself all
the good that could or ought to be done in Africa. It ought, especially at the
commencement, to forbid itself a too extensive programme. Sustained by
public sympathy, we hold the conviction that, if we accomplish the opening
of the routes, if we succeed in establishing stations along the routes
followed by the slave merchants, this odious traffic will be wiped out, and
that these routes and these stations, while serving as fulcrums for travellers,
will powerfully contribute towards the evangelisation of the blacks, and
towards the introduction among them of commerce and modern industry.
“We boldly affirm that all those who desire the enfranchisement of the
black races are interested in our success.
“The Belgian Committee, emanating from the International Committee,
and its representative in Belgium, will exert every means to procure for the
work the greatest number of adherents. It will assist my countrymen to
prove once more that Belgium is not only a hospitable soil, but that she is
also a generous nation, among whom the cause of humanity finds as many
champions as she has citizens.
“I discharge a very agreeable duty in thanking this assembly, and in
warmly congratulating it for having imposed on itself a task the
accomplishment of which will gain for our country another brilliant page in
the annals of charity and progress.”
We have here, in his Majesty’s own words, a very lucid and reiterated
exposition of King Leopold’s main object in concerning himself with
Central African affairs—the suppression of the slave trade, with consequent
moral and material advancement of its peoples. But let it not be lost sight of
that, subsidiary to this lofty mission, King Leopold has never disavowed—
nay, his Majesty had more than once expressly declared it—his desire to
find in Africa new markets for Belgian manufactures, and a wide field for
the surplus population of overcrowded little Belgium, where his people
might live and where their peculiar genius in the arts and sciences might
flourish unfettered by alien laws.
The experience of recent travellers, and particularly of
Livingstone and Stanley, had demonstrated the truth of what Old Beliefs
Disproved.
had hitherto always been disbelieved, viz., that it was possible
for the white man to live and maintain his health in Central Africa. This fact
alone was of vast importance; but when was added to it proof that the
country was fertile, with immense natural sources of wealth, needing only
the brain and hand of civilised man to tap them, a prosperous future for the
country was assured. England, France, and Portugal, but notably England,
had already claimed large sections of Africa for their own, and Italy and
Germany—especially Germany—were feverishly anxious to follow suit.
But it is doubtful if among all the students of the African problem—and
they numbered among them the ablest of every nation—there was at this
period another man with prescience to foresee, as we now know King
Leopold must have foreseen, the illimitable possibilities of Central Africa.
Indeed it is tolerably certain that had the great nations realised the potential
value of this region, their cupidity would never have permitted them to
allow its sovereignty to become vested in any single individual with claim
to it based upon anything except irresistible material force. King Leopold’s
claim, as we have already partly seen, and as will presently be fully
demonstrated, had for its foundation a long-cherished and active
philanthropic interest in the welfare of its natives, chiefly in the form of the
suppression of slavery; the expenditure, out of his Majesty’s private purse,
of large sums of money for exploration, establishment of route stations, etc.;
and generally for calling the attention of the civilised world to a little-
known and less-cared-for region commonly thought to be worthless.
 The Congo at Lokandu.

Bacon asserts, in his Advancement of Learning, that “States are great

engines moving slowly,” and from the beginning of the world until long
past the English philosopher’s time, the axiom was true; but we of the
twentieth century inhabit a world as unlike the world that Bacon lived in as
modern New York is unlike the city that Washington Irving described under
that name. The teeming millions of Europe are ever more and more
perplexed by the problem of how to live, and not a day passes but the cruel
competition of life waxes fiercer and hotter. New lands, new markets, must
be found—the social pressure in the older nations demands it as a prime
necessity. Therefore comes it that States are no longer “engines moving
slowly.” On the contrary, they move very rapidly; and as all the fat lands of
the earth have already been appropriated, future trouble seems not
improbable. John Bull, early in the field, worked hard painting the map red,
and now it is not possible to get far away from one or other of his frontiers.
The British colossus has many imitators; but these started in the game late,
when most of the prizes had been won.
No sooner was it perceived that the Congo region of Central
Universal
Africa is a valuable possession, than France set up her flag on Land Hunger.
the Congo, at Brazzaville. The Portuguese, rummaging in their