Science

Year 7 Physics

[INSERT SCHOOL LOGO HERE]

Forces
Notes &
Experiments

Name: ________________
Teacher: ______________
YOU MUST KEEP THIS BOOK
MY UNDERSTANDING CHECKLIST

I can… Textbook Before the After the

Pages Topic Topic
What are Forces?
Identify whether a force is contact or
14
non-contact
Name and describe different types of
14 – 21
forces
Describe forces as push and pull
15
interactions between 2 objects
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Use arrows to represent forces 14
Describe examples of systems with
22 – 23
balanced/unbalanced forces
Calculate the resultant force in one
-
dimension
Weight and Mass
State the units of weight and mass 21
Describe the effect of gravitational
21
force on weight
Explain why weight changes on other
20
planets but mass does not
Friction
Give examples of friction in everyday
18
life
Describe the effect friction has on an
18
object
Describe and investigate how different
-
surfaces affect friction.
Stretch Lesson: Hooke’s Law
Describe what is meant by the
extension of a spring and tell you how 16 - 17
to measure it
State that the extension of a spring is
17
proportional to the force applied to it.
Investigate the effect of adding force to
-
a spring on its’ extension

MY SKILLS CHECKLIST

I can… Before the Topic After the Topic

Draw and interpret force diagrams
Plot a scatter graph and add a line of best fit
Derive ideas about forces from observations

2
KEY WORDS

Some of the key words and definitions are missing some information! Can you complete them?

Key Word Image/Diagram Definition

A ________ or a _______ which acts in a

Force
particular direction.

When two objects are ___________ each

Contact other

When two objects are not ____________

Non-Contact
each other

Resultant A measure of how _____________ the forces

Force are on an object

A visual representation of a ________. An

Force Diagram
_____ is used to represent the force.

When forces acting on an object are equal

Balanced
and _________

Unbalanced When the forces acting on an object are not

_________

The unit of ________. It has the symbol

Newton
_____

Newtonmeter
A device used to measure _________

Weight The force acting __________ on an object. It

3
 happens as a result of the gravitational pull
of the planet you are on.

The amount of matter contained in an

Mass object. It is measured in ______ or ________

Name given to the pull on you towards the

Gravity
centre of the ________

A force which always acts _________ the

Friction
direction of motion

The change in length of a spring from its

original length.

Extension

4
Lesson 1: What are Forces?

Learning Objectives:
Developing Identify whether a force is contact or non-contact
Secure Name and describe different types of forces

Extending Describe forces as push and pull interactions between 2 objects

SCIENTIFIC SKILLS Derive ideas about forces from observations

Starter: What do you know about Forces?

On the mind map below write down everything you already know about Forces. Be ready to
share your ideas with the class.

Forces

5
Types of Forces
With your teacher complete the table below to identify different types of Forces.

Name of Force Description Example

This can be any driving force, it may be a

Thrust push or pull, but it could be an engine which
forces an object forward.

This force affects every object on Earth. It is a

Force of human
force which pulls everything to the centre of
acting downwards
the earth.

This force acts on objects when they are in

contact with a surface, such as the ground. It Rubbing hands
can be reduced by ensuring both surfaces together
are smooth.
This is a force which acts in the air, it can
Air Resistance / slow objects down when they are moving
Drag against it. Or if harnessed could be used to
move an object along.

This force acts between magnetic objects. It Attraction of two

can either be an attractive or repulsive force. magnets

This force acts on objects which have been

Tension stretched or extended. This force commonly
acts in springs and ropes.

This is an upward force which acts in water, it

acts on an object against its weight, and is Floating boat
why certain objects float.

This is an upward force which enable

Lift aeroplanes to fly. It is caused by a pressure
difference across the wings of the aeroplane.

This is an upward force provided by the Upward force

ground. This force prevents objects sinking stopping table sinking
into the ground. into floor

6
Forces Worksheet
Label the forces in the following diagrams

Key Ideas:
1. A force can be a push or a__________. on an object.
2. A force can make an object change _______ or direction.
3. The 2 main types of forces are __________ and non-contact.
a. ___________ only happen when 2 objects are touching each other e.g. Friction.
b. ________________ don’t need the objects to be touching to happen e.g. Magnetic.

7
Investigation: Forces Circus
At each of the stations you should observe what is happening and use these observations
to complete the diagrams and questions. Remember, you might not always be able to see
forces so you must also think about the invisible physics!
Circle whether the force is contact or non-contact

Station 1: Floating Paperclip

Draw a labelled diagram of what you are looking at:

1. Put a piece of paper between the magnet and the paper clip. What happens?

2. Why does the Paperclip need to be attached to a piece of thread?

3. Add an arrow to your diagram to show what would happen to the paperclip if the
thread was cut.
Can you explain why this would happen below:

8
Station 2: Floating Cork
Draw a labelled diagram of what you are looking at:

1. Name the force which is stopping the cork sinking? Can you describe it?

2. What would happen if I replaced the cork with a heavy rock?

3. Can you see any “pushing” or “pulling” forces in the demo? What are they and can
you label them on your diagram?

9
Station 3: Spinning Magnet
Use the free magnet on the table. Can you make the hanging magnet spin without touching
it?
In the box below sketch a diagram to show what you did to make the magnet spin:

1. What happened if you turned the magnet in your hand around and tried to spin the
magnet?

2. Why do you think this happened?

3. Using your observations can you describe what would happen to the following pairs
of magnets.

10
 Health and Safety Check!
I will wear goggles when using
springs
Station 4: Masses on Springs
Draw a labelled diagram of what you can see:

1. Which of the springs was stretched the most? What value of mass was on the end?

2. How could you stretch the spring more than in the above examples?

3. Add arrows to your diagram to show which way the mass is pulling the spring.

4. What would happen if the mass fell off the spring? Would all the springs do the same
thing?

Science Skill: Conclusions from your investigation

Use your observations to decide if the following forces are contact or non-contact forces:

Force Contact Non-contact

Magnetic (between magnet and paper clip)
Tension (in string as it pulls the paperclip down)
Upthrust (water pushing cork up)
Weight (cork pushing down on water)
Magnetic (between 2 magnets)
Weight (masses pulling down on spring)
Tension (in spring as it pulls masses up)

11
 STRETCH

Can you correctly label the forces in the following diagrams?

12
Lesson 2: Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Learning Objectives:
Developing Use arrows to represent forces
Secure Describe examples of systems with balances/unbalanced forces
Extending Calculate the resultant force in one dimension
SCIENTIFIC SKILLS Draw and interpret force diagrams

Starter: Name the Force

STRETCH:

Additional Notes:

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Science Skill: Adding forces (The Resultant Force)
Forces are measured in ____________ (N).
Forces can be ______________ or ____________.
You can add forces to find out the resultant force.
We represent forces with an arrow with a single head like this:

We represent the resultant force with an arrow with a double head like this:

Key Idea:
The Resultant Force is used to describe how unbalanced the forces are. (the
bigger the resultant force, the more unbalanced the forces must be)

Worked Example:
The box below has 2 forces acting on it. 5N to the right and 3N to the left. Add the
force arrows.

What is the size of the resultant force and what direction is it acting in?

14
Task: Resultant Forces Worksheet
In each of the examples below calculate the resultant force and state its direction.
1. 2.

4N 10N 25N 13N

Resultant Force = …….………... Resultant Force = ……………...

3. 4.

600N 150N 90N 110N

Resultant Force = …….………... Resultant Force = …….………...

5. 6.
125N 5.2N

72N 11.3N

Resultant Force = …………... Resultant Force = …….………...

STRETCH:

103N

50N 50N

15
34N
 Resultant Force = …………...
Notes: Balanced and Unbalanced
Forces

Forces can be ______________ or ____________.

If the forces are balanced, then the object will stay ________________ or move at
__________ speed.
If the forces are unbalanced, then the object will change ______________. Depending on
the relative direction of the unbalanced force and the initial motion, the object could either
_________ (speed up) or decelerate (slow down).
Simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/forces-and-motion-basics/latest/forces-and-motion-basics_en.html

Use the simulation to describe the motion observed in the following situations.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

16
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

Extension:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

17
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

Summary: Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

Add force arrows the boxes below to show balanced and unbalanced forces:
BALANCED
This box will:

UNBALANCED I
This box will:

UNBALANCED II
This box will:

UNBALANCED III
This box will:

18
 Key Idea: The _______ the force arrow the ________ the force acting in that direction

Assessed Worksheet: Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

19
CG Score: Next Steps:

STRETCH

20
21
Lesson 3: Weight and Mass

Learning Objectives:
Developing State the units of weight and mass
Secure Describe the effect of gravitational force on an objects weight
Extending Explain why weight changes on other planets but mass does not
Scientific Skills Derive ideas about forces from observations

Starter: Calculate the resultant force

Calculate and draw on the resultant force for each of the boxes below.

420N 120N 150N 174N

6.1N
125N

11.1N 72N

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

22
Weight and Mass
Weight and mass are two different things in physics.
 Your mass is a measure of how much “stuff” (or matter) you have in your
body. We measure mass in ________________(kg).

 Your weight is the force exerted on your due to gravity (because you are on
Earth). Because it is a force it is measured in ________________ (N).

Weight and mass are linked in the following relationship:

Weight (W )=×

Which can be represented in the following equation triangle:

On Earth; g has a value of 10N/kg

Worked Example:
Jonathan has a mass of 85kg. How much does he weigh on Earth?

23
Calculations: Weight and Mass

1. Calculate the weight of an object with a mass of 50 kg on Earth where g is 10N/kg.

2. Calculate the weight if an object of 60 kg on Earth.

3. Work out the mass if an object on Earth that has a weight of 98N.

4. Calculate the mass of a person on Earth with a weight of 700N.

5. Calculate the value of g on the moon if the mass is 10kg and the weight is 16N

6. STRETCH: The value of g on Mercury is 3.8N/kg. Compare the weight of a 10kg object
on Earth to being on Mercury.

PEER MARKING
(1 mark for working, 1 mark for answer, 1 mark for units)
Score [/18] Next Steps:

24
 Health and Safety Check!
Investigation: Weight on other planets
I will be careful to handle the
heavy cartons with care.

All cartons have a mass of 1kg.

Using the Newton Scale measure the weight of the juice carton on the different planets. Fill
these into the table below. Leave the final column blank at this stage.

Planet Weight (N) g (N/kg)

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

The Moon

Now use your calculator and the appropriate equation to calculate the value of g on each of
the planets. Fill this into the final column of your table.

g=

Science Skill: Conclusions from your investigation

25
Use your observations and results to answer the following questions:
1. On which planet would you weight the most?

2. On which planet would you weight the least?

3. On which planet would your weight be closest to what it in on

Earth?

4. On which planets would you feel lighter than you do on Earth?

5. On which planets would you feel heavier than you do on Earth?

6. Where would you weight more; Saturn or Mercury? Explain your

answer.

STRETCH

26
My Mass is approximately _____________kg.
Using your results from the planet investigation. Plot a bar chart to show your
 Weight (N)

Planets

Lesson 4: Friction

27
 Learning Objectives:
Developing Give examples of friction in everyday life
Secure Describe the effect friction has on an object
Extending Describe and investigate how different surfaces affect friction
Scientific Skills Identify ways to improve an investigation

Starter: Slowing objects down

Label all the things that you could do to the following scenario to slow the car down:

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

28
Friction Notes

 Friction is a type of ________________.

 All Forces are measured in ____________ (N).
 It always acts _____________ to the direction that
an object is moving in.

Science Skill: Calculating Average Force

To try and improve the accuracy of our investigation we have taken multiple readings. We
must now take an average of these results.
To calculate an average you must do the following:

Attempt 1+ Attempt 2+ Attempt 3

Average=
3

This is called finding the mean.

Use this formula to complete the table below.

Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Average

2 6 4 4

6 2 8 5.3

5 9 4
11 14 10
12 11 15
18 22 23
56 78 62
Example Investigation: How does the type of surface affect friction?

29
Aim:

 The aim of this investigation is to find how the type of surface affects the amount of
friction.
Variables:

Independent [Change] Type of Surface

Dependent [Measure] Amount of Friction
Control [Same] Object

Prediction:

 I believe sandpaper is the roughest surface so predict it will have the most friction.
 I expect plastic to have the least friction as it is the smoothest surface.

Equipment & Set-up diagram:

 Block of wood
 Newton meter
 Different types of surface

Method:
1. Collect your equipment and set up your investigation using the diagram above.
2. Choose your first surface
3. Pull the wooden block along the surface at a steady speed using the Newton meter.
4. Take the reading on the Newton meter and write it in the table.
5. Repeat the experiment 3 times for each surface.

Force (N) Average

Surface Type
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3 Force (N)
Paper 4.0 4.5 3.8 4.1
Cardboard 8.3 14.6 7.8 8.1
Sandpaper 14.2 12.8 13.6 13.5
Plastic 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.6
6. Change the surface and complete steps 3 and 4 again.

Results:

*Denotes an outlier. This value has been excluded from further average calculations.

30
 Graph:

Scale chosen to use Title

as much of graph
paper as possible

Y Axis (Dependent Variable)

Surface type is a
categoric variable,
so a bar chart has
been used to
present the data

X Axis (Independent Variable)

Conclusion:

 From the results above it is clear the sandpaper has the most friction.
 This matches my prediction.
 The reason for this is because sandpaper is the roughest surface.
 Paper on the other hand produced the least friction. Though, plastic also had very
small amount of friction.
 This is because both surfaces are fairly smooth compared to cardboard and
sandpaper.

Evaluation:

 The experiment went fairly well.

 It was challenging to pull the wooden block along at constant speed and read the
Newton meter.
 Our second reading for cardboard was clearly an outlier. This may have been caused
by block becoming stuck on the fold in the cardboard.

31
Investigation: How does the mass of an object affect the amount of friction?
Aim:
You are going to design an investigation to identify how the mass of an object affects the
amount of friction. Additionally, using the example investigation write-up you will need to
produce your own write-up for your investigation.

Variables:

Independent [Change]
Dependent [Measure]
Control [Same]

Prediction:

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Equipment & Set-up diagram:

Method:

 How will you measure the amount of friction?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

32
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………
Results:
Tip: Make sure you add appropriate units to the results table headings.

Force (…..) Average

Mass (…..)
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3 Force (…..)

Graph:
Conclusion:

 What did you find out from your investigation?

 Was it what you had predicted?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

33
Evaluation:

 What worked well with your investigation?

 Did you encounter any problems with your investigation?
 Would you do anything differently next time?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

Assessed Worksheet: Friction

34
CG Score: Next Steps:

STRETCH

You wake up on a strange planet where friction does not exist.

Can you tell the story of your day in the form of a comic?

35
 STRETCH
Lesson 5: Hooke’s Law

Learning Objectives:
Developing Describe what is meant by the extension of a spring and explain
how to measure it
Secure State that the extension of the spring is proportional to the force
applied to it
Extending Investigate the effect of adding force to a spring on its’
extension.
Scientific Skills Plot a scatter graph and add a line of best fit

Starter: Friction Arrows

36
Add arrows to the following pictures to show the direction of the Friction?
[Hint: Remember it always does opposite the direction of motion]

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………
Investigation: Force and Extension.

The aim of this investigation is to identify the relationship between the force applied and
how much an object extends.
Before we begin the investigation, we must understand what is meant by the term
extension. On the diagram below, label where you will measure the extension of the spring
in each example:

37
Using this information complete the equation below.

Extension =

Finish working out the extension of the spring for the following results table:

Length of Spring
Mass (g) Force Added (N) Extension (cm)
(cm)
0 0 20 0
100 1 24 4
200 2 28 8
300 3 32
400 4 36
500 5 40
600 6 44
700 7 48
800 8 52

Aim:
Your task is to design and carry out an investigation to find the relationship between force
applied and extension for a spring.

Variables:

Independent
Dependent
Control

38
Prediction:

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Equipment & Set-up diagram:

Method: …………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

Results:
Using the outline below design your own results table. Remember to think about where the
independent variable should go in your table and do not forget to add headings with
appropriate units to the top of your columns.
Tip: Think carefully about the difference between mass and force applied.

39
Original Length of Spring =

Mass (g) Force Added (N) Length of Spring (cm) Extension (cm)

Graph:

40
Tip: Think carefully about which variable should go along the x and y axis.

Conclusion:

 What did you find out from your investigation?

41
  Was it what you had predicted?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Evaluation:

 What worked well with your investigation?

 Did you encounter any problems with your investigation?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

Explain the relationship between Force and extension using your graph?

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

42
 This is Hooke’s Law!
STRETCH

If we kept adding force to the spring the graph would change and look like this:

Notice it is no longer a straight line. What do you think has happened to the spring
and why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
43
Forces: Past Paper Questions

Q1. Ellie has a set of scales and some weights as shown below.

Ellie puts two weights in pan X and one weight in pan Y. The scales balance.

(a) Which weights could be in pans X and Y?

pan X: .......... and ..........

pan Y: ..........
1 mark

(b) Ellie removes all the weights from the scales.

She then puts a cup on pan X.
In which direction will pan Y move?

...............................................
1 mark

44
(c) She puts weights into pan Y so the scales balance.

How much does the cup weigh?

................. N
1 mark

(d) Ellie puts some water in the cup.

She then adds some more weights to pan Y to make the scales balance.

(i) How much do the cup and water weigh?

................. N
1 mark

(ii) How much does the water weigh?

................. N
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

45
Q2. (a) Tasha puts a small block of wood on a smooth surface.

She puts different forces on the block.

The diagrams below show the size and direction of these forces.

Will each block move to the left, to the right or stay still?
Tick the correct box in each row.

forces on block
Moves Moves
to the to the Stays
left right still
(i)

1 mark

(ii)

1 mark

(iii)

1 mark

(iv)

1 mark

46
(b) (i) Which piece of equipment should Tasha use to measure the forces on the
block?

Tick the correct box.

1 mark

(ii) Give the name of the equipment used to measure force.

................................................................
1 mark
maximum 6 marks

47
Q3. The diagram below shows Jo hanging on a trapeze (swing) in a circus.

(a) (i) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows the direction of Jo’s weight?

..............
1 mark

(ii) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows the direction of the force of the rope on
Jo?

..............
1 mark

(b) Sara swings towards Jo.

Sara lets go of her trapeze and Jo catches her.

48
 (i) What happens to the downward force on the rope of Jo’s trapeze?
Tick the correct box.

increases decreases stays the same there is no force

1 mark

(ii) Explain your answer.

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) Jo lets go of the trapeze and both Sara and Jo fall into a safety net below them.

What happens to the downward force on the rope when Jo lets go?

........................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

49
Q4. (a) Nicola is trying out her new roller blades. Robert is pulling her along with a
rope. Arrows A, B, C and D show the directions of four forces acting on Nicola.

(i) Which arrow shows the direction of the force of on Nicol’s Weight?
Give the letter.

...............
1 mark

(ii) Which arrow shows the direction of the force of the rope on Nicola?
Give the letter.

..............
1 mark

(b) Robert pulls Nicola at a steady speed of 2 metres per second. How far will Nicola
travel in 10 seconds?

............... metres
1 mark

(c) Nicola lets go of the rope and she slows down. Nicola’s Weight still acts.

Give the name of one other force still acting on Nicola after she lets go of the
rope.

...........................................................
1 mark
maximum 4 marks

50
Q5. The drawings in parts (a), (b) and (c) show two teams of pupils in a tug-of-war.
There is a ribbon tied to the middle of the rope.

(a) The sizes and directions of the forces of each team are shown.

team A team B

The ribbon stays above point X on the ground.

Give the reason for this.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) The teams then pull with the forces shown below.

team A team B

Draw an arrow on the rope to show the direction in which the ribbon will move.
1 mark

51
(c) Later, the ribbon was to the left of point X as shown below.

team A team B

Why did the ribbon move towards the left?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
1 mark

(d) Team A practices by pulling a rope tied to a tree.

The team pulls with a force of 1200 N but the tree does not move.

What is the force of the tree on the rope?

Tick the correct box.

1 mark

(e) The pupils do not slip because there is a force between their shoes and the
ground. What is the name of this force?

.............................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

52
Q6. When a car is being driven along, two horizontal forces affect its motion.
One is air resistance and the other is the forward force.

(a) (i) Explain how molecules in the air cause air resistance.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Explain why air resistance is larger when the car is travelling faster.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) (i) Compare the sizes of the forward force and the air resistance when the
car is speeding up.

The forward force is .............................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Compare the sizes of the two forces while the car is moving at a steady 30 miles per hour.

The forward force is ............................................................................

............................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) The forward force has to be larger when the car is travelling at a steady
60 mph than when it is travelling at a steady 30 mph. Why is this?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 ma
Maximum 5 marks

53
Q7. Jack and Aneesa dropped a steel ball into trays of damp sand.
They measured the depth of the craters made by the steel ball.

not to scale
Their results are shown in the table below.

depth of crater (cm)

height the ball was
dropped from (cm) Aneesa’s
Jack’s results
results

10 1.1 1.2 0.8

20 1.4 1.5 1.4

30 1.6 1.6 1.5

40 1.8 1.7 1.8

50 2.0 2.1 2.1

(a) Use information in the table to answer the questions below.

(i) What was the independent variable that Jack and Aneesa changed in their
investigation?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Why was Jack’s investigation better than Aneesa’s?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

54
(b) Look at the results in the table.
What is the relationship between the height the ball was dropped from and the
depth of the crater?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) Aneesa said that they made sure the investigation was fair.

Suggest two variables they must have kept the same to make their investigation
fair.

1 ...................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................
2 marks

(d) (i) Jack removed the steel ball using his fingers. Then he measured the depth of
the crater.
Aneesa said he should use a magnet instead of his fingers.

Explain why using a magnet to remove the ball would improve the
investigation.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Jack said that the ball could be dropped using an electromagnet instead of
dropping it by hand.

Explain why this would improve the investigation.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 7 marks

55
56
 Extra Notes Space

…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

57
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….

58
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………

59