A Field Work/Study Report for Environmental Studies On The Topic:-

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

SUBMITTED BY :

NAME REG NO
M K KEERTHANA 33222825040
MAHI SILVADAS 33222825041
LUBIYA B 33222825039
TISSY JOHNSON 33222825058
ALPHIYA M S 33222825016
AISWARYA K S 33222825013
AISHWARYA LIGIN 33222825012
ASWATHY J S 33222825001
SNEHA PATHROSE 33222825043
AKSHAY T C 33222825014

Submitted to:

Mrs. Arathi Chandran R.I

Assistant Professor

May 2023

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree in Bachelor of Computer

Application, University of Kerala
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work/study entitled “Environmental Pollution” submitted by M K

Keerthana (reg no : 33222825040), Mahi Silvadas(reg no : 33222825041), Aiswarya K S (reg no :
33222825013), Aishwarya Ligin(reg no : 33222825014), Lubiya B(reg no : 33222825039), Tissy
Johnson(reg no : 33222825058), Alphiya M S(reg no : 33222825016), Akshay T C(reg no :
33222825014), Aswathy J S (reg no : 33222825023),Sneha Pathrose (reg no : 33222825053) has
been carried out under our supervision and guidance, at the Department of Computer Science And
Application, Christ Nagar College, Maranalloor towards the partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Computer Application of the University of Kerala during academic year
2022-23.

Supervisor In charge Head Of The Department

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are using this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who supported us
throughout the course of this BCA project. We first like to thank the almighty for showering his
blessings upon us.

We would like to thank our Manager, Rev.Fr.Cyriac Madathil,CMI for the encouragement
provided.

We would like to thank our Principal, Dr.Jolly Jacob for the support and encouragement provided.

We express our sincere gratitude towards our Head of the Department of Computer Science and
Applications, Mrs. Libi Kurian for providing an opportunity for undertaking this project.

We would also like to thank our project internal guide, Mrs.Arathy Chandran R I Assistant
Professor, for all the support given by her throughout the completion of the project.

Last but not least; we would like to express our profound thanks to all our friends for their support.
We thank all the above mentioned people for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive
criticism and friendly advice during the project work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing
their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project.

WITH GRATITUDE,

M K Keerthana , Lubiya B, Mahi Silvadas, Sneha Pathrose, Tissy Johnson,

Aiswarya KS, Aishwarya Ligin, Aswathy J S , Alphiya M S, Akshay T C

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ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution is a global challenge with profound implications for ecosystems,

human health, and the planet's sustainability. This abstract provides a concise overview of the
causes, impacts, and potential solutions associated with environmental pollution.

Environmental pollution arises from various anthropogenic activities, including industrial

emissions, vehicular exhaust, improper waste disposal, deforestation, and agricultural practices.
These activities release pollutants such as greenhouse gases, toxic chemicals, particulate matter,
and persistent organic pollutants into the air, water, and soil. The accumulation of these
pollutants disrupts natural ecosystems, degrades air and water quality, and contributes to climate
change.

In conclusion, environmental pollution is a critical issue that requires immediate attention and
concerted global action. By understanding its causes, impacts, and potential solutions,
governments, industries, and individuals can work together to mitigate pollution sources, protect
ecosystems, and create a sustainable future. The adoption of sustainable practices, technological
innovations, and behavioral changes will play a pivotal role in preserving the environment and
ensuring the well-being of present and future generation.
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CONTENT

1) Introduction-------------------------------------------------------04
2) Environmental Pollution----------------------------------------05
i What is Pollution?
ii What is Pollutant?
iii Causes of Pollution
iv Types of Pollution
3) Air Pollution-------------------------------------------------------11
i What is Air Pollution?
ii Sources of Air Pollution
iii Environmental effect of air Pollution
4) Water Pollution---------------------------------------------------14
i What is Water Pollution?
ii Sources of Water Pollution
iii Causes of Water Pollution
iv Solutions of Water Pollution
5) Soil Pollution-------------------------------------------------------18
i What is Soil Pollution?
ii How to prevent Soil pollution?
iii Sources of soil pollution
iv The solution to reduce the soil pollution
6) Noise Pollution-----------------------------------------------------22
i What is Noise Pollution?
ii Types of Noise Pollution
iii Effects of Noise pollution
iv How to reduce Noise Pollution?
v Sources of Noise Pollution
7) Environmental Laws----------------------------------------------26
8) Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------28
9) Reference------------------------------------------------------------29
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INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of our time, posing
a significant threat to the health of our planet and all living beings. The rapid advancement of
human civilization, coupled with unsustainable practices, has led to the degradation of our natural
environment on an unprecedented scale. From the air we breathe to the water we drink and the
land we inhabit, pollution has permeated every aspect of our lives, demanding immediate
attention and action.

Pollution can be broadly defined as the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the
environment, resulting in adverse effects on ecosystems, human health, and the overall well-being
of the planet. It manifests in various forms, including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution,
noise pollution, and light pollution. Each form carries its own set of causes and consequences,
but all share a common origin: human activities driven by industrialization, urbanization, and
consumerism.

Air pollution, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, and vehicular exhaust,
is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. It not only poses serious health
risks, leading to respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems, but also threatens the delicate
balance of our ecosystems. Water pollution, caused by the discharge of untreated industrial and
agricultural waste, disrupts aquatic ecosystems, contaminates water sources, and compromises
the availability of safe drinking water. Soil pollution, resulting from the excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides, degrades soil quality, harms biodiversity, and undermines agricultural
productivity.

In this project, we will delve into the causes and impacts of different forms of environmental
pollution, examine existing initiatives and solutions, and explore potential strategies to combat
pollution effectively. It is essential that we act decisively and urgently to mitigate pollution and
restore the health and balance of our ecosystems. The fate of our planet and future generations
depends on our collective efforts to address and overcome the challenges of environmental
pollution.
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ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

What is pollution?

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials
are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by
human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of
air, water, and land. Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants
from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes
generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides chemical poisons
used to kill weeds and insects seep into waterways and harm wildlife. All living things—from
one-celled microbes to blue whales depend on Earth’s supply of air and water. When these
resources are polluted, all forms of life are threatened Pollution is a global problem. Although
urban areas are usually more polluted than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places
where no people live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the
Antarctic ice sheet. In the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean, a huge collection of microscopic
plastic particles forms what is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch., Air and water currents
carry pollution. Ocean currents and migrating fish carry marine pollutants far and wide. Winds
can pick up radioactive material accidentally released from a nuclear reactor and scatter it around
the world. Smoke from a factory in one country drifts into another country. In the past, visitors to
Big Bend National Park in the U.S. state of Texas could see 290 kilometers (180 miles) across
the vast landscape. Now, coal-burning power plants in Texas and the neighboring state of
Chihuahua, Mexico have spewed so much pollution into the air that visitors to Big Bend can
sometimes see only 50 kilometers (30 miles).

What is pollutant?

The great majority of dust (particle pollution) is released in our air due to fossil fuel burning A
pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has
undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally
forming (i.e., minerals or extracted compounds like oil) or anthropogenic in origin (i.e.,
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manufactured materials or byproducts from biodegradation). Pollutants result in environmental

pollution or become public health concerns when they reach a concentration high enough to have
significant negative impacts. A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the
growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health,
or property values. Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in the
environment in the long term. However, the degradation products of some pollutants are
themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced from the degradation of DDT.
Pollution has widespread negative impacts on the environment. When analyzed from a planetary
boundaries’ perspective, human society has released novel entities that well exceed safe levels

Causes of Pollution

With the rise of the industries and the migration of people from villages to cities in search of
employment, there has been a regular increase in the problem of proper housing and unhygienic
living conditions. These reasons have given rise to factors that cause pollution. They are divided
into natural and manmade.

The burning of fossil fuels

Most of the air pollution takes place due to the incomplete burning of fossil fuels. These include
coal, oil, and gasoline to produce energy for electricity or transportation. The release of CO at a
high level indicates how much fossil fuel is burned. This also emits other toxic pollutants like
nitrogen oxides into the air. Inhaling air induced with pollutants due to the burning of natural gas
and fossil fuel reduces the heart’s ability to pump enough oxygen. Hence causing one to suffer
from various respiratory and heart illnesses. Furthermore, the nitrogen oxides are responsible for
acid rain and the formation of smog. When fossil fuels are burned, they emit more than just CO2.
Coal-fired power stations alone account for 35% of harmful mercury emissions in the US. Two-
thirds of SO2 emissions cause acid rain

.Industrial pollution

Industrial activities emit several pollutants in the air that affect the air quality more than we can
even imagine. Particulate matter 2.5 and 10, NO2, SO2, and CO are key pollutants that are emitted
from industries that use coal and wood as their primary energy source for the production of their
goods. Industrial pollution effects associated with your health can range from
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o Irritation in your eyes and throat

o Breathing issues
o At times can even lead to chronic illness
o O3 is also released from industries that can increase in asthma attacks.

Huge amounts of organic chemicals like CO2, hydrocarbons, etc. are released by the industries
including other toxicants. They furthermore affect the climate as CO2 causes a greenhouse effect.
Hence, causing the heat to be trapped within the earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, the temperature
and humidity increase. More and more industries are being built as the demand grows. And as a
result, the emissions also increase day by day. We are already observing the after-effects of this,
as the earth’s temperature rises by 1 degree Celsius per decade.

Indoor pollution

Use of toxic products also called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), inadequate ventilation,
uneven temperature, and humidity level can cause indoor air pollution, whether you are in an
office, school, or at your comfortable home. House air pollution can take place due ignorant
factors, for instance, smoking tobacco inside a room or leaving mold-infected walls untreated.
The use of wood stoves or space heaters is capable of increasing the humidity level which can
directly affect the health of a person in no time. Carcinogens and toxins from indoor air pollution
cause 17% of deaths from lung cancer. According to the ‘Household air pollution and Health’
report published by the WHO in 2018, “Pneumonia is the cause of 27% of yearly deaths attributed
to indoor air pollution and 45% of all pneumonia deaths in children under five years old.” The
report further added that, “In 2020, household air pollution was predicted to be responsible for
3.2 million deaths per year, including approximately 2,37,000 deaths of children under the age of
five.”

Wildfires

Climate change is not just increasing wildfire but also spiking air pollution. Burning stubble and
farm residue is also a major contribution to wildfire. It causes increased PM2.5 in the air which
collides with other harmful substances like chemical gas and pollen creating smog. Smog makes
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the air hazy and people find it difficult to breathe. Visibility also decreases as a result of this
smog. Difficulty in breathing, irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat, itchiness in the respiratory
tract, etc. are all symptoms of inhaling smog. As many as 90% of the wildfires are caused by
anthropogenic reasons, a small spark can turn acres of forest area into ashes. The soot and dust
particles, smoke (that contains several toxic chemicals) can stay suspended in the air for days.
The average temperature is increasing day by day due to the greenhouse effect. As a result, the
rise in temperature affects the rate of wildfires. More the temperature, more the cases of wildfires
and forest fires. Wildlife, plants, and animals are all impacted by wildfires.

Microbial Decaying process

Manufacturing, chemical, and textiles industries release a large number of CO, hydrocarbons,
chemicals, and organic compounds which contaminate our environment. Bacteria and fungi play
a fundamental role in the biogeochemical cycles in nature. They are the key indicators of
abnormal environmental conditions. Decaying of these microorganisms present in the
surroundings releases methane gas which is highly toxic. Breathing toxic gas like methane may
lead to death. Decaying process releases carbon, methane, and nitrogen that can affect the quality
of air to some extent. As these microbes stay suspended in the air, they can cause

o Asthma aggregation
o Many other discomforts
o Irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat.
o Chances of having skin allergies also increases

Transportation

Cars on the roads are increasing day by day. There is no denying that vehicle pollution is the
major contributor to air pollution, especially in urban cities, where car ownership rates are more
as compared to rural areas. When the car burns gasoline, it emits pollutants in the air which is as
harmful as smoking 10 cigarettes a day. Your vehicle emits:

o Carbon monoxide
o Hydrocarbons
o Nitrogen oxide, and
o Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)

When vehicle pollution is high in the atmosphere, it creates a hole in the ozone layer contributing
to smog and causing various health issues. Large numbers of cars and other vehicles on the roads
contribute to traffic congestion on the roads, affecting the air quality of that particular area to a
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great extent. This necessitates the need to monitor the air quality at local level, for each area, so
that identifying the sources and taking the proper measures can be done. Taking proper and
effective measures as individuals to control vehicular emissions such as carpooling, using public
transportation (metros, buses, rails) will help in reducing the vehicular emissions.

Agricultural activities

Agricultural activities have had a serious impact on the decreasing air quality. To begin with,
pesticides and fertilizers are the main sources that contaminate the surrounding air. Nowadays,
pesticides and fertilizers are mixed with new invasive species which are not found in nature, for
quick growth of the crops and vegetation. Once they are sprayed over, the smell and the effect of
the pesticides are left in the air. Some mix with water and some seeps into the ground which not
only destroys the crops but also causes numerous health-related issues. According to the FAO
(Food and Agriculture Organization), “About 40% of world emissions come from livestock, 16%
from mineral fertilizers, 17% from burning biomass, and 8% come from agricultural wastes.”
Agricultural activities include 4 activities that generate toxins that are released into the air. These
are fertilizers and pesticides, animal husbandry, agricultural waste, and salts from applied
irrigation water. Agricultural solids and waste are burnt in order to clear out the area for next
cultivation, but this causes release of soot, PM, and other toxins into the air.
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Types Of Pollution

There may exist numerous causes of pollution for different types of pollution that include:

o Air Pollution
o Water Pollution
o Soil Pollution
o Noise Pollution

AIR POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

SOIL POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION
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AIR POLLUTION

What is air pollution?

Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical
or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household
combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of
air pollution.

Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other
diseases and are important sources of morbidity and mortality.

WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO
guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income countries
suffering from the highest exposures. Air quality is closely linked to the earth’s climate and
ecosystems globally. Many of the drivers of air pollution (i.e., combustion of fossil fuels) are also
sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Policies to reduce air pollution, therefore, offer a win-win
strategy for both climate and health, lowering the burden of disease attributable to air pollution,
as well as contributing to the near- and long-term mitigation of climate change

Source of air pollution

There are different factors responsible for spreading air pollution.

o Ozone Gas: Ozone is both good and bad. Harmful ozone gas is found in the lower part or near
ground level of our atmosphere which asthma and other respiratory disorders. This gas is
generated upon chemical reaction of pollutants emitted by vehicles, power plants, industrial
boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources in the presence of sunlight. But ozone layer
at higher altitudes, located 6-30 miles from the surface of the biosphere, protects us from
ultraviolet radiation.
o Sulphur Dioxide gas: Combustion of fossil fuels results in Sulphur dioxide gas which is highly
toxic and it is also responsible for acid rain.
o Nitrogen oxide gas: Nitrogen dioxide gas also has significant contribution in producing acid rain.
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o Carbon monoxide gas: This poisonous gas, which is primarily emitted by the automobiles, is a
dangerous air pollutant. Apart from the smoke coming out of the vehicles, carbon monoxide
emissions are emitted by air conditioners, fridges and heaters inside the house.
o Traffic & Mobility: Petrol and diesel engines of cars, ships, trains and other vehicles emit
pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Friction from tires and brake wear also
create primary – i.e., direct – particulate matter emissions. In addition, the nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
and VOCs released by road vehicles also undergo photochemical reactions to form ozone (O3).
In Europe, more than 40% of NOx and almost 40% of primary PM2.5 emissions are linked to
road transport. In the United States, 35.8% of CO and 32.8% of NOx stem from road transport.
o Industry & Heating: The combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil in industrial processes in
power plants, refineries, and factories release a variety of pollutants, the majority of which are
identical to those emitted by traffic and mobility. On top of this, chemical processes and volatile
industry byproducts also cause VOC emissions. In Europe, around 60% of sulfur oxides come
from energy production and distribution. In the US, stationary fuel combustion sources like
electric utilities and industrial boilers are responsible for 73.2% of sulfur dioxide pollution.
o Agriculture: A wide range of nitrogen compounds (NO, NO2, N2), including ammonia (NH3),
can be attributed to fertilizer production, farm machinery, and livestock waste management in
agriculture. In addition, methane (CH4) is released by the digestive processes of livestock. In
Europe, agricultural activities cause approximately 90% of ammonia emissions and 80% of
methane emissions. In the US, livestock and manure management are responsible for 46% of
methane emissions.

Environmental effect of air pollution

o Pollution particulates eventually fall back to earth, contaminating the soil

o Air pollution creates acid rain, which can damage plants.
o Acid rain also changes soil chemistry, which can alter plant growth.
o Animals also get affected by air pollution – reproduction may get damaged, and reproductive
anomalies may occur.

Furthermore, air pollution can also cause health and respiratory issues for animals. Major effects
of air pollution on the environment in addition to harming human health, air pollution also harms
the environment. Here are some of the environmental effects of air pollution:
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o Acid Rain

Acid rain is mainly precipitation that contains harmful amounts of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
The nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides are released into the environment as a result of burning fossil
fuels, which forms these acids. These acids fall on Earth’s surface in the wet form (rain, snow,
fog) or dry precipitation (gases and particulates). Acid rain damages trees and makes water
unsuitable for aquatic life and also harms wildlife.

o Ozone Depletion

Ozone gas occurs both on the ground level and in Earth’s upper atmosphere (stratosphere).
Ground-level ozone harms human health. A report showed Delhi and some other parts of India
have witnessed a spike in the levels of ground-level ozone as a result of the extreme weather
conditions. The “good” ozone present in the upper atmosphere of Earth is gradually depleting.
Thinning of the protective layer can lead to skin cancer, and cataract, and harm to the immune
system.

o Climate Change

The naturally occurring gases on the Earth’s surface maintain a balance in temperature. However,
humans have disturbed this natural balance, thanks to the excessive production of greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. The Earth’s atmosphere traps more sun’s heat, which
is the reason why there has been a rise in the temperatures.
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WATER POLLUTION

What is water pollution?

Water pollution refers to the contamination or degradation of water bodies, including rivers, lakes,
oceans, and groundwater, by harmful substances or pollutants. It occurs when pollutants are
introduced into water sources, making them unsafe or unsuitable for their intended uses, such as
drinking, swimming, fishing, and irrigation.

Water pollution can have various sources, including human activities and natural processes.
Human-related causes of water pollution include industrial discharges, agricultural runoff,
improper waste disposal, sewage and wastewater discharge, oil spills, and chemical spills. Natural
processes like erosion, sedimentation, and the release of minerals can also contribute to water
pollution.

Pollutants that commonly contaminate water bodies include toxic chemicals, heavy metals,
fertilizers, pesticides, oil, plastics, bacteria, viruses, and organic matter. These pollutants can have
detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, human health, and the overall balance of the
environment. The impacts of water pollution are significant and wide-ranging. Aquatic
ecosystems suffer from reduced biodiversity, loss of habitats, and disruption of ecological
processes. Polluted water can harm or kill aquatic plants and animals, leading to imbalances in
the food chain and ecosystem functioning. Water pollution also poses risks to human health.
Consumption or contact with contaminated water can lead to waterborne diseases such as
diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis. In addition, pollutants in water can accumulate in the
tissues of aquatic organisms and enter the human food chain, causing long-term health concerns.

Efforts to combat water pollution involve prevention, regulation, and remediation. Prevention
focuses on implementing strict environmental regulations, promoting sustainable practices, and
raising awareness about the importance of clean water. Regulatory measures set limits on
pollutant discharges and promote the use of cleaner technologies. Remediation includes treating
polluted water, implementing restoration programs to rehabilitate ecosystems, and investing in
water treatment infrastructure. Addressing water pollution is the need of the hour. Public
awareness, education and participation are essential in promoting responsible water use, reducing
pollution and preserving the quality and availability of clean water resources for current and
future generations. Water pollution is a global issue that requires collective action and
cooperation among governments, industries, communities, and individuals. By adopting
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sustainable water management practices, improving pollution control measures, and promoting
responsible behavior, we can protect and preserve our precious water resources for future needs.

Sources of water pollution

There are several sources of water pollution, both human-made and natural. Here are some
common sources:

• Industrial Waste: Industrial activities generate a significant amount of wastewater containing

pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, organic compounds, and toxins. If this wastewater is
not properly treated before being discharged into water bodies, it can contaminate aquatic
ecosystems, disrupt the balance of marine life, and harm human health.

• Municipal Waste: Improper disposal of sewage and waste from households, commercial
establishments, and urban areas can result in water pollution. Inadequate or malfunctioning
sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants may release untreated or partially treated
wastewater into rivers, lakes, or coastal areas, introducing pathogens, nutrients, and other
contaminants that pose risks to human health and the environment.

•Agricultural Activities: Agriculture is a significant source of water pollution, primarily through

the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. When these chemicals are applied to crops, they
can be washed away by rain or irrigation water, ending up in nearby water bodies. Excessive
nutrient runoff, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers and animal waste, can cause
eutrophication, leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and ecological imbalances in aquatic
ecosystems.

•Oil Spills: Accidental or deliberate oil spills from ships, pipelines, or offshore drilling platforms
have devastating consequences for water quality and marine life. Oil spreads rapidly on the water
surface, creating a toxic layer that can suffocate marine organisms, contaminate habitats, and
harm coastal ecosystems.

•Mining Activities: Mining operations produce significant amounts of waste material, known as
tailings, which often contain toxic substances such as heavy metals and sulfuric acid. Improper
storage or disposal of these tailings can lead to their release into water bodies, contaminating
nearby rivers, streams, and groundwater.

•Deforestation: Deforestation and land clearing contribute to water pollution by increasing

erosion and sedimentation. When trees and vegetation are removed, the soil becomes more
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susceptible to erosion, and rainwater carries the eroded sediment into rivers and lakes.
Sedimentation can degrade water quality, obstruct aquatic habitats, and impede the penetration
of sunlight, affecting aquatic plant and animal life.

•Construction and Urban Runoff: Construction sites and urban areas produce pollutants such as
sediment, debris, chemicals, oils, and heavy metals. During rainfall or irrigation, these pollutants
can be washed into storm drains and ultimately discharged into water bodies. Urban runoff carries
a diverse range of contaminants that can impair water quality and harm aquatic ecosystems.

•Sewage Treatment Plants: Inefficient or overloaded sewage treatment plants may not adequately
treat wastewater before releasing it back into the environment. This can result in the discharge of
untreated or partially treated sewage, which contains pathogens, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and
other pollutants, into rivers, lakes, or coastal waters.

•Landfills: Improperly managed landfills can be a significant source of water pollution. Rainwater
percolating through landfills picks up various contaminants, including hazardous chemicals and
heavy metals, forming leachate. If the leachate is not properly collected and treated, it can
contaminate groundwater and nearby surface water bodies.

•Natural Sources: Natural events can also contribute to water pollution. For example, volcanic
eruptions can release ash, gases, and minerals into water bodies. Algal blooms, fueled by nutrient-
rich runoff or warm temperatures, can produce toxins and deplete oxygen levels in water,
negatively impacting aquatic life. Soil erosion from natural processes, such as heavy rainfall or
wind, can transport sediment and pollutants into waterways.

It's important to note that these sources can vary in their impact and severity depending on local
conditions, regulations, and the scale of pollution. Efforts to prevent and mitigate water pollution
involve various measures such as strict regulations, wastewater treatment, watershed
management, and public awareness.

Causes of water pollution.

Water pollution can have multiple causes, stemming from various human activities and natural
processes. Here are some common causes of water pollution:

•The flow of toxic effluents and pollutants from industrial waste to water bodies.

•Washaway of pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture during rain.

•Contamination of waste water due to inappropriate treatments.

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•Accidental oil spillage from ships during transportation.

•Cutting away of trees for self-esteem needs.

•Improper disposal of household commercial and sewage waste.

Solutions of water pollution

•Build factories at the right place.

•Treating the industrial wastewater or effluents in a water treatment plant before dumping.

•Power factories with renewable energy.

•Proper treatment of factory wastes.

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SOIL POLLUTION

What is Soil Pollution?

Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with anomalous concentrations of toxic
substances. It is a serious environmental concern since it harbors many health hazards. It is
important to understand that all soils contain compounds that are harmful/toxic to human beings
and other living organisms. However, the concentration of such substances in unpolluted soil is
low enough that they do not pose any threat to the surrounding ecosystem. When the
concentration of one or more such toxic substances is high enough to cause damage to living
organisms, the soil is said to be contaminated.

How to prevent soil pollution?

o By reducing the usage of chemical fertilizers, as well as pesticides

The use of bio-fertilizers and manures can help to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides. Biological pest management approaches can help reduce the use of pesticides,
reducing soil contamination.

o Material recovery and recycling

Materials such as paper, some plastics, and glass are recycled. This reduces the volume of waste
produced and aids in the conservation of natural resources.

o Reforesting

Controlling land loss and soil erosion can be addressed by restoring forest and grass cover, to
mitigate wastelands, soil erosion, and flooding. Crop rotation or mixed cropping can boost soil
fertility.

o Treatment of solid waste

Solid waste disposal should be managed using proper ways. Industrial wastes can be physically,
chemically, and biologically treated to make them less harmful.

o Methods of microbial treatment Microbial treatment approaches appear to be more promising

because they can handle a wide range of organic contaminants, such as phenol, polychlorinated
hydrocarbons, oil and oil products, dioxins, and so on.
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Sources of soil pollution:

1. Agricultural sources

Agricultural practices such as the use of non-organic products in crop and livestock production
lead to soil pollution. These substances include artificial chemical pesticides, herbicides,
fungicides, and fertilizers, as discussed below:

i) Pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides

The introduction of modern pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides has resulted in an increase in
the use of agricultural chemicals. These chemicals are used to control the pests, insects, weeds,
fungi, and diseases that attack crops.

Most of these chemicals are non-biodegradable, while others decompose to products that are toxic
to soil. These products seep into the ground and act on the soil, thereby changing its structure,
composition, and ph.

ii) Improper use of fertilizer

Fertilizers are mostly used to correct the deficiency of soil nutrients. A soil that is deficient of
potassium, calcium, nitrogen, and sulfur, among other important macro-nutrients, should be
treated with the right fertilizer and at the right amount.

2. Industrial sources

Industrial wastes or byproducts are among the leading causes of soil pollution. They can be in the
form of gas, liquid, or solid substances. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
carbon monoxide are some of the gases produced from industrial activities that cause considerable
pollution to soil indirectly. These byproducts combine with the rainwater causing the production
of acidic rain, which changes the soil pH and, after that, affects the overall crop production.
Industries also dump their solid and liquid effluents into the soil.

3. Urban waste

Most developing countries have a problem controlling the disposal of municipal garbage. The
garbage is dumped anyhow and contains wastes such as food waste, plastics, industrial wastes, e-
waste, and general household wastes.

It appears as if the urban administrators do not know that most of the non-biodegradable waste
materials could be recycled and the organic materials disposed of in areas designated for natural
decomposition.
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4. Sewer sludge

Sewage plants also contribute to soil pollution owing to how they dispose of sewage sludge from
domestic and commercial waste. The sewage sludge is usually treated before being disposed of
into land or water bodies.

When disposed of on land, the sludge can release high amounts of nutrients depending on the
source that may surpass the natural soil nutrient requirement, thus posing a risk to human health
and/or the ecosystem at large. Sewer sludge may also contain high levels of metals, further
polluting the soil.

5.Mining and Smelting sources

Mining activities cause soil pollution on a large scale. The operations cause a change of the
landscape and expose the previously undisturbed soils to the elements of weather.

Erosion of the soil containing some traces of mineral ores and fine materials around the mining
areas results in sediment loading in the water sources and drainage ways. They end up in the soil
through irrigation and flowing stormwater.

There are also other hazardous materials that leak from mining activities, including harmful dust
particles that are deposited on the surrounding soils. In developing countries, the pollution levels
are even higher because activities such as gold mining are done using traditional methods, which
lead to the release of mercury and other heavy metals into rivers and neighboring lands.

6.Deforestation

Though not a direct contributing factor to soil pollution, deforestation leads to the removal of the
shield that protects the soil against the agents of erosion. The exposed soil is easily eroded and
exposed to artificial chemical pollutants from the air, wind, and rain.

7. Biological agents

Soil gets a large amount of human, animal and bird excreta, which constitute a major source of
land pollution by biological agents.

The solution to reduce the soil pollution

o Use of correct farming techniques

o Recycling of Waste before disposal, Recycle and Reuse Products
o Use of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
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o Community education and awareness, get the locals involved proper maintenance of sewage
system, proper disposal method of household and industrial waste
o Reforestation and Afforestation Should be Promoted.
o Planting new trees and plants is afforestation. We live because plants live. If the plants die, all
living things will also die. Thus, whenever trees are cut down new trees should be planted.
Planting trees in hilly areas are most effective for conservation.
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NOISE POLLUTION

What is Noise Pollution?

The word noise is derived from the Latin word ‘Nausea’, which means sickness in which one
feels the need to vomit. Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to discomfort
in human beings. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB). The faintest sound that
the human ear can hear is 1 Db. Due to increasing noise around the civilizations, noise pollution
has become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are vehicles, aircraft, industrial
machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc. When used at high volume, some other appliances also
contribute to noise pollution, like television, transistor, radio, etc.

Types of Noise Pollution

Following are the three types of pollution:

o Transport Noise
o Neighborhood Noise
o Industrial Noise

Effects of Noise Pollution on Health

Effects are the physical and psychological health consequences of regular exposure to consistent

elevated sound levels. Noise from traffic, in particular, is considered by the World Health
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Organization to be one of the worst environmental stressors for humans, second only to air
pollution. Elevated workplace or environmental noise can cause hearing impairment, tinnitus,
hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune
system and birth defects have been also attributed to noise exposure Although age-related health
effects occur naturally with age. In many countries the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to
impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime Noise
exposure has been known to induce noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, hypertension,
vasoconstriction, and other cardiovascular adverse effects Chronic noise exposure has been
associated with sleep disturbances and increased incidence of diabetes. Adverse cardiovascular
effects occur from chronic exposure to noise due to the sympathetic nervous system’s inability to
habituate.

Unwanted sounds can have a range of mental health effects. The brain is always monitoring
sounds for signs of danger, even during sleep. As a result, frequent or loud noise can trigger
anxiety or stress. With continued exposure to noise pollution, a person’s sensitivity to stress
increases Trusted Source. People living with noise pollution may feel irritable, on edge, frustrated,
or angry. If a person feels they cannot control the amount of noise in their environment, its impact
on their mental health intensifies. Environmental noise is also a common cause of sleep
disturbance. A person may experience:

o Difficulty falling asleep

o Inability to stay asleep
o Waking too early

Sounds can also reduce the depth and quality of sleep, altering the amount of rapid eye movement
sleep. This can impact a person’s mood and ability to concentrate.

How to reduce noise pollution?

In some cases, noise pollution is unavoidable. However, there are ways to reduce noise levels
inside the home. A person can try:

o Reducing noise from appliances: Items, such as air conditioning units, heaters, fans, and other
appliances, can contribute to overall noise levels in the home. Try turning them off more often or
setting a timer, so they only switch on at certain times.
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o Reducing noise from media devices: Consider the volume and duration of noise from music,
televisions, radios, and video games.
o Rugs, carpets, and curtains may also help.
o Create more quiet time: Try to regularly set aside time for quiet activities, such as reading,
puzzles, or creative hobbies.
o Avoid playing music or having background noise during this time.

Noise pollution is largely a by-product of industrialization, urbanization and modern civilization.

Noise pollution has two sources1 i.e., industrial and non-industrial. The industrial source includes
the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise
intensity. On-industrial source of noise includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic
and the neighborhood noise generated by various noise pollutants can also be divided into
categories, namely, natural and man-made.

Sources of noise pollution

1. Road Traffic Noise

Noise from the motors and exhaust systems of large trucks are common sources of noise pollution.
For instance, the interaction of tiers with the roadway by trucks, buses, and private autos cause
noise pollution. In cities, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust systems of
autos, smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles. Read more on noise from vehicles here.

2. Noise from Aircraft

Aircraft are a major source of noise pollution and the law prescribes noise limits on airports
depending on the aircraft movement and the area where the aircraft is situated, i.e., industrial area
or commercial area.

3.Noise from Railroads

The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shunting operations in
rail yards are sources of noise pollution. For example, rail car retarders which is a device that
reduces the speed of a freight unit or a railway coach, can produce a high-frequency that can reach
peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet.

4. Construction Noise

The noise from the construction of highways, city streets, and buildings is a major contributor to
the noise and air pollution in cities
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5. Noise from Industrial Activity

Fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of industrial buildings may disturb people
living near noisy manufacturing plants. Above all, noise from machines and industries have a
significant impact on industrial workers, among whom noise-induced hearing loss is
unfortunately common.

6. Noise in Buildings

Internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, and can be audible
and annoying. Improperly insulated walls and ceilings can reveal the sound of amplified music,
voices, footfalls, and noisy activities from neighbors. External noise from emergency vehicles,
traffic, refuse collection, and other city noises can be a problem for urban residents.

Some important compliance’ s under Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

o A person cannot play a loud speaker, public address system, sound producing instrument, musical
instrument or a sound amplifier at night time except in closed premises like auditorium,
conference rooms, community halls or banquet halls.
o The persons using loudspeakers or public address shall maintain the noise level and restrain it
from exceeding 10 dB (A) above the ambient noise standards for the area specified or 75 dB (A)
whichever is lower.
o A person shall not burst sound emitting fire crackers in silence zone or during night time.
o A person shall not use the horn in silence zones or during night time in residential areas except
during a public emergency.
o A person is restricted from using sound emitting construction equipment’s during night time in
residential areas and silence zones.
o The persons owning a private sound system or a sound producing instrument shall not, exceed
the noise above 5 dB (A) the noise standards specified for the area in which it is used.
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ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

Environmental Protection Act: Safeguarding the Planet for Sustainable Development

The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) is a pivotal piece of legislation that plays a critical role
in promoting and enforcing environmental protection measures. It provides a comprehensive
framework for addressing various environmental issues and ensuring sustainable development.
This essay explores the significance, objectives, key provisions, achievements, and challenges of
the EPA in safeguarding the environment. By examining the EPA, we gain insights into the
importance of legislative measures in mitigating environmental degradation and fostering a
sustainable future.

Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act: Mitigating Air Pollution for a Healthier
Environment

The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act (APCP Act) is a significant legislative measure
that addresses the growing concern of air pollution. Enacted to public health and the environment,
the APCP Act establishes a comprehensive framework for the prevention, control, and abatement
of air pollution.

Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act: Safeguarding Water Resources for
Sustainable Development

The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act (WPCP Act) is a significant legislative
measure enacted to address the growing concern of water pollution. This act plays a crucial role
in safeguarding water resources, promoting sustainable development, and protecting public
health.

Wildlife Protection Act: Safeguarding Biodiversity for Ecological Balance

The Wildlife Protection Act is a crucial legislation enacted to protect and conserve the rich
biodiversity of a nation. This act recognizes the significance of wildlife in maintaining ecological
balance, preserving natural habitats, and ensuring the sustainable coexistence of humans and
wildlife. This essay examines the significance, objectives, key provisions, achievements, and
 27

challenges of the Wildlife Protection Act in safeguarding wildlife and promoting biodiversity
conservation.

Forest Conservation Act: Preserving the Green Lungs of the Earth

The Forest Conservation Act (FCA) is a crucial legislative measure enacted

to protect and conserve the invaluable resource of forests. Recognizing the vital role of forests in
maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and providing numerous benefits to
human society, the FCA establishes a comprehensive framework for the conservation and
sustainable management of forests.
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CONCLUSION

This project on environmental pollution is designed to offer a comprehensive and proactive

approach to combatting pollution. Through addressing pollution sources, evaluating their
impacts, raising awareness, promoting sustainable solutions. The project aims to create a cleaner,
healthier, and more sustainable environment for current and future generations. It is essential to
take a holistic approach to tackling pollution, as its effects can be far-reaching and long-term.
Through engaging stakeholders from all levels, the project seeks to develop solutions that are
effective, equitable, and sustainable. Awareness-raising activities and advocacy for policy change
will be key components of this project. This project will strive to create a cleaner, healthier, and
more sustainable environment for present and future generations. This will help to safeguard the
health of our planet and ensure that its resources are used responsibly and in a way that benefits
all.
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REFERENCES

Web Reference:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution
2. https://byjus.com/physics/noise-pollution-prevention/
3. https://www.clearias.com/environmental-laws-india/
4. https://www.britannica.com/science/water-pollution
5. https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/
6. https://www.livescience.com/22728-pollution-facts.html
7. https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/chemistry/what-is-a-pollutant/

Book Reference:

1. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses by Erach Bharucha

2. Fundamentals of Environmental Studies by Mahua Basu
3. Fundamentals of Air Pollution by Daniel Vallero
4. Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure by R. Rajagopalan