ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
4. (b) Baking soda
Explanation:
Chemical formulae of the compounds:
Blue vitriol — CuSO4.5H2O
Baking soda — NaHCO3
Washing soda — Na2CO3.10H2O
Gypsum — CaSO4.2H2O
Baking soda’s formula does not show any
association with water molecules. So it has no
water of crystallisation.
Related Theory
 The number of water molecules that are attached to
a molecule of salt is called its water of crystallisation.
It is also known as water of hydration. This is
necessary to maintain the crystalline structure of a
salt. The salts that contain water of crystallisation
are called hydrated salts.
7. (c) sodium hydrogencarbonate and tartaric
acid.
Explanation: Baking powder is a mixture of
sodium hydrogencarbonate and tartaric acid
NaHCO3 + H+ → CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt
(from of acid
tartaric
acid)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during this
reaction can cause bread or cake to rise and
makes. them soft and spongy.
If we add baking soda the cake or bread formed
will be soft and spongy but it will taste slightly
bitter as baking soda is basic in nature. When
we use baking powder, tartaric acid neutralises
and cake does not taste bitter.
9. (a) Water < acetic acid < hydrochloric acid
Explanation: A solution of hydrochloric acid will
have a much higher concentration of H+ ions
and hence, lower the pH level. That’s why it is a
strong acid.
Acetic acid is an organic acid and ionises only
partially in water. That is why it is a weak acid.
Water is almost neutral in nature. In pure water,
the number of positive hydrogen ions is equal
to the negative hydroxide ions.
11. (c) Red litmus paper remains red and blue
litmus paper turns red.
Explanation: When litmus paper is dipped in
acid, it does not change colour; instead, it turns
red. When the red litmus paper is dipped in the
base, the colour changes to blue.
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Related Theory
 Indicator Blue Red Phenol- Methyl
Acid/Base Litmus Litmus phthalein Orange
Acid Red None Colourless Red
Base None Blue Pink Yellow
14. (c) (I) and (III)
Explanation: Common salt (NaCl) is formed
after a reaction between hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It serves
as an important raw material for the production
of various chemical compounds, such as
caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), washing soda
(sodium carbonate) and baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate), used in various industries. The
chlorine gas obtained is used for making
bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite).
17. (c) (A): (iii); (B): (iv); (C): (i); (D): (ii)
Explanation:
(1) Bleaching powder (CaOCl2): Used for
bleaching or decolourisation of clothes.
(2) Baking soda (NaHCO3): Used as an
antacid for relieving stomach acidity as it
neutralises the acid present in the stomach.
(3) Washing soda (Na2CO3): Used in
preparation of glass.
(4) Sodium chloride (NaCl): Used for production
of NaOH, H2 and Cl2 gases during chlor-
alkali process.
18. (b) (I) and (III)
Explanation: When a small amount of acid
such as hydrochloric acid is added to water,
individual ions of the acid are dissociated.
This process is known as ionisation. Here,
hydrochloric acid separates into positively
charged hydrogen ions and negatively charged
chloride ions.
HCl + H2O → H+ + Cl– + H2O
H2O + H+ → H3O+ (Hydronium ion)
The mixing of an acid with water is also
called dilution. Addition of water results in the
decrease in the concentration of ions, (H3O+)
per unit volume.
24. (d) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)
 + H2(g)
Explanation: Chlor-alkali process is an
industrial process that is used to form sodium
hydroxide by electrolysis of aqueous solution
Acids, Bases and Salts 1
 of sodium chloride NaCl (commonly known
as brine). It forms sodium hydroxide with
hydrogen and chlorine gas as by-products.
29. (a) NaOH(aq)
Explanation: Phenolphthalein solution is a
colourless indicator which gives pink colour
in basic solution. Phenolphthalein solution
remains colourless in acidic solution as well as
in neutral solution.
In the options given above, only NaOH is basic
in nature (HCl and CH3COOH are acidic while
H2O is neutral). Therefore, if we add a few drops
of sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture will
become basic and pink colour will appear.
31. (d) Both (II) and (IV)
Explanation: Potassium sulphate is a neutral
salt having pH of about 7 as it is obtained from
a strong base (KOH) and a strong acid (H2SO4).
Ammonium nitrate is an acidic salt having a pH
of about 5 as it is obtained from a strong acid
(HNO3) and a weak base (NH4OH).
Sodium acetate is a basic salt having a pH of
about 9 as it is obtained from a strong base
(NaOH) and a weak acid (CH3COOH).
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic salt
having a pH of about 8 as it is obtained from a
strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (H2CO3).
35. (c) (I), (II) and (III)
Explanation: Salts having the same positive or
negative radicals are said to belong to a family.
Sodium chloride and sodium acetate belong to
the same family of salts as they both have the
same positive radical and belong to the family
of sodium salts.
Similarly, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate
also belong to the same family of salts as they
have the same negative radical and belong to the
family of sulphate salts.
Sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen
carbonate belong to the same family of salts as
both have same positive radicle (Na+) and belong
to the family of sodium salts.
43. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Explanation: When zinc reacts with sodium
hydroxide solution, hydrogen gas is evolved.
However, such reactions are not possible with
all metals.
44. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Explanation: The process of dissolving an acid
or a base in water is a highly exothermic one.
The acid must always be added slowly to
water with constant stirring. If water is added
to a concentrated acid, the heat generated
may cause the mixture to splash out and cause
burns.
2 Chemistry Class X
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51. (B) (a) Dry Blue Litmus Paper: No change; Wet
Blue Litmus Paper: Turns red.
Explanation: The gas evolved is hydrogen
chloride which has no effect on dry blue
litmus paper but changes the colour of
wet litmus paper to red. This is because
hydrogen chloride dissociates into hydrogen
ions only in the presence of water and the
H+ ions are responsible for the acidic nature,
due to which it turns wet blue litmus to red.
(E) (a) hydrogen ions combine with water to
form hydronium ions
Explanation: Hydrogen ions cannot exist
alone, but they exist after combining with
water molecules.
 Hydrogen ions must always be shown as
H+(aq) or hydronium ion (H3O+).
H+ + H2O ® →H3O+
53. (A) (a) Strongly acidic
Explanation: A solution having pH 1 is
strongly acidic. The more acidic solution is,
the lower will be its pH.
(B) (b) (II) and (IV)
 Explanation: A solution of sodium hydrogen-
carbonate is a basic in nature. The parent
acid is H2CO3 and the parent base is NaOH.
NaOH + H2CO3 → NaHCO3 + H2O
 The basic salts have strong base and weak
acid. NaOH is a strong base and H2CO3 is a
weak acid so salt NaHCO3 is basic in nature.
As we already know the indicator red
litmus paper turns blue on adding base and
colourless phenolphthalein becomes pink in
colour.
(C) (b) (III) and (IV)
 Explanation: Aqueous solution of an
acid (Dil. HCl) and base (NaOH) conduct
electricity due to presence of charged
particles called ions in them.
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl–
NaOH(aq) → Na+ + OH–(aq)
 Due to the presence of H+(aq) and OH–(aq) in
acids and bases respectively, these solution
conduct electricity. Though glucose contains
hydrogen but it does not produce hydrogen
ions or any other ions in it, it does not
conduct electricity. Distilled water also does
not conduct electricity because it does not
contain any ionic compound.
56. (A) The substance will be an acid as it turns blue
litmus red.
(C) A salt would be formed when NaOH or KOH
is combined with HCl.
57. (B) Chlorine gas is given off at the anode,
hydrogen gas at the cathode and sodium
hydroxide solution is formed near the
cathode.
 (D) The chlorine produced during the electrolysis
of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) is used
for the manufacture of bleaching powder.
Bleaching powder is produced by the action
of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O.
59. Washing soda (sodium carbonate) and Baking
soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate)
60. Ammonium nitrate or NH4NO3 is obtained from
the base ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH and
acid nitric acid, HNO3.
The neutralization reaction taking place
between the two is written below:
NH4OH + HNO3 → NH4NO3 + H2O
63. (A) When an acid is dissolved in water, it forms
hydrogen or H+ ions are formed.
(B) Hydroxide or OH– ions are formed when a
base is dissolved in water.
67. The weak acid and dilute acid are not the
same. A dilute acid has water added to it and
its strength can still be more than that of a
weak acid. A weak acid in its concentrated
form is weak in strength and does not ionise
completely.
69. Comparing with the pH chart, we find that
orange colour corresponds to pH value of about
4 and blue colour to pH value of about 10.
(1) X is therefore acidic and pH is around 4
(2) Y is basic having a pH of about 10.
70. (A) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an
antacid because it is alkaline in nature and
neutralises excess acid in stomach and
provides relief.
(B) Blue coloured copper sulphate crystals on
strong heating loses 5 molecules of water
of crystallisation and changes to anhydrous
copper sulphate which is white in colour.
Heat
CuSO4·5H2O(s) → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
Pentahydrate copper Anhydrous
sulphate copper
(Blue) sulphate
(White)
Explanation: Blue copper sulphate crystals
is a hydrated salt which on heating changes
to white anhydrous copper sulphate and 5
molecules of water of crystallisation appear
on the upper cooler parts inside the test
tube. If we put 2-3 drops of water on white
crystals, they again turn blue
76. (A) One such substance whose crystals changes
its colour from blue to white on heating in a
closed vessel for some time is hydrated
copper sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O.
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(B) Hydrated salts contain molecules of
water known as water of crystallization.
When such crystals are heated in a
closed container, they lose their water of
crystallization and hence change of colour
is observed.
79. Sodium chloride or NaCl is obtained by the
reaction between sodium hydroxide solution
and hydrochloric acid.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Sodium chloride is a neutral salt as it is formed
by the reaction between a strong acid and a
strong base.
It is called rock salt when found in the form of
large crystals which are often brown due to
impurities.
Rock salt is formed by evaporation of seawater,
as seawater contains many dissolved salts,
including sodium chloride.
Related Theory
 Reactions between an acid and a base to produce a
salt and water are called Neutralization reactions.
81. Onion juice is an olfactory indicator. Those
substances whose smell or odour changes in
acidic or basic solution are called olfactory
indicator. The liquid ‘X‘ turns blue litmus red. It is
an acidic liquid.
Observations when liquid ‘X‘ reacts with
(A) Zinc granules: When zinc granules are
added in an acid in a test tube a vigorous
reaction takes place with evolution of
hydrogen gas.
The test tube becomes hot.
When a burning match stick is brought
near a gas filled bubble, the gas present in
the bubble burns with a pop sound.
(B) Solid sodium carbonate: When liquid ‘X‘
reacts with solid sodium carbonate, a salt,
carbon dioxide and water are formed.
Brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is
produced.
When CO2 is passed through lime water,
lime water turns milky.
84. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are
taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid
(HCl) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid
(CH3COOH) is added to test tube B.
In both cases, hydrogen gas is evolved. When
metal reacts with acid it forms salt and
hydrogen gas.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Acids, Bases and Salts 3
 Fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube 90. X must be a compound which forms water with
A containing hydrochloric acid. This is because acids. It means it must be a base which reacts
hydrochloric acid is stronger acid than acetic with acids to form salt and water. This base also
acid and reaction between magnesium ribbon reacts with zinc metal and releases hydrogen
and HCl is faster in test tube A than the reaction gas. So, it must be NaOH (sodium hydroxide).
between Magnesium and acetic acid in test 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2(g)
tube B. Sodium zincate
(A)
86. Preparation of washing soda from sodium NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
carbonate: Anyhydrous sodium carbonate is Sodium
chloride
dissolved in water i.e. soda Na2CO3.10H2O
(B)
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
Sodium carbonate Washing soda
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Sodium acetate
It is a basic salt. (C)
Permanent hardness can be removed by X—NaOH
(Sodium hydroxide)
washing soda. A—Na2ZnO2 (Sodium zincate)
B—NaCl (Sodium chloride)
Related Theory
C—CH3COONa (Sodium acetate).
 Washing soda is white crystalline solid which is
soluble in water and its solution is alkaline in nature. 91. (A) The aqueous solution of an acid conducts
(pH more than 7). electricity due to the presence of charged
 Hardness of water is due to hydrogen carbonates/ particles called ions in it. For example,
sulphates/chlorides of calcium or magnesium in when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is dissolved in
water. water, its solution contains hydrogen ions,
 Temporatory hardness of water can be removed by H+(aq) and chloride ions, Cl–(aq).
boiling it.
These ions can carry electric current. So,
88. (A) 
Relation between hydrogen ion due to the presence of H+­(aq) ions and Cl–
(aq) ions, a solution of hydrochloric acid
concentration of an aqueous solution and
conducts electricity.
its pH: If H+ ion concentration is more,
pH will be less because pH of a solution (B) When a base is dissolved in water, it
is inversely proportional to H+ ions splits up into ions. Due to the presence of
concentration. ions, the solutions of bases also conduct
electricity.
(B) An aqueous solution has a pH value of 7.0.
The solution is neutral. (C) No separation of H+ ions does not take
place when HCl is added to a non-aqueous
(C) 1 M HCl means
solution. An acid always ionizes on
[H+] = 100 M dissolving in water to produce hydrogen
Therefore pH = 0 ions.
1 M NaOH means (D) A concentrated acid is always diluted by
[OH–] = 1 M adding water to it. The process of mixing
10−14 water to a concentrated acid is a highly
Therefore [H+] = = 10–14 M exothermic process. In this process, a large
[OH− ]
amount of heat is evolved.
pH = 14 (1) When concentrated acid is added

 Hence, 1 M NaOH solution has more pH slowly to excess water, the heat is
value. evolved gradually and easily absorbed

(D) Tooth enamel is made up of calcium by the large amount of water.
phosphate which gets corroded when the (2) If water is added to excess concen-
pH in the mouth is below 5.5. Bacteria trated acid, a large amount of heat is
present in the mouth produce acids by evolved suddenly. This heat uses some
degradation of sugar and food particles in of the water to steam explosively. This
the mouth after eating. It can be prevented results in a splash of acid on our body
by using Tooth pastes, which are basic. and causes acid burns.
(E) H+ ions do not exist independently as it

92. (A) Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate
gains the unshared electron pairs on the (NaHCO3). It decomposes to sodium
oxygen in the water molecule to form a carbonate, water and carbon dioxide on
hydronium ion. heating.
H+ + H2O → H3O+ 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

4 Chemistry Class X

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  Baking powder is a mixture of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) with tartaric
acid. It readily reacts with sodium carbonate
and neutralizes it.
 Therefore use of baking soda will give a
bitter taste to cake due to the presence of
sodium carbonate as sodium carbonate is
basic in nature.
(B) Baking powder is formed by addition of
tartaric acid to baking soda.
Caution
 Students usually get confused with baking powder
and baking soda. While both products appear to
be identical, they are not. Baking soda is sodium
bicarbonate, which must be activated with an
acid and a liquid in order to help baked goods rise.
Baking powder, on the other hand, contains sodium
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bicarbonate as well as an acid. To activate it, all it
takes is a liquid.
(C) Presence of tartaric acid in baking powder
neutralizes the effect of sodium carbonate
formed during decomposition of baking
soda. Tartaric acid is added to neutralize the
bitterness produced by the baking powder.
Also when baking powder mixes with water,
then the sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts
with tartaric acid to evolve carbon dioxide
gas which gets trapped in the wet dough
and bubbles out slowly making the cake
to rise and hence ‘soft and spongy’ thus
endowing them with a light, fluffy texture.
The equation which takes place can be
shown as:
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O
Acids, Bases and Salts 5