MSE 2211

Crystal Defect, Deformation and

Fracture

Maliha Rahman
Lecturer
Dept. of MSE, RUET
 Lecture 33

Topic: Creep
Reference: Dieter Chapter 13
INTRODUCTION
• The technological developments require materials that resist higher and higher
temperatures.

• Applications of these developments lie mainly in the following areas:

1. Gas turbines (stationary and on aircraft), whose blades operate at temperatures of

800-950 K. The burner and afterburner sections operate at even higher temperatures,
viz. 1,300-1,400 K.

2. Nuclear reactors, where pressure vessels and piping operate at 650-750 K. Reactor
skirts operate at 850-950 K.

3. Chemical and petrochemical industries.

• All of these temperatures are in the range (0.4-0.65)Tm, where Tm is the melting
point of the material in kelvin.
• The degradation undergone by materials in these extreme conditions can be
classified into two groups:

1. Mechanical Degradation
In spite of initially resisting the applied loads, the material undergoes anelastic
deformation; its dimensions change with time.

2. Chemical Degradation
This is due to the reaction of the material with the chemical environment and to
the diffusion of external elements into the materials. Chlorination (which affects
the properties of superalloys used in jet turbines) and internal oxidation are
examples of chemical degradation.

Here, our concern is the mechanical degradation only

 DEFINITION OF CREEP
• If we apply stress to a material at an elevated temperature, the material may stretch and
eventually fail, even though the applied stress is less than the yield strength at that temperature.
Time dependent permanent deformation under a constant load or constant stress
and at high temperatures is known as CREEP.
• A great number of high-temperature failures can be attributed either to creep or
to a combination of creep and fatigue.
• Creep is characterized by a slow flow of the material, which behaves as if it were
viscous.
• If a mechanical component of a structure is subjected to a constant tensile load,
I. the decrease in cross-sectional area (due to the increase in length resulting from creep)
generates an increase in stress;
II. when the stress reaches the value at which failure occurs statically (ultimate tensile stress),
failure occurs.
TIME DEPENDENT MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR (DIETER
CHAPTER 13-2)
CREEP CURVE
End of today!!