Chemical Changes (Part II)

Sec 2 Science (2022)

Tanjong Katong Girls’ School
 Learning Outcomes (Part II)
Students should be able to:
• investigate the chemical reactions between:
– acids and alkalis;
– acids and metals; and
– acids and carbonates
• investigate the effect of acidic, alkaline and
neutral solutions on indicators (include litmus
paper, Universal Indicator and natural
indicators obtained from plants)

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 Learning Outcomes (Part II)
Students should be able to:
• investigate the chemical changes that matter
(i.e., element, compound or mixture)
undergoes upon:
• mixing (e.g., neutralisation);
• heating (e.g., thermal decomposition);
• exposure to light (e.g., photosynthesis);
• interacting with oxygen (e.g., rusting and
cellular respiration); and
• using an electric current (e.g., electroplating).
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 Learning Outcomes (Part II)
Students should be able to:
• show an awareness of how chemical
reactions can benefit our lives (e.g., cooking,
respiration) and cause harm to our health
and environment (e.g., rusting, decay,
burning).

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 Properties of Acids and Alkalis
Acids Alkalis
Have a sour taste Have a bitter taste
Corrosive Corrosive
Turn blue litmus paper Turn red litmus paper
red blue

Can react with alkalis, Can react with acids in

metals, and neutralisation reactions
carbonates

Have a soapy feel

pH level below 7 pH level above 7
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 Types of Acids
Organic acids Mineral acids

Tartaric acid Hydrochloric

acid

Citric acid
Sulfuric acid Nitric acid

Lactic acid

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 Uses of Common Acids

Acid Uses
Hydrochloric Removes rust from iron and steel objects
acid in industry
HCl
Sulfuric acid Used in car batteries, making fertilisers,
H2SO4 detergents, plastics;
Removes rust from iron and steel objects
Nitric acid Making explosives, fertilisers
HNO3
Ascorbic acid Vitamin C tablets
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 Uses of Common Alkalis

Alkali Uses
Sodium Making soaps and detergents
hydroxide
NaOH
Calcium Reducing soil acidity in agriculture
hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Aqueous Making fertilisers
ammonia
NH3
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 Reactions of Acids: Neutralisation
Neutralisation

A chemical reaction between an acid and an

alkali.

General word equation:

acid + alkali → salt + water

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 Reactions of Acids: Neutralisation

acid + alkali → salt + water

Neutralisation reactions produce

________________________ as their products.
In Chemistry, the term salt refers to a compound
containing a metal element and non-metal
element(s) (except oxides^ and hydroxides^).

^ compounds containing O and OH – will be covered in depth in

Upper Sec Chemistry
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 Reactions of Acids: Neutralisation

acid + alkali → salt + water

Example: hydrochloric acid (acid) reacts with

sodium hydroxide (alkali) to form sodium chloride
(salt) and water.

Word Equation:
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water

Chemical Equation:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O 11
 Reactions of Acids: Neutralisation

acid + alkali → salt + water

Example: sulfuric acid (acid) reacts with potassium

hydroxide (alkali) to form potassium sulfate (salt)
and water.

Word Equation:
sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium sulfate + water

Chemical Equation:
H2SO4 + 2 KOH → K2SO4 + 2 H2O 12
 Reactions of Acids with Metals
Acids react with metals to form salt and hydrogen
gas.

General word equation:

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas

Not all metals react with an acid in this

manner. Metals such as copper, silver and gold
do NOT react with acids.
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 Reactions of Acids with Metals

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas

Example: magnesium (metal) reacts with hydrochloric

acid (acid) to form magnesium chloride (salt) and
hydrogen gas.

Word Equation:
magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas

Chemical Equation:
Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2
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 Reactions of Acids with Carbonates
Acids react with carbonates (compounds
containing a metal and a carbonate ion*) to form
salt, carbon dioxide and water.
* carbonate ion: covered in depth in Upper Sec Chemistry

General word equation:

acid + carbonate compound → salt + carbon dioxide + water

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 Reactions of Acids with Carbonates
acid + carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water

Example: magnesium carbonate (carbonate

compound) reacts with hydrochloric acid (acid) to
form magnesium chloride (salt), carbon dioxide gas
and water.

Word Equation:
magnesium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride +
carbon dioxide + water
Chemical Equation:
MgCO3 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
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 Test for Carbon Dioxide gas

delivery tube

hydrochloric acid
sodium carbonate
limewater

To test for carbon dioxide, bubble the gas through

__________________.
Carbon dioxide gas forms a
____________________ with limewater. 18
 Reactions of Acids

acid + alkali → salt + water

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas

acid + carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water

Activity 11.2.2 – Activity Book 2A page 77

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Why are these acids corrosive ?

but these acids are not ?

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 What is the pH scale?
The pH scale is a set of numbers used to indicate
whether a solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline.

Increasingly acidic neutral Increasingly alkaline

Acids have pH values less than 7.

Alkalis have pH values greater than 7.

A neutral solution has a pH value of exactly 7.

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 pH of common chemicals

Sulfuric acid, Pure water Sodium

nitric acid, hydroxide
Aqueous
hydrochloric ammonia
acid Ethanoic
acid (vinegar)
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pH of common substances

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 Watch!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-nI3Ws7nxQ
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 Checkpoint

A liquid has a pH of 7. What does this mean?

A) It is weakly acidic.
B) It is weakly alkaline.
C) It is water.
D) It is neutral.

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 Checkpoint

A liquid has a pH of 7. What does this mean?

A) It is weakly acidic.
B) It is weakly alkaline.
C) It is water.
D) It is neutral.

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How can we determine the pH of a given
solution?
Using an indicator.

Using a pH probe
attached to a data
logger.
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 Universal Indicator
The pH value of a solution can be determined
by using an Universal Indicator.

Universal Indicator contains a mixture of dyes.

It gives different colours in solutions of
different pH.

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 Other common indicators
Indicator Colour of Colour in Colour in
indicator acids alkali
Litmus Red Red Blue

Blue Red Blue

Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow

Universal Green Red, Greenish-

indicator orange, blue, blue,
yellow purple
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink/Purple
*(not used in
MOE labs)

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 The Importance of soil pH
It is important to control the pH of soil because this affects the
growth and development of plants.

Most plants grow best when the soil is neutral or slightly acidic
(around pH 6 or 7).

acidic soil
alkaline soil

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 Checkpoint
A student would like to identify an unknown
solution X. She dipped red and blue litmus papers
into Solution X. The results she obtained are shown
in the diagram below. Which substance could be
Solution X?
A distilled water
B lime juice
red litmus blue litmus
paper turns paper C detergent
blue remains blue
D vinegar
Solution X
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 Checkpoint
A student would like to identify an unknown
solution X. She dipped red and blue litmus papers
into Solution X. The results she obtained are shown
in the diagram below. Which substance could be
Solution X?
A distilled water
B lime juice
red litmus blue litmus
paper turns paper C detergent
blue remains blue
D vinegar
Solution X
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 Checkpoint
The table below shows the information about three
indicators;
Indicator Colour change from pH at which colour
low to high pH value change takes place
Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink 9.0
Bromothymol Blue Yellow to blue 6.5
Methyl Orange Red to yellow 4.0

If equal volume of these three indicators were mixed,

which colour would be observed if the mixture were
added to a solution of pH 5.5?
A) Orange B) Green C) Yellow D) Violet
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 Checkpoint
The table below shows the information about three
indicators;
Indicator Colour change from pH at which colour
low to high pH value change takes place
Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink 9.0
Bromothymol Blue Yellow to blue 6.5
Methyl Orange Red to yellow 4.0

If equal volume of these three indicators were mixed,

which colour would be observed if the mixture were
added to a solution of pH 5.5?
A) Orange B) Green C) Yellow D) Violet
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Action of Different Solutions on Indicators

Activity 11.2.3 –
Activity Book 2A
page 83

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3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

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 3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

Mixing: when two or more reactants are mixed

together, they may combine irreversibly to form
new products.

Example: mixing an acid and an alkali could

result in a neutralisation reaction taking place.

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 3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

Heating: some reactions do not begin

spontaneously even if the reactants are mixed
together. The reactants need enough thermal
energy before they will start a chemical reaction.

Example: butane gas (used for Bunsen burner) will

not spontaneously combust on its own. It must be
heated up with a spark from a lighter before it
will begin combustion.

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 3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

Exposure to light: some reactants need to absorb

enough light energy before they will begin a
chemical reaction.

Example: photosynthesis in green plants is a series

of biochemical reactions that only takes place
when chlorophyll absorbs enough light energy
from the Sun.

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 3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

Interaction with oxygen: interaction with oxygen

in the atmosphere may cause chemical changes to
occur.

Example: rusting of iron takes place when iron is

exposed to oxygen gas (and water vapour) in the
atmosphere.

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 3. How do Chemical Changes Occur?

With an electric current: an electric current may

cause chemical changes to take place.
Will be covered in depth in Upper Sec Chemistry.

Activity 11.3.1 / 11.3.2 – pgs 89 - 96

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4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?

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4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?

Cooking: cooking causes chemical reactions to

occur in food. This may make food softer, more
flavourful, and easier for the body to digest and
absorb.

However, cooking may also destroy some of the

nutrients in the food.

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 4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?
Respiration: in plant and animal cells, respiration
takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of
the cells.

Glucose is broken down in the presence of

oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.

The chemical potential energy in the glucose

molecules is converted to other forms of energy to
enable the cells to do work. 44
4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?
Decomposition: organic matter, such as fresh
food products, will undergo decomposition to be
broken down into simpler substances.

To slow down decomposition reactions, we could

vacuum pack food to reduce the amount of
oxygen gas available to bacteria that
decompose the food.

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4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?
Rusting:

To prevent or slow down rusting, bare metal

surfaces are coated with a substance to reduce
their exposure to oxygen and water.

Examples of coatings: paint, oil, varnish, galvanic

coating (a coating of zinc oxide, usually done to
the steel parts of a car)
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 4. How does the knowledge of Chemical
Reactions help us in our daily lives?
Combustion of fuels releases harmful gases like
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen.

Read page 81 of Textbook 2A to find out the

harmful effects of these gases, which are known air
pollutants.

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Ocean Acidification: a consequence of
increasing carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XajNg6ARogw

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